بولوني-سور-مير
بولوني-سور-مير | |
|---|---|
 صورة عامة من حي بركيرك المنارة، برج الجرس والقنال الإنگليزي. | |
.svg) Coat of arms | |
Location of بولوني-سور-مير  | |
  بولوني-سور-مير  بولوني-سور-مير | |
| الإحداثيات: 50°43′35″N 1°36′53″E / 50.7264°N 1.6147°E | |
| البلد | فرنسا |
| المنطقة | أعالي فرنسا |
| الإقليم | پا دو كاليه |
| الدائرة | بولوني-سور-مير |
| الكانتون | كانتون بولوني-سور-مير-1 و2 |
| الحكومة | |
| • العمدة (2014–2020) | فريدريك كوڤيليه (الحزب الاشتراكي) |
| المساحة 1 | 8٫42 كم² (3٫25 ميل²) |
| التعداد (يناير 2019) | 40٬251 |
| • الترتيب | رقم في الإقليم، رقم 11 في المنطقة ورقم 60 في فرنسا |
| • الكثافة | 4٬800/km2 (12٬000/sq mi) |
| • العمرانية (2012) | 133٬062 |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/الرمز البريدي | 62160 /62200 |
| المنسوب | 0–110 m (0–361 ft) |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | http://www.ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr/ |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
بولوني-سور-مير (النطق الفرنسي: [bulɔɲ syʁ mɛʁ] (
استمع))، تسمى عادة بولوني (UK /bəˈlɔɪn/، باللاتينية: Gesoriacum أو Bononia، Picard: Boulonne-su-Mér, هولندية: Bonen)، هي مدينة ساحلية في شمال فرنسا. وهي إحدى نقاط إقليم پا دو كاليه. تقع بولوني على ساحل كوت دوپال، الامتداد السياحي للساحل الفرنسي على القنال الإنگليزي بين كاليه ونورماندي، من أشهر الوجهات السياحية في الإقليم بعد ليل.[1] بولوني هي ثاني أكبر مدينة في الإقليم بعد كاليه،[2] وتحتل الترتيب 60 في فرنسا.[3] وهي أيضاً أكبر ميناء صيد في البلاد، الذي يشتهر بصيد أسماك الرنجة.[4]
بولوني هي بلدة قديمة، وكان ميناءاً رومانياً رئيسياً للتجارة والتواصل مع مقاطعة بريطانية الرومانية. بعد فترة التواجد الجرماني الذي أعقب انهيار الامبراطورية الرومانية، كانت بولوني مركزاً لمقاطعة بولوني ضمن مملكة فرنسا أثناء العصور الوسطى، واحتلتها مملكة إنگلترة عدة مرات أثناء الصراع بين الدولتين. عام 1805 ظلت لعدة أشهر منطقة حشد لقوات ناپليون أثناء تخطيطه لغزو المملكة المتحدة.
برج الحرس بالمدينة، والذي يعود إلى القرن 12، عينته اليونسكو كموقع تراث عالمي،[5] بينما عُين موقع شهير آخر، نوسيكا، كمركز للحفاظ البحري.
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الاسم
The French name Boulogne derives from the Latin Bononia, which was also the Roman name for Bologna in Italy. Both places – and Vindobona (Vienna) – are thought to have derived from native Celtic placenames, with bona possibly meaning "foundation", "citadel", or "granary".[بحاجة لمصدر] The French epithet sur-Mer ("on-the-sea") distinguishes the city from Boulogne-Billancourt on the edge of Paris. In turn, the Boulogne in Boulogne-Billancourt originates from a church there dedicated to Notre-Dame de Boulogne, "Our Lady of Boulogne[-sur-Mer]".
التاريخ
أصل المدينة
The foundation of the city known to the Romans as Gesoriacum is credited to the Celtic Boii. In the past, it was sometimes conflated with Caesar's Portus Itius, but that is now thought to have been a site near Calais which has since silted up. A tall lighthouse was built at Gesoriacum circa 39 AD by order of the Emperor Caligula,[6] possibly in preparation for an invasion of Britain. Known as the Tour d'Ordre, coastal erosion caused it to topple into the sea in 1644.
From the time of Claudius's invasion in AD 43, Gesoriacum formed the major port connecting the rest of the empire to Britain. It was the chief base of the Roman navy's Britannic fleet until the rebellion of its admiral Carausius in 286. As part of the imperial response, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus successfully besieged it by land and sea in 293.[7] The name of the settlement was changed to Bononia at some point between the sack of Gesoriacum and 310, possibly as a consequence of its refounding or possibly by the replacement of the sacked and lower-lying city by another nearby community.[8]
The city was an important town of the Morini (the 'sea people'), and Zosimus called it Germanorum ("Germanic-speaking") at the end of the 4th century.[9]
العصور الوسطى
 |
In the Middle Ages Boulogne was the capital of an eponymous county, founded in the mid-9th century. An important Count, Eustace II, assisted William the Conqueror in his conquest of England. His wife founded the city's Notre Dame cathedral, which became a site of pilgrimage from the 12th century onwards, attended by fourteen French kings and five of England. It was an important whaling center prior to 1121.[10] The city survived on herring fishing and received its municipal charter from Count Renaud of Dammartin in 1203.[7]
The area was fought over by the French and the English, including several English occupations during the course of the Hundred Years War. In 1492 Henry VII laid siege to Boulogne before the conflict was ended by the Peace of Étaples. Boulogne was again occupied by the English from 1544 to 1550. In 1550, The Peace of Boulogne ended the war of England with Scotland and France. France bought back Boulogne for 400,000 crowns. A culture of smuggling was present in the city until 1659, when French gains in Flanders from the Treaty of the Pyrenees moved the border northwards.
الفترة الناپليونية
الحرب العالمية
During the First World War, this was the entrepôt for the first unit of the British Expeditionary Force to land in France and for many others thereafter. Boulogne was one of the three base ports most extensively used by the Commonwealth armies on the Western Front throughout the First World War. It was closed and cleared on 27 August 1914 when the Allies were forced to fall back ahead of the German advance, but was opened again in October and from that month to the end of the war, Boulogne and Wimereux formed one of the chief hospital areas.
Until June 1918, the dead from the hospitals at Boulogne were buried in the Cimetiere de L'Est, one of the town's cemeteries, the Commonwealth graves forming a long, narrow strip along the right hand edge of the cemetery. In the spring of 1918, it was found that space was running short in the Eastern Cemetery in spite of repeated extensions to the south and the site of the new cemetery at Terlincthun was chosen.[11] It also was the site of an Allied (French and British) armaments production conference.
On 22 May 1940 during the Battle of France, two British Guards battalions and some pioneers attempted to defend Boulogne against an attack by the German 2nd Panzer Division. Despite fierce fighting, the British were overwhelmed and the survivors were evacuated by Royal Navy destroyers while under direct German gunfire.[12] On 15 June 1944, 297 aircraft (155 Avro Lancasters, 130 Handley Page Halifaxes, and 12 De Havilland Mosquitos) of the Royal Air Force bombed Boulogne harbour to suppress German naval activity following D-Day. Some of the Lancasters carried Tallboy bombs and the harbour and the surrounding area were completely destroyed. In August 1944 the town was declared a "fortress" by Adolf Hitler but it succumbed to Operation Wellhit, the assault and liberation by the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division in September. In one incident, a French civilian guided the Canadians to a "secret passage" leading into the walled old town and by-passing the German defenders.[13]
To replace the destroyed urban infrastructure, affordable housing and public facility projects in functional, brutalist building styles were carried out in the 1950s and 60s.
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الجغرافيا
الموقع
Boulogne-sur-Mer is in Northern France, at the edge of the Channel and in the mouth of the river Liane. In a direct line, Boulogne is approximately at 30 kilometres (19 miles) from Calais, 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Folkestone, 100 kilometres (62 miles) from Lille and Amiens, 150 kilometres (93 miles) from Rouen and London and 215 kilometres (134 miles) from Paris.
Boulogne is a relatively important city of the North, exercising an influence on the Boulonnais territory (74 towns and villages which surround Boulogne). The coast consists of important tourist natural sites, like the capes Gris Nez and Blanc Nez (which are the closest points of France to England), and attractive seaside resorts like Wimereux, Wissant, Hardelot and Le Touquet. The hinterland is mainly rural and agricultural.
النقل
المناخ
.jpg)
| Climate data for بولوني-سور-مير (متوسطات 1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
31.2 (88.2) |
32.6 (90.7) |
35.4 (95.7) |
34.8 (94.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
35.4 (95.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.3 (43.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
6.3 (43.3) |
3.5 (38.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.4 (7.9) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
1.6 (34.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
5.8 (42.4) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 67.9 (2.67) |
46.7 (1.84) |
53.3 (2.10) |
51.4 (2.02) |
55.8 (2.20) |
50.7 (2.00) |
53.5 (2.11) |
50.9 (2.00) |
68.8 (2.71) |
94.5 (3.72) |
97.0 (3.82) |
87.4 (3.44) |
777.9 (30.63) |
| Average precipitation days | 13.0 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 7.9 | 10.2 | 12.7 | 13.3 | 12.9 | 125.3 |
| Average snowy days | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 12.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87 | 85 | 84 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 85 | 87 | 83.3 |
| Source 1: Météo France[14][15] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)[16] | |||||||||||||
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المعالم الرئيسية
الاقتصاد
الإعلام
السكان
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1936 | 52٬371 | — |
| 1954 | 34٬885 | −33.4% |
| 1962 | 49٬283 | +41.3% |
| 1968 | 49٬288 | +0.0% |
| 1975 | 48٬440 | −1.7% |
| 1982 | 47٬653 | −1.6% |
| 1990 | 43٬678 | −8.3% |
| 1999 | 44٬859 | +2.7% |
| 2006 | 43٬700 | −2.6% |
| 2009 | 43٬310 | −0.9% |
| 2012 | 42٬785 | −1.2% |
التعليم
الصحة
الرياضة
.jpg)
الثقافة
مشاهير بولوني
مولدون في بولوني
- ماتلدا من بولوني (1105–1152)، كونيسة بولوني، والملكة القرينة لإنگلترة.
- Michel Le Quien (1661–1733)، راهب ومؤرخ.
- Pierre Claude François Daunou (1761–1840), politician and historian
- Frédéric Sauvage (1786–1857), engineer and inventor of the propeller
- Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1804–1869), literary critic and one of the major figures of French literary history
- Guillaume Duchenne (1806–1875), neurologist
- Auguste Mariette (1821–1881), scholar and archaeologist, one of the foremost Egyptologists of his generation, and the founder of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo
- Joseph O'Kelly (1828–1885), composer and pianist
- Auguste O'Kelly (1829–1900), music publisher
- Charles Frédéric O'Kelly (1830–1897), managing director of Blanzy-Poure
- George O'Kelly (1831–1914), pianist and composer
- Alexandre Guilmant (1837–1911), organist/composer
- Étienne-Prosper Berne-Bellecour (1838–1910), painter
- Benoît-Constant Coquelin (1841–1909), actor
- Ernest Hamy (1842–1908), anthropologist/ethnologist; created (in 1880) the museum of ethnography of Trocadéro (today known as the Musée de l'Homme, Trocadéro)
- Ernest Alexandre Honoré Coquelin (1848–1909), actor
- Olivier Latry (1962), Titular Organist of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, and professor at the Paris Conservatory
- Henri Malo (1868–1948), writer and historian
- Léo Marjane (1912–2016), singer
- Georges Mathieu (1921–2012), famous painter, initiator of "lyrical abstraction" and informal art
- Michel Caffier (born 1930), writer and literary critic
- Sophie Daumier (1934–2004), film actress
- Estha Essombe (born 1963), judoka
- Jean-Pierre Papin (born 1963), footballer
- Mickaël Bourgain (born 1980), track cyclist
- Franck Ribéry (born 1983), footballer
- Terence Makengo (born 1992), footballer
آخرون مرتبطون ببولوني
- Godfrey of Bouillon (c.1060–1100), Count of Boulogne, prominent figure in the First Crusade
- Baldwin I of Jerusalem (c.1058–1118), Count of Boulogne, prominent figure in the First Crusade
- Blaise de Monluc (1502–1577), Marshal of France
- Smithson Tennant (1761–1815), chemist, discoverer of osmium and iridium, died falling from a bridge in Boulogne
- Romeo Coates (1772–1848), amateur actor, fled from London to Boulogne to escape debtor's prison. He lived there for several years, and met his wife during this period.
- Adam Liszt (1776–1827), father of Franz Liszt, died from Typhoid fever while on a vacation
- José de San Martín (1778–1850), Argentine general who liberated Argentina, Chile and Peru; lived for two years in Boulogne and died there
- Benoît-Agathon Haffreingue (1785–1871), priest and builder of Boulogne's cathedral
- Félix Godefroid (1818–1897), Belgium-born composer, grew up in Boulogne
- Constant Coquelin (1841–1909), actor
- John McCrae (1872–1918), Canadian doctor, poet; author of In Flanders Field
- Alfred-Georges Regner (1902–1987), painter-engraver
- Maurice Boitel (1919–2007), painter
- Olivier Latry (born 1962), musician, educator
العلاقات الدولية
المدن الشقيقة
بولوني على توأمة مع:
- فولكستون، كنت، المملكة المتحدة[17]
- لا پلاتا، الأرجنتين
- أسفي، المغرب، منذ 2007
- دو-پو (Zweibrücken)، ألمانيا، منذ 1959
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ "C'est l'Actu juillet 2010". Ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr. Archived from the original on 21 أغسطس 2013. Retrieved 26 مارس 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ France. "Ville de Boulogne-sur-Mer – La Commune, la Mairie de Boulogne-sur-Mer et sa ville – Pas-de-Calais en France". Annuaire-mairie.fr. Archived from the original on 12 مايو 2013. Retrieved 26 مارس 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Graeme Villeret. "France". PopulationData.net. Archived from the original on 7 يونيو 2008. Retrieved 26 مارس 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Boulogne-sur-Mer Tourist Guide". Information France. 1 يونيو 2010. Archived from the original on 14 مارس 2013. Retrieved 26 مارس 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Les Beffrois au patrimoine de l'Humanité". Nordmag.fr. Archived from the original on 18 مارس 2013. Retrieved 26 مارس 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars: Gaius (Caligula), chapter 46.
- ^ أ ب "Boulogne-sur-Mer (Municipality, Pas-de-Calais, France)". Flagspot.net. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Nixon, C.E.V. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini: Introduction, Translation, and Historical Commentary with the Latin Text of R.A.B. Mynors, "VI. Panegyric of Constantine, by an Anonymous Orator (310)", p. 223–224, n. 19. University of California Press (Los Angeles), 1994. ISBN 0-520-08326-1.
- ^ Historia Nova, Book VI.5.2–3
- ^ De Smet, W. M. A. (1981). "Evidence of Whaling in the North Sea and English Channel During the Middle Ages". Mammals in the Seas: General Papers and Large Cetaceans. Vol. 3. Food & Agriculture Org. pp. 301–309. ISBN 92-5-100513-3.
- ^ "Boulogne Eastern Cemetery". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
- ^ "2nd Battalion Irish Guards. – World War 2 Talk". Ww2talk.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
- ^ Stacey, C P (1966). "Clearing the Coastal Belt and the Ports September 1944 – Operation "WELLHIT"; The Capture of Boulogne". Official History of the Canadian Army. Department of National Defence. Archived from the original on 12 يناير 2010. Retrieved 24 يونيو 2009.
- ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Boulogne-sur-Mer" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Climat Nord-Pas-de-Calais" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 3 مارس 2016. Retrieved 8 يناير 2016.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Normes et records 1961–1990: Boulogne (62) – altitude 73m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "British towns twinned with French towns [via WaybackMachine.com]". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
قراءات إضافية
- "Boulogne", A Handbook for Travellers in France (8th ed.), London: John Murray, 1861, https://archive.org/stream/handbookfortrave1861john#page/n45/mode/2up
- "Boulogne-sur-Mer", Northern France (3rd ed.), Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1899, OCLC 2229516, https://archive.org/stream/northernfrance00karl#page/6/mode/2up
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 171–172.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 4 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 323–324. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)
وصلات خارجية
- Website about Boulogne-sur-Mer (English only)
- INSEE (إنگليزية)
- IGN (إنگليزية)
- Official website: Tourism in Boulogne sur Mer and the Boulonnais area (in English)
- Boulogne-sur-Mer city council website (in French)
- Visiting Boulogne-sur-Mer (English guide and tourist map)
- NAUSICAÄ's official website (in French and English)
- Boulogne 2005 Esperanto
- Universite d'ete de Boulogne-sur-Mer
- The university library of ULCO
- The Boulogne Eastern Cemetery on the website "Remembrance Trails of the Great War in Northern France"
- Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
- CS1 errors: unsupported parameter
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- Missing redirects
- Coordinates on Wikidata
- Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map
- Pages using infobox French commune with unknown parameters
- Articles containing Picard-language text
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- Articles containing هولندية-language text
- Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015
- Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9
- مقالات المعرفة المحتوية على معلومات من دائرة المعارف البريطانية طبعة 1911
- بولوني-سور-مير
- كميونات پا دو كاليه
- نقاط فرنسا
- مخطط ناپليون لغزو المملكة المتحدة
- موانئ على الساحل الأطلسي الفرنسي
- موانئ أعالي فرنسا
- مستوطنات محصنة
- صفحات مع الخرائط