كراي پريمورسكي

Primorsky Krai
كراي
Приморский край
Flag Coat of arms
النشيد: none
البلد	روسيا
المنطقة الاتحادية	الشرق الأقصى
المنطقة الاقتصادية	الشرق الأقصى
تأسست	20 أكتوبر 1938
المركز الاداري	ڤلاديڤوستوك
الحكومة
• الكيان	Legislative Assembly
• الحاكم	ڤلاديمير ميكلوشيڤسكي
المساحة
• Total	165٬900 كم² (64٬100 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة	23rd
التعداد  (2010 Census)
• Total	1٬956٬497
• Estimate  (2018)	1٬913٬037 (−2٫2%)
• الترتيب	25th
• الكثافة	12/km2 (31/sq mi)
• Urban	76٫1%
• الريف	23٫9%
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+10 (توقيت فلاديفوستوك )
ISO 3166 code	RU-PRI
لوحات السيارات	25
OKTMO ID	05000000
اللغات الرسمية	الروسية
الموقع الإلكتروني	http://www.primorsky.ru/

كراي پريمورسكي (روسية: Примо́рский край; النطق الروسي: [prʲɪˈmorskʲɪj kraj]؛ إنگليزية: Primorsky Krai)، ويُعرف بشكل غير رسمي بإسم Primorye (Примо́рье؛ IPA: [prʲɪˈmorʲjə])، هي إحدى الكيانات الفدرالية في روسيا. city of Vladivostok is the administrative center of the krai, and the second largest city in the Russian Far East, after Khabarovsk. The krai has the largest economy among the federal subjects in the Russian Far East, and a population of 1,956,497 as of the 2010 Census.

Full coat of arms of Primorsky Krai

The krai shares Russia's only border with North Korea, along the Tumen River in Khasansky District in the southwestern corner of the krai. Peter the Great Gulf, the largest gulf in the Sea of Japan, is located along the south coast.

Historically part of Manchuria, Primorsky Krai was ceded to the Russian Empire by Qing China in 1860 as part of a region known as Russian Manchuria, forming most of the territory of Primorskaya Oblast. During the Russian Civil War it became part of the Far Eastern Republic before joining the Soviet Union, going through numerous changes until reaching its current form in 1938. Primorsky Krai is home to the Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet and is also known as the birthplace of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il.

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 أصل الاسم

The name of the krai is derived from the Russian words приморский (primorsky), meaning "littoral" or "coastal", and край (kray), meaning "region" or "area". It is informally known as Primorye (Приморье, IPA: [prʲɪˈmorʲjɪ]) in Russian, and is occasionally translated as Maritime Territory in English.

 الجغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: جغرافيا كراي پريمورسكي

• Border length — over 3,000 kilometers (1,864 mi), including 1,350 kilometers (839 mi) of the sea borders.
• Highest peak — Anik Mountain, 1,933 meters (6,342 ft)
• Rail network length — 1,628 kilometers (1,012 mi) (of which 345 kilometers (214 mi) are electrified).
• Automobile road length — 12,633 kilometers (7,850 mi)

Primorsky Krai, bordered by China (Jilin and Heilongjiang), North Korea (Rason) and Khabarovsk Krai, and the relatively warm—although freezing in winter—waters of the Sea of Japan, is the southeasternmost region of Russia, located between the 42° and 48° north latitude and 130° and 139° east longitude. It is stretched in the meridianal direction, the distance from its extreme northern point to its most southerly point being about 900 kilometers (559 mi).

 الطبوغرافيا

Ussuri River

Philippovsky Bay, Russky Island

Bikin National Park

Highlands dominate the territory of the krai. Most of the territory is mountainous, and almost 80% of it is forested. The average elevation is about 500 meters (1,640 ft). Sikhote-Alin is a mountainous formation, extending for the most part of the Krai. It consists of a number of parallel ranges: the Partizansky (Partisan), the Siny (Blue), the Kholodny (Cold), and others. There are many karst caves in the south of Primorye, including the relatively accessible Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave (the Sleeping Beauty) in the Ussuriysky Nature Preserve. There are comparatively well-preserved fragments of ancient volcanoes in the area.

The ranges are cut by the picturesque narrow and deep valleys of the rivers and by large brooks, such as the Partizanskaya, the Kiyevka, the Zerkalnaya, the Cheryomukhovaya, the Yedinka, the Samarga, the Bikin, and the Bolshaya Ussurka. Most rivers in the Krai have rocky bottoms and limpid water. The largest among them is the Ussuri, with a length of 903 kilometers (561 mi). The head of the Ussuri River originates 20 kilometers (12 mi) east of Oblachnaya Mountain. The vast Khanka Lowlands extend into the west and southwest of Primorye, carpeted by coniferous-deciduous forest. A part of the Lowland surrounding the largest lake in the Russian Far East, Khanka Lake, is occupied by a forest-steppe.

 الساحل والجزر

The krai's coastline is fairly straight, except for the southernmost section around Vladivostok which contains the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula. There are numerous islands in this area, the main ones being Lisy Island, Askold Island, Putyatin Island, Skrebtsov island, Sibiryakov Island, the Eugénie Archipelago (the largest island of which being Russky Island), the Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago and Furugelm Island.

 النبيت والوحيش

The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of its flora. The territory of Primorye has not been subjected to the ice cover in the past in contrast to the rest of Siberia during the ice ages. The specifics of the geographical situation and the specific features of climate, determine the unique, diversity of the plant world at species and genetic levels and the richness of plant resources. In the flora of Primorye, there are more than two thousand species of higher plants, of which are about 250 species of trees, bushes, and ligneous lianas. Flora of mosses and lichens are very diverse. As part of the coastal flora, there are many valuable medicinal, technical and food plants, many relict and endemic species. About 200 species are listed in the IUCN Red List as rare and threatened extermination.

معظم أعداد النمر السيبيري الطليق في العالم يوجد في كراي پريمورسكي.

التلّان برات ("أخ") و سيسترا ("أخت") في جوار ناخودكا.

There are mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, and forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the Far Eastern Prairie, where many ancient plant species have been preserved, including ferns, lotus, and the Chosenia willow. The flora of the territory contains such plants as Taxus cuspidata, Juniperus rigida, Phellodendron amurense, Kalopanax, Aralia elata, Maackia amurensis, Alnus japonica, Actinidia kolomikta, Schisandra chinensis, Celastrus orbiculatus, Thladiantha dubia, Weigela, Eleutherococcus, Flueggea suffruticosa, Deutzia, Nelumbo nucifera, Betula schmidtii, Carpinus cordata, Acer mandshuricum, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis amurensis, Panax ginseng and many others.

The fauna of Primorye is also diverse. The following animals are found in the Krai: Ussuri black bear (Ursus thibetanus), Amur tiger, Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), wild boar (Sus scrofa), Manchurian deer (Cervus elaphus xanthopygos), Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), musk deer (Moschus moschiferus), long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus), sika deer (Cervus nippon), sable (Martes zibellina), Blakiston's fish owl (Bubo blakistoni), mandarinka duck (Aix galericulata), black stork (Ciconia nigra), scaly goosander (Mergus squamatus), chestnut-cheeked starling (Sturnia philippensis), black griffon (Aegypius monachus), large-winged cuckoo (family Cuculidae), and others. Among 690 species of birds inhabiting the territory of the former USSR, 350 are found in Primorye. Rich fisheries of salmon, Hucho taimen, lenok and marine fisheries of crab, pollock and other species make the aquatic and maritime environment a valuable resource for the region. However, the rich diversity of wildlife in Primorye is threatened by poaching and the illegal wildlife trade. Wildlife Conservation Society, World Wildlife Fund, Wild Salmon Center, and Russian NGOs including Phoenix Fund are active in the region's wildlife and habitat conservation.

 المناخ

• Primorsky Krai is dominated by a four-season humid continental climate.
• Average annual temperature — near +1 °C (34 °F) in the north of the krai; +5.5 °C (41.9 °F) on the southern coast.
• Average annual precipitation — 600–850 mm (23.6–33.5 in).

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 التقسيم الإداري

وتحوي المدن والقرى التالية:

• أرسينييڤ،
• أرتيوم،
• بولشوي كامين،
• دالنيگورسك،
• دالنيريتشينسك،
• فوكينو، كراي پريمورسكي،
• لسوزافودسك،
• ناخودكا،
• بارتيزانسك،
• سابسك-دالني،
• أوسورييسك،
• ڤلاديڤوستوك،

 الثروات الطبيعية

المقالة الرئيسية: Natural resources of Primorsky Krai

 الديمغرافيا

 الديمغرافيا في الماضي

As a part of Qing Empire, a few Tungusic and Paleosiberian peoples lived here prior to Russian colonization: Udeges, Nanais, Nivkhs, Orochs, Ulchs, Oroks, and Manchus.

 الديمغرافيا المعاصرة

Population: According to the 2010 Census, the population of the krai is 1,956,497, down from 2,071,210 recorded in the 2002 Census, and further down from 2,258,391 recorded in the 1989 Census. Due to its geographical location, the krai boasts a mixture of not only ethnic Russians, but also Koreans, ألمان الڤولگا، بوريات، Nanais, and Orochs. The indigenous Udege and their sub-minority, the Taz, are the region's aboriginals.

الجماعات العرقية

In the 2010 Census, the following ethnic groups were listed:

• Russian 92.5%
• Ukrainian 2.8%
• Korean 1%
• Tatar 0.6%
• Uzbek 0.5%
• Belorussian 0.3%
• Armenian 0.3%
• Azeri 0.2%
• Mordvin 0.1%
• Chinese 0.2%
• others 1.5%
• 144,927 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

• Birthrate (2012): 12.4
• Deathrate (2012): 13.7 Russian demographics#Population statistics

معدل الخصوبة الإجمالي:
2009 - 1.51 | 2010 - 1.49 | 2011 - 1.53 | 2012 - 1.65 | 2013 - 1.68(e)

Average life expectancy in 1994 — 62.5 years (male — 56.8, female — 69.4).

 الديانة

الديانات في كراي پريمورسكي (2012)

  Russian Orthodox (26.6%)

  Unaffiliated Christian (6%)

  Rodnover (1%)

  Other Orthodox (1%)

  Atheist (35%)

  Spiritual but not religious (24%)

  Other or undeclared (6.4%)

According to a 2012 official survey 26.6% of the population of Primorsky Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 6% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% adheres to other Orthodox Churches, and 1% of the population adheres to Slavic Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism). In addition, 24% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious", 35% is atheist, and 6.4% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

 Meteorite

The krai is the location of the massive Sikhote-Alin meteorite, which fell February 12, 1947, in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, near the village of Paseka (approximately 440 km northeast of Vladivostok). ^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 المقاطعات الشقيقة

• Gangwon, South Korea
• Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea
• Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
• Osaka Prefecture, Japan
• Toyama Prefecture, Japan

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 انظر أيضاً

• منشوريا الخارجية
• Winter storms of 2009–10 in East Asia
• Winter storms of 2009–10 in East Asia
• Primorsky Krai Police
• Green Ukraine - projected country in the Russian Far East.

 المصادر

• №14-КЗ 6 октября 1995 г. «Устав Приморского края», в ред. Закона №359-КЗ от 18 декабря 2008 г. (#14-KZ October 6, 1995 Charter of Primorsky Krai, as amended by the Law #359-KZ of December 18, 2008).
• А. Р.  Артёмьев и др. "История Российского Приморья". Дальнаука, 1998.
  (A. R. Artyomyev et al. History of Russian Primorye. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1998)