چنگدو ج-20

ج-20 'التنين القوي'
J-20 'Mighty Dragon'
J-20 at CCAS2022 (20220827103424).jpg
تحليق چنگدو ج-20 في المعرض الجوي الصيني في چانگ‌چون 2022
الدور مقاتلة تفوق جوي هجومية
متخفية متعددة الأدوار
دولة المنشأ الصين
الصانع مجموعة چنگدو لصناعة الطائرات
أول تحليق 11 يناير 2011؛ 13 years ago[1][2]
التقديم 2018 (مخطط لها)[3]
الوضع في الخدمة[4]
المستخدم الرئيسي القوات الجوية لجيش التحرير الشعبي
المنتـَج 2009–الحاضر[5]
العدد المنتج ~300[6] (as of 2024)
تطورت من J-XX

چنگدو/تشنغدو ج-20 ( الصينية المبسطة: 歼-20 ؛ الصينية التقليدية: 殲-20 ؛ إنگليزية: Chengdu J-20)، وتعرف أيضا باسم النسر الأسود،[7] هي نموذج مبدئي لطائرة مقاتلة متخفية ثنائية المحرك من الجيل الخامس طورتها مجموعة چنگدو لصناعة الطائرات للقوات الجوية لجيش التحرير الشعبي.[8][9] The J-20 made its first flight on 11 January 2011, and is expected to be operational in 2018.[10][3][11][12]

The J-20 made its maiden flight on 11 January 2011,[1][2] and was officially revealed at the 2016 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.[13] The aircraft entered service in March 2017,[4] and began its combat training phase in September 2017.[14] The first J-20 combat unit was formed in February 2018.[4]

The J-20 is the world's third operational fifth-generation stealth fighter aircraft after the F-22 and F-35.[15]

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التطوير

مقاتلتان چنگدو ج-20 يظهران لأول مرة في المعرض الجوي الصيني 2016.

The J-20 emerged from the late-1990s J-XX program. In 2008, the PLAAF endorsed Chengdu Aerospace Corporation's proposal, Project 718; Shenyang's proposed aircraft was larger than the J-20.[16] Chengdu had previously used the double-canard configuration in the J-9, its first design and cancelled in the 1970s, and the J-10.[17][18]

In 2009, a senior PLAAF official revealed that the first flight was expected in 2010–11, with a service entry date by 2019.[19] On 22 December 2010, the first J-20 prototype underwent high speed taxiing tests outside the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute.[5][20] Three months later, the first J-20 prototype made its maiden flight in Chengdu.[1][2]

Several changes were made to J-20 prototypes, including new low-observable intake and stealth coating, as well as redesigned vertical stabilizers in 2014. Analysts noted new equipment and devices for multi-role operations such as integrated targeting pods for precision-guided munition, and six additional passive infrared sensors can also be spotted around the aircraft.[21] In December 2015, the low rate initial production (LRIP) version of J-20 had been spotted by a military observer.[22]

Chinese state media reported in October 2017 that the designs of J-20 had been finalized, and is ready for mass production as well as being combat-ready.[23]

In January 2019, Chinese media reported that a twin-seat variant of the J-20 is rumored to be in development for use in tactical bombing, electronic warfare and carrier strike roles.[24]

In November 2019, a J-20 painted in yellow primer coating was spotted during its flight testing by defense observers at the Chengdu Aerospace Corporation manufacturing facility. The aircraft is equipped with new variant of WS-10 Taihang engines with serrated afterburner nozzles to enhance stealth.[25][26] Report indicated Chengdu Aerospace Corporation terminated the manufacturing of J-20 with Russian engines in mid-2019.[27]

Chinese media reported that a new variant of the J-20, the J-20B, was unveiled on July 8, 2020, and entered mass production the same day. The only change mentioned was that the J-20B was to be equipped with thrust vectoring control.[28] Conflicting reports emerged regarding the exact engine type. Analyst Andreas Rupprecht expressed skepticism regarding the use of Russian engines on J-20, as he believes that the J-20 is using a variant of the WS-10 which he called the WS-10C. This engine has improved thrust, stealthier serrated afterburner nozzles, and higher reliability, but it is not designed for thrust vectoring unlike the WS-10 TVC demonstrated on a J-10 at the 2018 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.[29] Analyst Jamie Hunter believed the new engine type is what he called WS-10B-3, a Chinese-made thrust vectoring engine demonstrated on the 2018 Zhuhai Airshow.[27]

In January 2021, South China Morning Post reported that China will replace Russian engines on the J-20 stealth fighter with a type of Chinese engine called WS-10C.[30][31] In June 2021, Chinese media confirmed that an aviation brigade is assigned with the enhanced J-20A variant that integrates domestic WS-10C engines.[32] Despite the replacement, WS-10C is considered another interim solution before Xian WS-15 passes evaluations. Moreover, WS-10C will not be equipped on the J-20B, the thrust-vectoring version of J-20 that entered mass production in 2019, which still required further testing. Overall, Chinese engineers believe WS-10C is comparable with AL-31F in performance,[33][34] and the replacement would also reduce China's dependency on Russian engines.[34] The WS-10C-powered J-20 was officially showcased to the public on 28 September 2021 at Zhuhai Airshow.[33][35][36]

In February 2021, a South China Morning Post infographic depicted a twin-seat J-20 variant powered by thrust vectoring WS-10C.[37] In October 2021, a taxiing prototype, dubbed J-20S by analysts,[38][39] was spotted near Chengdu Aerospace Corporation facilities, making J-20S the first-ever two-seater stealth fighter.[38] The twin-seat design allows the possibility for the second operator to coordinate attacks and reconnaissance missions from other friendly aircraft via networking or unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) linked via "loyal wingman" systems and sensors. The advantage for a second operator includes the potential for better interpreting and exploiting of the enormous sensory data that could overload the limited cognitive and processing capacity for a single human.[39][40]


التصميم

السمات

چنگدو ج-20 منظر جانبي


المحركات

موديلات المحركات المُتعرَّف عليها في J-20
نوع المحرك المنصة التقديم القدرات
LO TVC SC
WS-10B J-20 (LRIP) 2015[41][42] No No No
AL-31FM2 J-20A 2011–2019[27][43] No No No
WS-10C J-20A 2019[27][44] Yes No No[أ]
WS-10B-3 J-20B 2019[27] Yes Yes No
WS-15 J-20B 2020s (Testing)[43][47] Yes Yes Yes

The J-20 entered production powered by a Saturn AL-31 variant,[43] reportedly the AL-31FM2[48] with a "special power setting" thrust of 145 kN (32,600 lbf).[49] AL-31 was a temporary solution before China could produce its own indigenous engine of comparable performance. Eventually, AL-31 was replaced by Chinese WS-10 in September 2019.[33]

The Shenyang WS-10 has also powered various aircraft. The WS-10B reportedly powered low rate initial production aircraft in 2015.[41] And the WS-10C was reportedly replaced the AL-31 in mid-2019.[43] Flights with prototypes[50] powered by the WS-10C were underway by November 2020.[51] The WS-10C was expected to replace the AL-31 as the interim engine in 2021.[50] In June 2021, Chinese media confirmed WS-10C engines are incorporated into active service with J-20A jets, making WS-10C the third engine type used on the J-20 platform.[32] WS-10C features enhanced thrust of about 142 kN, mature and reliable design, and serrated afterburner nozzles that enhance rear-aspect stealth capabilities.[33]

There are conflicting reports concerning the powerplant of the TVC-equipped J-20B.[28] The powerplant has been identified as the AL-31FM2, or a variant of the WS-10; "WS-10C" by Andreas Rupprecht,[52] or "WS-10B-3" by Jamie Hunter. The TVC-equipped WS-10B-3 was demonstrated at the 2018 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.[27]

The intended powerplant for J-20 is the Xian WS-15[43] with a thrust of 180 kN.[53] The J-20 requires the WS-15 to supercruise.[42] As of August 2019, the WS-15 was in development.[43]

The aircraft is equipped with a retractable refueling probe embedded on the right side of the cockpit, to help the fighter to maintain stealth while flying greater distances.[54]

الأمن السايبري

في أبريل 2009، a Wall Street Journal report indicated that, according to the Pentagon, information from the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II had been compromised by unknown attackers that appeared to originate from China. There is some speculation that the compromise of the F-35 program may have helped in the development of the J-20.[3][55][56][57]

التنويعات

أول ظهور لتنويعة من J-20S بمقعدين، وهي بذلك الطائرة الشبحية الوحيدة بمقعدين.[58]

في 27 أكتوبر 2021، ظهرت صورة لأول مرة لتنويعة من J-20S بمقعدين.

الوقع الاستراتيجي

السياسي

The first test flight coincided with a visit by United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to China, and was initially interpreted by the Pentagon as a possible signal to the visiting US delegation. Speaking to reporters in Beijing, secretary Gates said "I asked President Hu about it directly, and he said that the test had absolutely nothing to do with my visit and there had been a pre-planned test."[55][59] Hu seemed surprised by Gates' inquiry, prompting speculations that the test might have been a signal sent unilaterally by the Chinese military.[60][61][62] Abraham M. Denmark of the Center for New American Security in Washington, along with Michael Swaine, an expert on the PLA and United States–China military relations, explained that senior officials are not involved in day-to-day management of aircraft development and were unaware of the test.[59][44]

العسكري

Robert Gates downplayed the significance of the aircraft by questioning how stealthy the J-20 may be, but stated the J-20 would "put some of our capabilities at risk, and we have to pay attention to them, we have to respond appropriately with our own programs."[63] The U.S. Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper testified that the United States knew about the program for a long time and that the test flight was not a surprise.[64]

In 2011, Loren B. Thompson, echoed by a 2015 RAND Corporation report, felt that J-20's combination of forward stealth and long range puts America's surface assets at risk, and that a long-range maritime strike capability may cause the United States more concern than a short range air-superiority fighter like the F-22.[65][66][67] In its 2011 Annual Report to Congress, the Pentagon described the J-20 as "a platform capable of long range, penetrating strikes into complex air defense environments."[68] A 2012 report by the U.S.‐China Economic and Security Review Commission suggests that the United States may have underestimated the speed of development of the J-20 and several other Chinese military development projects.[69]

Observers were not able to reach a consensus on J-20's primary role.[70][71][72] Based on initial photographs with focus on the aircraft's size, early speculations referred to the J-20 as an F-111 equivalent with little to no air-to-air ability. Others saw the J-20 as a potential air superiority fighter once appropriate engines become available.[73][55][56] More recent speculations refer to the J-20 as an air-to-air fighter with an emphasis on forward stealth, high-speed aerodynamics, range, and adequate agility. The J-20 with its long range missile armament could threaten vulnerable tankers and ISR/C2 platforms such as the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker and Boeing E-3 Sentry AWACS, depriving Washington of radar coverage and strike range.[74] However one of these targets, the Northrop Grumman E-2D Advanced Hawkeye, is reported to be optimized for spotting fighter sized stealth aircraft such as the J-20.[75]

After the deployment announcement, several analysts noted that experience that the PLAAF will gain with the J-20 will give China a significant edge over India, Japan, and South Korea, which have struggled to design and produce their own fifth-generation fighters on schedule.[76] However, despite the failure of their indigenous projects, Japan and South Korea operate the imported F-35A, negating this potential technological disparity.[77][78] United States Marine Corps created a full-scale replica (FSR) of a Chengdu J-20 in December 2018. The replica was spotted parked outside the Air Dominance Center at Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport in Georgia. The United States Marine Corps later confirmed that the aircraft was built for training.[79]

إعلام الصناعات الدفاعية

The J-20 has enabled a wide range of speculation around its role, capability, and technological parity for a prolonged period, due to the secrecy intentionally dictated by the Chinese military and manufacturer.[80] Although the fighter has been designated as an air-superiority fighter with strike capability by the Chinese Air Force, many military observers in the West didn't believe it and opted to classify the J-20 as an interceptor or dedicated striker, due to discomfort or disbelief that the Chinese military has the intention to design a fighter with symmetric capability against contemporary Western fifth-generation fighters.[81] These notions regarding the roles, capability, and linage of the J-20 platform were reflected by the defense media, which Rick Joe argues were incorrect, due to the usage of overestimated size data, or lack of understanding on aircraft technologies, such as the accusation of J-20 being a copy of Mig 1.44 or F-117. Despite many claims on J-20 are often incorrectly attributed or unjustified, they remain unchanged in defense media for the past decade.[80]

Western sources also contribute the idea that J-20 is only optimized for anti-access/aerial denial (A2/AD) engagements, while Chinese sources universally describe J-20 as an air-superiority fighter meant to engage other fighters.[82] Rod Lee, research director at the China Aerospace Studies Institute of the Air University, believes J-20 is intended to be primarily used for destroying high-value airborne assets, which is an alternative way of establishing air superiority. Supplemental missions may include launching anti-radiation missiles and air-to-ground munitions. Rod Lee believes J-20 has the maneuverability to engage air superiority combat with other aircraft, but PLAAF has de-emphasized the traditional attrition warfare while advocating the "systems destruction" approach because they believe it is more effective.[44] Matthew Jouppi of Aviation Week noted the ill-informed assumptions that existed in defense circles and argued that the United States has not adequately addressed threats posed by the increasing Chinese airpower.[82]

Aviation researchers believe that J-20 signifies China had surpassed Russian military in the application of contemporary avation technologies such as composite materials, advanced avionics, and long-range weapons systems.[83][84] According to Justin Bronk of the Royal United Services Institute, the J-20 is one of the examples of how China has transitioned from dependency of Russian technology to developing indigenous sensor and weapons that are superior to that of Russia; and how China is beginning to build a clear lead over Russia in most aspects of combat aircraft development in 2020s.[85] J-20 also symbolises that the Western Bloc losing the monopoly on stealth fighter technologies.[86]


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المواصفات

رسم تخطيطي للمقاتلة J-20

البيانات من جامعة تسينگ‌هوا[87][88]

المواصفات العامة

  • الطاقم: one (pilot)
  • الطول: 21.2 m (69 ft 7 in)
  • الباع: 13.01 m (42 ft 8 in)
  • الارتفاع: 4.69 m (15 ft 5 in)
  • مساحة الجناح: 73 m2 (790 sq ft)
  • الوزن الفارغ: 17,000 kg (37,479 lb)
  • الوزن الإجمالي: 25,000 kg (55,116 lb)
  • وزن الإقلاع الأقصى: 37,000 kg (81,571 lb)
  • سعة الوقود: 12,000 kg (26,000 lb) internally
  • Powerplant: 2 × Saturn AL-31FM2[43][48][50] afterburning turbofan, 123 kN (28,000 lbf) with afterburner
  • Powerplant: 2 × Shenyang WS-10C[27][32] afterburning turbofan, 147 kN (33,000 lbf) with afterburner

الأداء

  • السرعة القصوى: Mach 2.0[88]
  • المدى: 5,500 km (3,400 mi, 3,000 nmi) with 2 external fuel tanks
  • المدى القتالي: 2,000 km (1,200 mi, 1,100 nmi)
  • سقف الخدمة: 20,000 m (66,000 ft)
  • g limits: +9/-3
  • Rate of climb: 304[89] m/s (59,800 ft/min)
  • Wing loading: 340 kg/m2 (69 lb/sq ft)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.92 (1.12 with loaded weight and 50% fuel) with WS-10C/AL-31FM2 (estimated)

التسليح

إلكترونيات الطيران

انظر أيضا

تطورات ذات صلة

طائرات شبيهة

قوائم ذات صلة

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

صور خارجية
Front view the J-20, undergoing taxiing trials at the Chengdu Test Facility.
Side view the J-20 opening its drogue chute.
Front view the J-20 from a different perspective.
Side view of J-20
Rear view of J-20
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خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

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