تاريخ ليبيا في عهد معمر القذافي

The green flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was the only national flag in the world with just one colour and no other features: the colour green, which represented Islam and Gaddafi's Third International Theory, outlined in The Green Book.
جزء من سلسلة عن
تاريخ ليبيا
1912 map - Le nuove province Italiane - Tripolitania e Cirenaica.jpg
قبل التاريخ
التاريخ القديم (قبل 146 ق.م)
الحكم الروماني (146 ق.م– 640 م)
الحكم العربي (640–1551)
الحكم العثماني (1551–1911)
الاستعمار الإيطالي (1911–1934)
ليبيا الإيطالية (1934–1943)
احتلال الحلفاء (1943–1951)
مملكة ليبيا (1951–1969)
حكم القذافي (1969–2011)
الثورة الليبية (2011)
المجلس الانتقالي (2011–الآن)
Nuvola Libya (2011) flag.svg ليبيا portal

Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan military officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état. After the king had fled the country, the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) headed by Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and the old constitution and established the Libyan Arab Republic, with the motto "freedom, socialism and unity".[1]

After coming to power, the RCC government initiated a process of directing funds toward providing education, health care and housing for all. Public education in the country became free and primary education compulsory for both sexes. Medical care became available to the public at no cost, but providing housing for all was a task the RCC government was not able to complete.[2] Under Gaddafi, per capita income in the country rose to more than US $11,000, the fifth highest in Africa.[3] The increase in prosperity was accompanied by a controversial foreign policy, and there was increased domestic political repression.[1][4]

During the 1980s and 1990s, Gaddafi, in alliance with the Eastern Bloc and Fidel Castro's Cuba, openly supported rebel movements like Nelson Mandela's African National Congress, the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Irish Republican Army and the Polisario Front (Western Sahara). Gaddafi's government was either known to be or suspected of participating in or aiding terrorist acts by these and other proxy forces. Additionally, Gaddafi undertook several invasions of neighboring states in Africa, notably Chad in the 1970s and 1980s. All of his actions led to a deterioration of Libya's foreign relations with several countries, mostly Western states,[5] and culminated in the 1986 United States bombing of Libya. Gaddafi defended his government's actions by citing the need to support anti-imperialist and anti-colonial movements around the world. Notably, Gaddafi supported anti-Zionist, pan-Africanist and black civil rights movements. Gaddafi's behavior, often erratic, led some outsiders to conclude that he was not mentally sound, a claim disputed by the Libyan authorities and other observers close to Gaddafi. Despite receiving extensive aid and technical assistance from the Soviet Union and its allies, Gaddafi retained close ties to pro-American governments in Western Europe, largely by incentivising Western oil companies with promises of access to lucrative Libyan energy sectors. After the 9/11 attacks, strained relations between Libya and the West were mostly normalised, and sanctions against the country relaxed, in exchange for Libyan efforts to shrink its nuclear program.

In early 2011, a civil war broke out in the context of the wider "Arab Spring". The rebel anti-Gaddafi forces formed a committee named the National Transitional Council on 27 February 2011. It was meant to act as an interim authority in the rebel-controlled areas. After killings by government forces[6] in addition to those by the rebel forces,[7] a multinational coalition led by NATO forces intervened on 21 March 2011 in support of the rebels.[8][9][10] The International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi and his entourage on 27 June 2011. Gaddafi's government was overthrown in the wake of the fall of Tripoli to the rebel forces on 20 August 2011, although pockets of resistance held by forces in support of Gaddafi's government held out for another two months, especially in Gaddafi's hometown of Sirte, which he declared the new capital of Libya on 1 September 2011.[11] The fall of the last remaining cities under pro-Gaddafi control and Sirte's capture on 20 October 2011, followed by the subsequent killing of Gaddafi, marked the end of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.

The name of Libya was changed several times during Gaddafi's tenure as the leader. At first, the name was the Libyan Arab Republic. In 1977, the name was changed to Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.[12] Jamahiriya was a term coined by Gaddafi,[12] usually translated as "state of the masses". The country was renamed again in 1986 as the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, after the 1986 United States bombing of Libya.

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Coup d'état of 1969

المقالة الرئيسية: 1969 Libyan coup d'état


Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977)

Libyan Arab Republic

الجمهورية العربية الليبية
Al-Jumhūrīyah Al-ʿArabiyyah Al-Lībiyyah  (بالعربية)
Repubblica Araba Libica  (Italian)
1969–1977
علم Libya
العلم
{{{coat_alt}}}
Coat of arms
النشيد: الله أكبر
Allahu Akbar
God is the Greatest
Location of Libya
العاصمةTripoli
اللغات الشائعةArabic
Italian
الحكومةOne-party state under a military dictatorship
Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council 
• 1969–1977
Muammar Gaddafi
الحقبة التاريخيةCold War
1 September 1969
• Jamahiriya established
2 March 1977
التعداد
• 1977
2,681,900
CurrencyLibyan dinar
Calling code218
سبقها		 تلاها
Kingdom of Libya
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Attempted counter-coups

Following the formation of the Libyan Arab Republic, Gaddafi and his associates insisted that their government would not rest on individual leadership, but rather on collegial decision making.


Transition to the Jamahiriya (1973–1977)

(Alfateh, 1 September 1969) Festivity Alfateh in Bayda, Libya, on 1 September 2010.
للمزيد من المعلومات: The Green Book (Libya) and Third International Theory


Libyan-Egyptian War

المقالة الرئيسية: Libyan-Egyptian War

Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)

Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية العظمى
al-Jamāhīrīyah al-'Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha'bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah al-'Uẓmá
1977–2011
علم Libya
العلم
{{{coat_alt}}}
Coat of arms
النشيد: الله أكبر
"Allahu Akbar"
(إنگليزية: "God is Great")
Location of Libya
العاصمةTripoli (1977–2011)
Sirte (2011)[13]
اللغات الشائعةArabic
الدين Islam
الحكومةUnitary Islamic socialist Jamahiriya
Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution 
• 1977–2011
Muammar Gaddafi
الحقبة التاريخيةCold War • War on Terror
• People's Authority
2 March 1977
28 August 2011
20 October 2011
التعداد
• 2010
6,355,100
CurrencyLibyan dinar
Calling code218
سبقها		 تلاها
Libyan Arab Republic
National Transitional Council

On 2 March 1977, the General People's Congress (GPC), at Gaddafi's behest, adopted the "Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority"[14][15] and proclaimed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (العربية: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية‎[16] al-Jamāhīrīyah al-'Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha'bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah). In the official political philosophy of Gaddafi's state, the "Jamahiriya" system was unique to the country, although it was presented as the materialization of the Third International Theory, proposed by Gaddafi to be applied to the entire Third World. The GPC also created the General Secretariat of the GPC, comprising the remaining members of the defunct Revolutionary Command Council, with Gaddafi as general secretary, and also appointed the General People's Committee, which replaced the Council of Ministers, its members now called secretaries rather than ministers.

The Libyan government claimed that the Jamahiriya was a direct democracy without any political parties, governed by its populace through local popular councils and communes (named Basic People's Congresses). Official rhetoric disdained the idea of a nation state, tribal bonds remaining primary, even within the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.[17]


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Etymology

Reforms (1977–1980)

The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index 2010
Full democracies:
  9–10
  8–8.9
Flawed democracies:
  7–7.9
  6–6.9
  No data
 Hybrid regimes:
  5–5.9
  4–4.9
Authoritarian regimes:
  3–3.9
  2–2.9
  0–1.9
The UNDP's Human Development Index (based on 2010 data, published on 4 November 2010)[18]
  0.900 and over
  0.850–0.899
  0.800–0.849
  0.750–0.799
  0.700–0.749
  0.650–0.699
  0.600–0.649
  0.550–0.599
  0.500–0.549
  0.450–0.499
  0.400–0.449
  0.350–0.399
  0.300–0.349
  under 0.300
  Data unavailable

Gaddafi as permanent "Leader of the Revolution"

The changes in Libyan leadership since 1976 culminated in March 1979, when the General People's Congress declared that the "vesting of power in the masses" and the "separation of the state from the revolution" were complete. The government was divided into two parts, the "Jamahiriya sector" and the "revolutionary sector". The "Jamahiriya sector" was composed of the General People's Congress, the General People's Committee, and the local Basic People's Congresses. Gaddafi relinquished his position as general secretary of the General People's Congress, as which he was succeeded by Abdul Ati al-Obeidi, who had been prime minister since 1977.

Economic reforms

للمزيد من المعلومات: Economy of Libya
Libya under Gaddafi used to have a higher GDP (PPP) per capita than the EU, and in some periods higher than the US.

Remaking of the economy was parallel with the attempt to remold political and social institutions. Until the late 1970s, Libya's economy was mixed, with a large role for private enterprise except in the fields of oil production and distribution, banking, and insurance. But according to volume two of Gaddafi's Green Book, which appeared in 1978, private retail trade, rent, and wages were forms of exploitation that should be abolished. Instead, workers' self-management committees and profit participation partnerships were to function in public and private enterprises.


Military

Wars against Chad and Egypt

انظر أيضاً: Chadian–Libyan conflict, Toyota War, and Libyan–Egyptian War


In 1977, Gaddafi dispatched his military across the border to Egypt, but Egyptian forces fought back in the Libyan–Egyptian War. Both nations agreed to a ceasefire under the mediation of the President of Algeria Houari Boumediène.[19]

Islamic Legion

انظر أيضاً: Islamic Legion

In 1972, Gaddafi created the Islamic Legion as a tool to unify and Arabize the region. The priority of the Legion was first Chad, and then Sudan. In Darfur, a western province of Sudan, Gaddafi supported the creation of the Arab Gathering (Tajammu al-Arabi), which according to Gérard Prunier was "a militantly racist and pan-Arabist organization which stressed the 'Arab' character of the province."[20] The two organizations shared members and a source of support, and the distinction between them is often ambiguous.


Janjaweed, a group accused by the US of carrying out a genocide in Darfur in the 2000s, emerged in 1988 and some of its leaders are former legionnaires.[21]

Attempts at nuclear and chemical weapons

المقالة الرئيسية: Libya and weapons of mass destruction


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International relations

المقالة الرئيسية: Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

Africa

انظر أيضاً: Uganda–Tanzania War

Gaddafi was a close supporter of Ugandan President Idi Amin.[22]

Gaddafi sent thousands of troops to fight against Tanzania on behalf of Idi Amin. About 600 Libyan soldiers lost their lives attempting to defend the collapsing presidency of Amin. Amin was eventually exiled from Uganda to Libya before settling in Saudi Arabia.[23]

Gaddafi also aided Jean-Bédel Bokassa, the Emperor of the Central African Empire.[23][24] He also intervened militarily in the renewed Central African Republic in 2001 to protect his ally Ange-Félix Patassé. Patassé signed a deal giving Libya a 99-year lease to exploit all of that country's natural resources, including uranium, copper, diamonds, and oil.[25]

Gaddafi supported Soviet protégé Haile Mariam Mengistu.[24]


Normalization of international relations (2003–2010)

In December 2003, Libya announced that it had agreed to reveal and end its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction and to renounce terrorism, and Gaddafi made significant strides in normalizing relations with western nations. He received various Western European leaders as well as many working-level and commercial delegations, and made his first trip to Western Europe in 15 years when he traveled to Brussels in April 2004. Libya responded in good faith to legal cases brought against it in U.S. courts for terrorist acts that predate its renunciation of violence. Claims for compensation in the Lockerbie bombing, LaBelle disco bombing, and UTA 772 bombing cases are ongoing. The U.S. rescinded Libya's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism in June 2006. In late 2007, Libya was elected by the General Assembly to a nonpermanent seat on the United Nations Security Council for the 2008–2009 term. Currently, Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara is being fought in Libya's portion of the Sahara Desert.

Purification laws

انظر أيضاً: LGBT rights in Libya and Women in Libya

In 1994, the General People's Congress approved the introduction of "purification laws" to be put into effect, punishing theft by the amputation of limbs, and fornication and adultery by flogging.[26] Under the Libyan constitution, homosexual relations are punishable by up to five years in jail.[27]

Opposition, coups and revolts

للمزيد من المعلومات: National Front for the Salvation of Libya, National Conference for the Libyan Opposition, and Anti-Gaddafi forces

Throughout his long rule, Gaddafi had to defend his position against opposition and coup attempts, emerging both from the military and from the general population. He reacted to these threats on one hand by maintaining a careful balance of power between the forces in the country, and by brutal repression on the other. Gaddafi successfully balanced the various tribes of Libya one against the other by distributing his favours. To forestall a military coup, he deliberately weakened the Libyan Armed Forces by regularly rotating officers, relying instead on loyal elite troops such as his Revolutionary Guard Corps, the special-forces Khamis Brigade and his personal Amazonian Guard, even though emphasis on political loyalty tended, over the long run, to weaken the professionalism of his personal forces. This trend made the country vulnerable to dissension at a time of crisis, as happened during early 2011.

Political repression and "Green Terror"

للمزيد من المعلومات: Human rights in Libya


Political unrest during the 1990s

In the 1990s, Gaddafi's rule was threatened by militant Islamism. In October 1993, there was an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Gaddafi by elements of the Libyan army. In response, Gaddafi used repressive measures, using his personal Revolutionary Guard Corps to crush riots and Islamist activism during the 1990s. Nevertheless, Cyrenaica between 1995 and 1998 was politically unstable, due to the tribal allegiances of the local troops.[28]

2011 civil war and collapse of Gaddafi's government

المقالة الرئيسية: Libyan Civil War (2011), 2011 military intervention in Libya, 2011 Libyan rebel coastal offensive, and Battle of Tripoli (2011)
A global map of the world showing countries that recognised or had informal relations with the Libyan Republic during the civil war of 2011.
  Libya
  Countries that recognised the National Transitional Council (NTC) as the sole legitimate representative of Libya
  Countries that had permanent informal relations with the NTC, or which voted in favor of recognition at the UN, but had not granted official recognition
  Countries which opposed recognition of the NTC at the UN, but had not made a formal statement
  Countries that said they would not recognise the NTC

A renewed serious threat to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya came in February 2011, with the Libyan Civil War. The novelist Idris Al-Mesmari was arrested hours after giving an interview with Al Jazeera about the police reaction to protests in Benghazi on 15 February.

Inspiration for the unrest is attributed to the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, connecting it with the wider Arab Spring.[29] On 22 February, The Economist described the events as an "uprising that is trying to reclaim Libya from the world's longest-ruling autocrat."[30] Gaddafi had referred to the opposition variously as "rats", "cockroaches", and "drugged kids" and accused them of being part of al-Qaeda.[31][32] In the east, the National Transitional Council was established in Benghazi.

Gaddafi's son, Khamis, controlled the well-armed Khamis Brigade and alleged to possess large number of mercenaries.[33][34] Some Libyan officials had sided with the protesters and requested help from the international community to bring an end to the massacres of civilians. The government in Tripoli had lost control of half of Libya by the end of February,[35][36] but as of mid-September Gaddafi remained in control of several parts of Fezzan. On 21 September, the forces of NTC captured Sabha, the largest city of Fezzan, reducing the control of Gaddafi to limited and isolated areas.

Many nations condemned Gaddafi's government over its use of force against civilians. Several other nations allied with Gaddafi called the uprising and intervention a "plot" by Western powers to loot Libya's resources.[37] The United Nations Security Council passed a resolution to enforce a no-fly zone over Libyan airspace on 17 March 2011.[38]

The UN resolution authorised air-strikes against Libyan ground troops and warships that appeared to threaten civilians.[39] On 19 March, the no-fly zone enforcement began, with French aircraft undertaking sorties across Libya and a naval blockade by the British Royal Navy.[40] Eventually, the aircraft carriers يوإس‌إس Enterprise and Charles de Gaulle arrived off the coast and provided the enforcers with a rapid-response capability. U.S. forces named their part of the enforcement action Operation Odyssey Dawn, meant to "deny the Libyan regime from using force against its own people".[41] said U.S. Vice Admiral William E. Gortney. More than 110 "Tomahawk" cruise missiles were fired in an initial assault by U.S. warships and a British submarine against Libyan air defences.[42]

The last government holdouts in Sirte finally fell to anti-Gaddafi fighters on 20 October 2011, and, following the controversial death of Muammar Gaddafi, Libya was officially declared "liberated" on 23 October 2011, ending 42 years of Gaddafi's leadership in Libya.[43]

Political scientist Riadh Sidaoui suggested in October 2011 that Gaddafi "has created a great void for his exercise of power: there is no institution, no army, no electoral tradition in the country", and as a result, the period of transition would be difficult in Libya.[44]

رأي

رأيي في ما حدث ويحدث في ليبيا: القذافي كان ديكتاتوراً ظالماً، ولكنه خدم بلده بإخلاص وذكاء وطموح مفرط حتى مطلع الألفية. وخدم الأقليات المسلمة حول العالم كما لم يخدمها حاكم مسلم من قبل. وتعاطف ودعم نضالات الشعوب المضطهدة بغض النظر عن دينها. نذكر له النهر الصناعي الذي يمد ليبيا حتى اليوم بنحو 98% من احتياجاتها من ماء الشرب، بالرغم من القصف الجنوني لمنشآته في 2011. يذكر له كل الأفارقة خلق "الاتحاد الأفريقي" وتجمع دول الساحل والصحراء. الاتفاقيات الأربع التي ترعى حقوق المسلمين في الفلبين كلها تم توقيعها في طرابلس. زعيم جبهة تحرير المورو في الفلبين اليوم اسمه قذافي. أحد زعماء الحزب الإسلامي في ماليزيا اسمه "قذافي جنجلاني". واليوم يحاول البعض استبدال الدعم الليبي لمسلمي مندناو بخلق تنظيمات إرهابية، مثل أبو سياف وداعش الفلبين. ولكن القذافي محى الحياة السياسية من ليبيا، وقضى على أي فرصة لحكم الشعب، على عكس الهدف المعلن للجماهيرية. فانفصل الشعب عن الدولة.

الخروج على القذافي والعمل على الإطاحة به هو أمر مبرر، طالما كان الخروج بدون عمالة للدول الأخرى. ما حدث في 2011 هو هجوم من الناتو على ليبيا، بشراذم من "العملاء" بمختلف الألوان. بعض هؤلاء العملاء كان لصاً سراقاً من أول يوم، والآخر سفاحاً سفاكاً للدماء. الأرواح المزهقة في كل عام منذ 2011 حتى 2018 يفوق كل ما ادعى أعداء القذافي أنه قتلهم طوال عهده. الأموال المنهوبة في كل عام منذ 2011 حتى 2018 يفوق كل ما اتهم البعض نظام القذافي بنهبه. هل أطالب بعودة نظام القذافي؟ بالطبع لا. ولكني أحاول شرح ما جرى ويجري. ففي النهاية لا توجد ملائكة لتقود البلاد، ولكن يجب أن نعي أن ليس بيننا من هو منزه عن الخطأ. ولكن خطأ عن خطأ يختلف كثيراً. الديكتاتورية خطيئة لا تغتفر. ولكن العمالة خطيئة لا تفوقها خطيئة. وكما ترون فقد انزلقنا في جبر الخطايا، والمفاضلة بين مختلف الخطايا.


حين ينهار العمران في بلد لعشر سنوات، فاعلم أن جيلاً كاملاً قد شب بلا أي تعليم. وسيدمر المجتمع للسبعين سنة التالية. هذا ما يحدث في أرجاء العالم العربي. والانهيار إما أن يكون بسبب الحرب أو بسبب حكام ضالعين. ذلك الجيل لن يعرف القراءة حتى يقرأ كتب أي اتجاه ديني أو سياسي - سيكون نهباً للأفاقين والعملاء.

انظر أيضاً

Institutions of governance under Gaddafi
ما بعد القذافي

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب "Libya: History". GlobalEDGE (via Michigan State University). Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  2. ^ "Housing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  3. ^ "African Countries by GDP Per Capita > GDP Per Capita (most recent) by Country". NationMaster. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  4. ^ "Comparative Criminology – Libya". Crime and Society. Archived from the original on 7 أغسطس 2011. Retrieved 24 يوليو 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  6. ^ Crawford, Alex (23 March 2011). "Evidence Of Massacre By Gaddafi Forces". Sky News. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ McGreal, Chris (2011-03-30). "Undisciplined Libyan rebels no match for Gaddafi's forces". The Guardian (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  8. ^ "Western nations step up efforts to aid Libyan rebels". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  9. ^ "America's secret plan to arm Libya's rebels". The Independent (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2011-03-07. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
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  15. ^ "ICL - Libya - Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People". Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  16. ^ Geographical Names, "اَلْجَمَاهِيرِيَّة اَلْعَرَبِيَّة اَللِّيبِيَّة اَلشَّعْبِيَّة اَلإِشْتِرَاكِيَّة: Libya", Geographic.org. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
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