جمو وكشمير (ولاية أميرية)
جمو وكشمير | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1846–1952 | |||||||||||||||
خريطة كشمير | |||||||||||||||
الوضع | ولاية أميرية | ||||||||||||||
العاصمة | سرينگر جمو | ||||||||||||||
اللغات المشتركة | كشميري، Dogri, لداخي، Balti, Shina, Pahari-Pothwari, Gujari, Kundal Shahi, Bhaderwahi, Burushaski, Brokskat, Domaaki, Khowar, Bateri, Purgi, Zangskari, التبتية، پنجابي، هندوستاني (هندي-أردو)، السنسكريتية، Sarazi | ||||||||||||||
الدين | الهندوسية والإسلام والبوذية والجاينية والسيخية | ||||||||||||||
الحكومة | إمارة أميرية | ||||||||||||||
مهراجا | |||||||||||||||
• 16 مارس 1846 – 30 يونيو 1857 | گلاب سنغ (first) | ||||||||||||||
• 23 سبتمبر 1925 – 17 نوفمبر 1952 | هاري سنغ (الأخير) | ||||||||||||||
ديوان | |||||||||||||||
• 15 October 1947 – 5 March 1948 | مهر چاند مهاجان (الأول) | ||||||||||||||
• 5 مارس 1948 – 17 نوفمبر 1952 | الشيخ عبد الله (الأخير) | ||||||||||||||
التاريخ | |||||||||||||||
1846 | |||||||||||||||
• گلگت ضمتها جمو وكشمير | 1860 | ||||||||||||||
1889 | |||||||||||||||
• الاستقلال عن الهند البريطانية | 15 أغسطس 1947 | ||||||||||||||
22 أكتوبر 1947 | |||||||||||||||
• الانضمام إلى الاتحاد الهندي | 26–27 أكتوبر 1947 | ||||||||||||||
• دولة الهند الدستورية | 17 نوفمبر 1952 | ||||||||||||||
• انحلت | 1952 | ||||||||||||||
المساحة | |||||||||||||||
• الإجمالية | 85,885[1] sq mi (222,440 km2) | ||||||||||||||
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اليوم جزء من | جمو وكشمير (الهند) لداخ (الهند) آزاد كشمير (پاكستان) گلگت-بلتستان (پاكستان) شينجيانگ (الصين) التبت (الصين) |
جمو وكشمير، وتُعرف أيضاً بإسم كشمير وجمو،[2] كانت ولاية أميرية أثناء حكم شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية وكذلك أثناء الراج البريطاني في الهند من 1846 حتى 1947. الولاية الأميرية خـُلِقت بعد الحرب الإنگليزية السيخية الأولى، حين قامت شركة الهند الشرقية، التي ضمت وادي كشمير،[3] جمو، لداخ، و گلگت-بلتستان من السيخ كتعويض حرب، قامت ببيع المنطقة إلى راجا جمو، گلاب سنغ، بمبلغ 7,500,000 (75 لخ ناناكشاهي) روپية.
في وقت تقسيم الهند و political integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an uprising in the western districts of the state followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, supported by Pakistan, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir to engage the Pakistan-supported forces, starting the نزاع كشمير[4] The western and northern districts presently known as آزاد كشمير و گلگت-بلتستان انتقلت إلى سيطرة پاكستان، بينما بقيت بقية الأراضي تحت السيطرة الهندية بإسم الإقليم الاتحادي المدار من الهند جمو وكشمير و لداخ.[5]
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الحكام
This section requires expansion. (January 2018) |
S.no | الاسم | العهد | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1. | گلاب سنغ | 1846–1857 | [1] |
2. | رنبير سنغ | 1857–1885 | [1] |
3. | پراتاپ سنغ | 1885–1925 | [1] |
4. | هاري سنغ | 1925–1948 | [1] |
5. | كاران سنغ (أمير حاكم) | 1948–1952 |
الادارة
According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:[6][7]
- ضلع جمو: تحاصيل جمو, Jasrota (كتهوعه)، Udhampur, Reasi and ميرپور.
- ضلع كشمير: تحاصيل كشمير الجنوبية (Anantnag), كشمير الشمالية (Baramulla) و مظفر آباد.
- أضلع التخوم: وزارات لداخ وگلگت.
- Internal jagirs: Poonch, Bhaderwah and Chenani.
In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:[6]
- وزارت لداخ: تحاصيل Leh, Skardu and كارگل.
- وزارت گلگت: تحاصيل گلگت و Astore
- التخوم illaqas: Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin, Kuh-Ghizer، هنزه, نگر, Chilas.
رؤساء الوزراء (جمو وكشمير)
# | الاسم | تولى المنصب | غادر المنصب |
---|---|---|---|
1 | راجا سير دالجيت سنغ | 1917 | 1921 |
2 | راجا هاري سنغ | 1925 | 1927 |
3 | Sir Albion Banerjee | January 1927 | March 1929 |
4 | G. E. C. Wakefield | 1929 | 1931 |
5 | هاري كريشان كاول[8] | 1931 | 1932 |
6 | إليوت جيمس داول كولڤن[8] | 1932 | 1936 |
7 | السير برجور ج. دلال | 1936 | 1936 |
8 | السير N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar | 1936 | July 1943 |
9 | Kailash Narain Haksar | July 1943 | February 1944 |
10 | Sir B. N. Rau | February 1944 | 28 June 1945 |
11 | Ram Chandra Kak | 28 June 1945 | 11 August 1947 |
12 | Janak Singh | 11 August 1947 | 15 October 1947 |
13 | Mehr Chand Mahajan | 15 أكتوبر 1947 | 5 مارس 1948 |
14 | الشيخ عبد الله | 5 مارس 1948 | 8 أغسطس 1953 |
15 | بكشي غلام محمد | 9 أغسطس 1953 | 12 October 1963 |
16 | خواجة شمس الدين | 12 أكتوبر 1963 | 29 فبراير 1964 |
17 | غلام محمد صادق | مارس 1964 | 21 فبراير 1967 |
الجغرافيا
The area of the state extended from 32° 17' to 36° 58' N and from 73° 26' to 80° 30' E.[9] Jammu was the southernmost part of the state and was adjacent to the Punjab districts of Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, and Gurdaspur. There is a fringe of level land along the Punjab frontier, bordered by a plinth of low hilly country sparsely wooded, broken, and irregular. This is known as the Kandi, the home of the Chibs and the Dogras. To travel north, a range of mountains 8,000 feet (2,400 m) high must be climbed.
This is a temperate country with forests of oak, rhododendron, chestnut, and higher up, of deodar and pine, a country of uplands, such as Bhadarwah and Kishtwar, drained by the deep gorge of the Chenab river. The steps of the Himalayan range, known as the Pir Panjal, lead to the second story, on which rests the valley of Kashmir, drained by the Jhelum river.[9]
Steeper parts of the Himalayas lead to Astore and Baltistan on the north and to Ladakh on the east, a tract drained by the river Indus. To the northwest, lies Gilgit, west and north of the Indus. The whole area is shadowed by a wall of giant mountains that run east from the Kilik or Mintaka passes of the Hindu Kush, leading to the Pamirs and the Chinese dominions past Rakaposhi (25,561 ft), along the Muztagh range past K2 (Godwin-Austen Glacier, 28,265 feet), Gasherbrum and Masherbrum (28,100 and 28,561 feet (8,705 m) respectively) to the Karakoram range which merges in the Kunlun Mountains. Westward of the northern angle above Hunza and Nagar, the maze of mountains and glaciers trends a little south of east along the Hindu Kush range bordering Chitral and so on into the limits of Kafiristan and Afghan territory.[9]
النقل
There used to be a route from Kohala to Leh; it was possible to travel from Rawalpindi via Kohala and over the Kohala Bridge into Kashmir. The route from Kohala to Srinagar was a cart-road 132 miles (212 km) in length. From Kohala to Baramulla the road was close to the River Jhelum. At Muzaffarabad the Kishenganga River joins the Jhelum and at this point the road from Abbottabad and Garhi Habibullah meet the Kashmir route. The road carried heavy traffic and required expensive maintenance by the authorities to repair.[10]
فيضان
In 1893, after 52 hours of continuous rain, very serious flooding took place in the Jhelum valley and much damage was done to Srinagar. The floods of 1903 were much more severe, a great disaster.[11]
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج David P. Henige (2004). Princely States of India: A Guide to Chronology and Rulers. Orchid Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-974-524-049-0.
- ^ "Kashmir and Jammu", Imperial Gazetteer of India (Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press) 15: 71–, 1908, https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_077.gif
- ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 111–125.
- ^ "Q&A: Kashmir dispute – BBC News".
- ^ Bose, Sumantra (2003). Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. pp. 32–37. ISBN 0-674-01173-2.
- ^ أ ب Karim, Maj Gen Afsir (2013), Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers, Lancer Publishers LLC, pp. 29–32, ISBN 978-1-935501-76-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=lf2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30
- ^ Behera, Demystifying Kashmir 2007, p. 15.
- ^ أ ب Copland, Ian (1981), "Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34", Pacific Affairs 54 (2)
- ^ أ ب ت "Kashmir and Jammu" Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 72.
- ^ "Kashmir and Jammu" Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 79.
- ^ "Kashmir and Jammu" Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 89
ببليوگرافيا
- Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India, ISBN 8131708462, https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC
- Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (2012), Jammu and Kashmir, Springer, ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg
- Birdwood, Lord (1956), Two Nations and Kashmir, R. Hale, https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzs-AAAAMAAJ
- Huttenback, Robert A. (1961), "Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh", The Journal of Asian Studies 20 (4), doi: , Archived from the original on 15 August 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20160815210807/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf
- Mahajan, Mehr Chand (1963), Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India, Asia Publishing House, https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119631/2015.119631.Looking-Back#page/n1/mode/2up
- Major, Andrew J. (1996), Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century Limited, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, ISBN 81-207-1806-2
- Major, Andrew J. (1981), Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century, Australian National University, https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11191
- Noorani, A. G. (2011), Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-807408-3, http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.001.0001/acprof-9780198074083
- Panikkar, K. M. (1930). Gulab Singh. London: Martin Hopkinson Ltd.
- Raghavan, Srinath (2010), War and Peace in Modern India, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 101–, ISBN 978-1-137-00737-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC&pg=PA101
- Rai, Mridu (2004), Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 1850656614
- Schofield, Victoria (2003) [First published in 2000], Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 1860648983, https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC
- Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971), "Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War", Modern Asian Studies 5 (1), doi:
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- الولايات الأميرية في الهند
- Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
- 1846 establishments in British India
- 1952 disestablishments in India
- Hindu governments