پرث

Coordinates: 31°57′8″S 115°51′32″E / 31.95222°S 115.85889°E / -31.95222; 115.85889
(تم التحويل من بيرث)
هذا المقال هو عن the capital of Western Australia. إذا كنت تريد the city in Scotland، انظر Perth, Scotland. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر پرث (توضيح).
پرث
أستراليا الغربية
Perth montage 2.jpg
From top, left to right: Perth's skyline viewed from South Perth, Perth Mint, Elizabeth Quay bridge, Swan Bell Tower, His Majesty's Theatre, Kings Park State War Memorial
پرث is located in أستراليا
پرث
پرث
Coordinates31°57′8″S 115°51′32″E / 31.95222°S 115.85889°E / -31.95222; 115.85889
Population2٬059٬484 (2018)[1] (4th)
 • Density320٫8969/km2 (831٫119/sq mi)
Established1829
Area6٬417٫9 km2 (2٬478�0 sq mi)(GCCSA)[2]
Time zoneAWST (UTC+08:00)
Location
State electorate(s)Perth (and 41 others)[7]
Federal Division(s)Perth (and 10 others)
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
24.6 °C
76 °F		 12.7 °C
55 °F		 850٫0 mm
33٫5 in

پرث (بالإنجليزية: Perth ؛ نيونگا: Boorloo) هي عاصمة ولاية أستراليا الغربية، والمدينة الأكثر اكتظاظاً بالسكان فيها.[8] بلغ عدد سكانها 2.1 مليون نسمة في يونيو عام 2020 مما يجعلها رابع أكبر مدن أستراليا من ناحية عدد السكان. مساحتها 5386 كم2. Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia, with most of the metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp. The city has expanded outward from the original British settlements on the Swan River, upon which the city's central business district and port of Fremantle are situated. Perth is located on the traditional lands of the Whadjuk Noongar people, where Aboriginal Australians have lived for at least 45,000 years.[9]

Captain James Stirling founded Perth in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony. It was named after the city of Perth in Scotland, due to the influence of Stirling's patron Sir George Murray, who had connections with the area. It gained city status in 1856, although the Perth City Council currently governs only a small area around the central business district. The city's population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century. It has grown steadily since World War II due to a high net migration rate. Post-war immigrants were predominantly from the British Isles and Southern Europe, while more recent arrivals see a growing population of Asian descent.[10] Several mining booms in other parts of Western Australia in the late 20th and early 21st centuries saw Perth become the regional headquarters for large mining operations.

Perth contains a number of important public buildings as well as cultural and heritage sites. Notable government buildings include Parliament House, Government House, the Supreme Court Buildings and the Perth Mint. The city is served by Fremantle Harbour and Perth Airport. It was a naval base for the Allies during World War II and today, the Royal Australian Navy's Fleet Base West is located on Garden Island. All five of Western Australia's universities are based in Perth.

The city has been ranked as one of the world's most liveable cities, and was classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network in 2020 as a Beta global city.[11]

اعتبارا من 2021 Perth is divided into 30 local government areas and consists of more than 350 suburbs. The metropolitan boundaries stretch 123 kilometres (76 mi) from Two Rocks in the north to Singleton in the south,[12] and 62 kilometres (39 mi) east inland to The Lakes. Outside of the central business district, important urban centres within the metropolitan area include Armadale, Fremantle, Joondalup, Midland, and Rockingham. Most of those were originally established as separate settlements and retained a distinct identity after being subsumed into the wider metropolitan area. Mandurah, Western Australia's second-largest city, forms a conurbation with Perth along the coast, though for most purposes it is still considered a separate city.

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اسم المكان

The name Perth was selected in recognition of Perth, Scotland[13][14][صفحة مطلوبة] as the birthplace of the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons, Sir George Murray. It was included in Stirling's proclamation of the colony, read in Fremantle on 18 June 1829, which ended "Given under my hand and Seal at Perth this 18th Day of June 1829. James Stirling Lieutenant Governor".[15] The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Charles Fremantle's diary entry for 12 August 1829, which records that they "named the town Perth according to the wishes of Sir George Murray".[16][17][18]

There is no equivalent Noongar terminology for the Perth metropolitan area;[بحاجة لمصدر] it is sited primarily on Whadjuk country, which extends approximately[note 1] north to Two Rocks, south to Mandurah, and east as far as York.[19][20][21] Boorloo (also transcribed as Boorlo or Burrell) referred to Point Fraser[22][23] in East Perth, and means "big swamp",[23] which describes the whole chain of lakes where the CBD and Northbridge are sited.[24] However Boorloo is also used to denote the central business district,[25][26] the local government area,[27] or the capital city in general.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Perth, Western Australia

قبل التاريخ

Perth is located on the traditional land of the Whadjuk people, one of several groups in south-western Western Australia that make up the Noongar people.

Archaeological evidence demonstrates that the Noongar people have inhabited the Perth area for at least 45,000 years.[9] Noongar country encompasses the southwest corner of Western Australia. The wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain were particularly important to them, both spiritually (featuring in local mythology) and as a source of food.[36]

The present-day location of the CBD forms part of the traditional territory of the Mooro, a Noongar clan, who at the time of British settlement had Yellagonga as their leader. The Mooro was one of several Noongar clans based around the Swan River, known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk themselves were one of a larger group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar (meaning "the people" in their language), also sometimes called the Bibbulmun.[37]

On 19 September 2006, the Federal Court of Australia brought down a judgment finding that Noongar native title continued to exist over the Perth metropolitan area in the case of Bennell v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1243.[38] An appeal was subsequently lodged and in 2008 the Full Court of the Federal Court upheld parts of the appeal by the Western Australian and Commonwealth governments.[39] Following this appeal, the WA Government and the South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council negotiated the South West Native Title Settlement, including the Whadjuk Indigenous Land Use Agreement over the Perth region, which was finalised by the Federal Court on 1 December 2021.[40] As part of reaching this agreement, the Noongar (Koorah, Nitja, Boordahwan) (Past, Present, Future) Recognition Act was passed in 2016, recognising the Noongar people as the traditional owners of the south west region of Western Australia.[41]

Early European sightings and exploration

The Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh and his crew made the first documented sighting of the present-day Perth region by Europeans on 10 January 1697. They initially explored the area on foot, reaching what is now central Perth,[42] having travelled up the Swan River.[43] They named the river Swarte Swaene-Revier after the black swans of the area.[43] Other Europeans made subsequent sightings and undertook further voyages of exploration of the area between this date and 1829, but as in the case of the observations made by Vlamingh, they adjudged the area inhospitable and unsuitable for the agriculture that would be needed to sustain a European-style settlement.[44]

مستعمرة نهر البجع

المقالة الرئيسية: مستعمرة نهر البجع
The Foundation of Perth 1829 by George Pitt Morison is a historical reconstruction of the official ceremony by which Perth was founded, although not everyone depicted may have actually been present.

Although the Colony of New South Wales established a convict-supported settlement at King George's Sound (later Albany) on the south coast of Western Australia in 1826 in response to rumours that France intended to annex the area, Perth became the first "full-scale" settlement by Europeans in the western third of the continent of Australia in 1829. The British colony would be officially designated "Western Australia" in 1832 but was known informally for many years as the "Swan River Colony" after the area's major watercourse.[45]

On 4 June 1829, newly arriving British colonists had their first view of the mainland, and Western Australia has subsequently celebrated a public holiday on the first Monday in June each year. Captain James Stirling, aboard Parmelia, noted that the site was "as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed". On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the second ship, Sulphur, cut down a tree to mark the founding of the town. Beginning in 1831, hostile encounters between the British settlers and the Noongar people – both large-scale land users, with conflicting land-value systems – increased considerably as the colony grew. The hostile encounters between the two groups of people resulted in multiple events, including the murder of settlers (such as Thomas Peel's servant Hugh Nesbitt[46]), the execution of the Whadjuk elder Midgegooroo, the death of his son Yagan in 1833, and the Pinjarra massacre in 1834.

The relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans became strained due to these events. The increasing use of the land for agricultural purposes restricted the hunter-gatherer practices of the native Whadjuk Noongar. They were forced to camp around prescribed areas, including the swamps and lakes north of the European settlement area. Third Swamp, known to them as Boodjamooling, continued to be a main campsite for the remaining Noongar people in the Perth region and was also used by travellers, itinerants, and homeless people. By the gold-rush days of the 1890s, they were joined by miners who were en route to the goldfields.[47]

Perth Town Hall, with the David Malcolm Justice Centre behind, was, like many colonial buildings in Perth, built using convict labour.

عصر المدانين والهروع إلى الذهب

In 1850, at a time when penal transportation to Australia's eastern colonies had ceased, Western Australia was opened to convicts at the request of farming and business people due to a shortage of labour.[48] Over the next eighteen years, 9,721 convicts arrived in Western Australia aboard 43 ships.

Queen Victoria announced the city status of Perth in 1856.[49] Despite this proclamation, Perth was still a quiet town, described in 1870 by a Melbourne journalist as:

"...a quiet little town of some 3000 inhabitants spread out in straggling allotments down to the water's edge, intermingled with gardens and shrubberies and half rural in its aspect ... The main streets are macadamised, but the outlying ones and most of the footpaths retain their native state from the loose sand — the all pervading element of Western Australia — productive of intense glare or much dust in the summer and dissolving into slush during the rainy season."[50]

With the discovery of gold at Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie in the late 19th century, Western Australia experienced a mining boom,[51] and Perth's population grew from approximately 8,500 in 1881 to 61,000 in 1901.[52]

الاتحاد وما بعده

Looking across Perth railway station 1955ح. 1955

After a referendum in 1900,[53] Western Australia joined the Federation of Australia in 1901.[49] It was the last of the Australian colonies to agree to join the Federation, and it did so only after the other colonies had offered several concessions, including the construction of a transcontinental railway line from Port Augusta in South Australia to Kalgoorlie to link Perth with the eastern states.[54]

In 1927, Indigenous people were prohibited from entering large swathes of Perth under penalty of imprisonment, a ban that lasted until 1954.[55]

In 1933, two-thirds of Western Australians voted in a referendum to secede from the Australian Federation. However, the state general election held at the same time as the referendum had voted out the incumbent "pro-independence" government, replacing it with a government that did not support the independence movement. Respecting the result of the referendum, the new government nonetheless petitioned the Imperial Parliament at Westminster. The House of Commons established a select committee to consider the issue but after 18 months of negotiations and lobbying, finally refused to consider the matter, declaring that it could not legally grant secession.[53][56]

Perth entered the post-war period with a population of approximately 280,000 and an economy that had not experienced sustained growth since the 1920s. Successive state governments, beginning with the Willcock Labor Government (1936-1945), determined to change this. Planning for post-war economic development was initially driven by Russell Dumas, who as Director of Public Works (1941-1953) drew up plans for Western Australia's major post-war public-works projects, including the raising of the Mundaring and Wellington Dams, the development of the new Perth Airport, and the development of a new industrial zone centred on Kwinana. The advent of the McLarty Liberal Government (1947-1953) saw the emergence of something of a consensus on the need for continuing economic development. Economic growth was fuelled by large-scale public works, the post-war immigration program, and the success that various state governments had in attracting substantial foreign investment into the state, beginning with the construction of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Refinery at Kwinana in 1951–52.[57]

Construction of the Narrows Bridge nearing completion in 1959

The result of this economic activity was the rapid growth of the population of Perth and a marked change in its urban design. Commencing in the 1950s, Perth began to expand along an extensive highway network laid out in the Stephenson-Hepburn Report, which noted that Perth was beginning to resemble a pattern of development less in line with the British experience and more in line with North America.[58] This was encouraged by the opening of the Narrows Bridge and the gradual closure of the Perth-Fremantle Tramways. The mining-pastoral boom of the 1960s only accelerated the pace of urban growth in Perth.

In 1962, Perth received global media attention when city residents lit their house lights and streetlights as American astronaut John Glenn passed overhead while orbiting the Earth on Friendship 7. This led to its being nicknamed the "City of Light".[59][60][61] The city repeated the act as Glenn passed overhead on the Space Shuttle in 1998.[62][63]

Perth's development and relative prosperity, especially since the mid-1960s,[64] has resulted from its role as the main service centre for the state's resource industries, which extract gold, iron ore, nickel, alumina, diamonds, mineral sands, coal, oil, and natural gas.[65] Whilst most mineral and petroleum production takes place elsewhere in the state, the non-base services provide most of the employment and income to the people of Perth.[66]


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الجغرافيا

وسط البلد التجاري

انظر أيضاً: پرث (ضاحية)

The central business district of Perth is bounded by the نهر البجع to the south and east, with Kings Park on the western end and the railway reserve as the northern border.[بحاجة لمصدر] A state and federally funded project named Perth City Link sank a section of the railway line to allow easy pedestrian access between Northbridge and the CBD. The Perth Arena is an entertainment and sporting arena in the city link area that has received several architectural awards from institutions such as the Design Institute of Australia, the Australian Institute of Architects, and Colorbond.[67] St Georges Terrace is the area's prominent street, with a large amount of office space in the CBD. Hay Street and Murray Street have most of the retail and entertainment facilities. The city's tallest building is Central Park, the twelfth tallest building in Australia.[68] The CBD until 2012 was the centre of a mining-induced boom, with several commercial and residential projects being built, including Brookfield Place, a 244 m (801 ft) office building for Anglo-Australian mining company BHP.[69]

Perth CBD skyline from Elizabeth Quay bridge


المناخ

Climate data for پرث، أستراليا الغربية
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 45.8
(114.4) 		46.2
(115.2) 		42.4
(108.3) 		37.6
(99.7) 		34.3
(93.7) 		28.1
(82.6) 		26.3
(79.3) 		27.8
(82.0) 		34.2
(93.6) 		37.3
(99.1) 		40.3
(104.5) 		44.2
(111.6) 		46.2
(115.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.3
(88.3) 		31.7
(89.1) 		29.6
(85.3) 		25.9
(78.6) 		22.3
(72.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		19.1
(66.4) 		20.4
(68.7) 		23.4
(74.1) 		26.6
(79.9) 		29.1
(84.4) 		24.8
(76.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.8
(76.6) 		25.1
(77.2) 		23.1
(73.6) 		19.9
(67.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		14.0
(57.2) 		13.1
(55.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.8
(73.0) 		18.8
(65.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.5
(50.9) 		8.6
(47.5) 		7.7
(45.9) 		8.3
(46.9) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.3
(57.7) 		16.4
(61.5) 		12.8
(55.0)
Record low °C (°F) 8.9
(48.0) 		8.7
(47.7) 		6.3
(43.3) 		4.1
(39.4) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		1.3
(34.3) 		1.0
(33.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		7.9
(46.2) 		−0.7
(30.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 15.4
(0.61) 		8.8
(0.35) 		20.5
(0.81) 		36.5
(1.44) 		90.2
(3.55) 		126.7
(4.99) 		144.7
(5.70) 		122.4
(4.82) 		88.0
(3.46) 		38.6
(1.52) 		23.7
(0.93) 		9.9
(0.39) 		730.5
(28.76)
Average precipitation days 2.4 2.1 4.1 6.7 11.1 15.2 16.9 15.7 15.3 8.7 6.3 3.9 108.4
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) (at 1500) 39 38 39 46 50 56 57 54 53 46 44 41 47
Mean daily sunshine hours 11.5 11.0 9.6 8.3 6.9 5.9 6.1 7.2 7.7 9.6 10.6 11.5 8.8
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[70][71][72]
Temperatures: 1993–2015; Extremes: 1897–2015; Rain data: 1876–2012

Fremantle

Climate data for كالاموندا
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.4
(86.7) 		30.3
(86.5) 		27.7
(81.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.4
(61.5) 		15.4
(59.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		24.5
(76.1) 		28.0
(82.4) 		22.6
(72.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		15.3
(59.5) 		13.4
(56.1) 		10.8
(51.4) 		9.1
(48.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		8.1
(46.6) 		9.2
(48.6) 		10.1
(50.2) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.6
(58.3) 		12.0
(53.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 11.9
(0.47) 		17.6
(0.69) 		22.7
(0.89) 		55.7
(2.19) 		144.3
(5.68) 		216.2
(8.51) 		213.8
(8.42) 		165.9
(6.53) 		102.1
(4.02) 		70.5
(2.78) 		28.6
(1.13) 		19.6
(0.77) 		1٬065٫9
(41.96)
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[73]
Climate data for مطار جانداكوت
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 45.7
(114.3) 		46.6
(115.9) 		43.0
(109.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		33.4
(92.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		34.2
(93.6) 		37.4
(99.3) 		40.0
(104.0) 		44.0
(111.2) 		46.6
(115.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.4
(88.5) 		31.7
(89.1) 		29.7
(85.5) 		25.8
(78.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		17.9
(64.2) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		29.1
(84.4) 		24.5
(76.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		9.4
(48.9) 		7.4
(45.3) 		6.77
(44.19) 		7.1
(44.8) 		8.3
(46.9) 		9.6
(49.3) 		12.6
(54.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		11.5
(52.7)
Record low °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		1.6
(34.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		0.8
(33.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−3.4
(25.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.8
(0.54) 		16.3
(0.64) 		16.1
(0.63) 		42.3
(1.67) 		107.3
(4.22) 		156.6
(6.17) 		173.7
(6.84) 		126.0
(4.96) 		88.0
(3.46) 		46.0
(1.81) 		29.1
(1.15) 		10.5
(0.41) 		821.0
(32.32)
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[74]
بيانات المناخ لپرث
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
متوسط درجة حرارة البحر °س (°ف) 21.0
(69.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.2
(66.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		19.1
(66.4) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.4
(68.7)
Mean daily daylight hours 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.0 12.0
متوسط مؤشر فوق البنفسجية 11+ 11 9 6 4 3 3 4 6 8 10 11+ 7.2
Source #1: METOC (sea temperature),[75] ARPANSA (UV index) [76]
Source #2: Bureau of Meteorology (daylight hours) [77]


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السكان

Perth is Australia's fourth-most populous city, having overtaken Adelaide's population in 1984.[81] In June 2015 there were approximately 2.04 million residents in the metropolitan area.[82]


الجماعات العرقية

One dot represents 100 persons born in:
United Kingdom (dark blue),
China (red),
Italy (light green),
Malaysia (dark green),
South Africa (brown),
Singapore (purple) and
Vietnam (yellow), based on 2006 Census.


الاقتصاد

انظر أيضاً: اقتصاد غرب أستراليا
Fremantle Harbour

By virtue of its population and role as the administrative centre for business and government, Perth dominates the Western Australian economy, despite the major mining, petroleum, and agricultural export industries being located elsewhere in the state.[84] Perth's function as the state's capital city, its economic base and population size have also created development opportunities for many other businesses oriented to local or more diversified markets. Perth's economy has been changing in favour of the service industries since the 1950s. Although one of the major sets of services it provides is related to the resources industry and, to a lesser extent, agriculture, most people in Perth are not connected to either; they have jobs that provide services to other people in Perth.[85]

As a result of Perth's relative geographical isolation, it has never had the necessary conditions to develop significant manufacturing industries other than those serving the immediate needs of its residents, mining, agriculture and some specialised areas, such as, in recent times, niche shipbuilding and maintenance. It was simply cheaper to import all the needed manufactured goods from either the eastern states or overseas.

Industrial employment influenced the economic geography of Perth. After WWII, Perth experienced suburban expansion aided by high levels of car ownership. Workforce decentralisation and transport improvements made it possible for the establishment of small-scale manufacturing in the suburbs. Many firms took advantage of relatively cheap land to build spacious, single-storey plants in suburban locations with plentiful parking, easy access and minimal traffic congestion. "The former close ties of manufacturing with near-central and/or rail-side locations were loosened."[84]

مصفاة ألومينا في Kwinana

Industrial estates such as Kwinana, Welshpool and Kewdale were post-war additions contributing to the growth of manufacturing south of the river. The establishment of the Kwinana industrial area was supported by standardisation of the east–west rail gauge linking Perth with eastern Australia. Since the 1950s the area has been dominated by heavy industry, including an oil refinery, steel-rolling mill with a blast furnace, alumina refinery, power station, and a nickel refinery. Another development, also linked with rail standardisation, was in 1968 when the Kewdale Freight Terminal was developed adjacent to the Welshpool industrial area, replacing the former Perth railway yards.[84]

With significant population growth post-WWII,[86] employment growth occurred not in manufacturing but in retail and wholesale trade, business services, health, education, community and personal services, and in public administration. Increasingly it was these services sectors, concentrated around the Perth metropolitan area, that provided jobs.[84]

Perth has also become a hub of technology-focused startups since the early 2000s that provide a pool of highly skilled jobs to the Perth community. Companies such as Appbot, Agworld, Touchgram, and Healthengine all hail from Perth and have made headlines internationally. Programs like StartupWA and incubators such as Spacecubed and Vocus Upstart are all focused on creating a thriving startup culture in Perth and growing the next generation of Perth-based employers.[بحاجة لمصدر]

انظر أيضاً


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وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Perth (Australia).

قالب:Perth landmarks

قالب:Western Australia


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "note"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="note"/>

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