أوبلاست أوريول

Oryol Oblast
Oblast
Орловская область
Flag Coat of arms
الإحداثيات: 52°51′N 36°26′E
البلد	روسيا
المنطقة الاتحادية	Central
المنطقة الاقتصادية	Central
تأسست	September 27, 1937
Administrative center	Oryol
الحكومة
• الكيان	Oblast Council of People's Deputies
• Governor	Andrey Klychkov
المساحة
• Total	24٬652 كم² (9٬518 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة	71st
التعداد  (2010 Census)
• Total	786٬935
• Estimate  (2018)	747٬247 (−5%)
• الترتيب	63rd
• الكثافة	32/km2 (83/sq mi)
• Urban	65٫5%
• الريف	34٫5%
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+3 (توقيت موسكو )
ISO 3166 code	RU-ORL
لوحات السيارات	57
OKTMO ID	54000000
اللغات الرسمية	الروسية
الموقع الإلكتروني	http://www.adm.orel.ru/

أوبلاست أوريول (روسية: Орло́вская о́бласть، أوبلاست أورلوڤسكايا)، ويُعرف أيضاً بإسم أورلوڤشينا (روسية: Орловщина) هي إحدى الكيانات الفدرالية في روسيا.

المركز الإداري هو مدينة أوريول.

التعداد: 714,094 نسمة (تقدير 2022) (تعداد 2010 — 786,935 نسمة).

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 الجغرافيا

Landscape of the eastern part of the region

In the national park Orlovskoye Polesye

It is located in the southwestern part of the Central Federal District, in the Central Russian Upland.

In terms of area, at 24,652 km² (9,518 sq mi) it is one of the smallest federal subjects. From north to south, it extends for more than 150 km (93 mi), and from west to east—for over 200 km (120 mi).

أوبلاست كالوگا border it to the north-west; Tula Oblast is located to the north; Lipetsk Oblast — to the east; Kursk Oblast — to the south, and Bryansk Oblast is to the west.

There are 4,800 km² (1,900 sq mi) of black earth soils (chernozems) in the oblast, which amounts to three-quarters of the world chernozem reserves.

 المناخ

The climate is temperate (Köppen: Dfb). The winter is moderately cold, with an average January temperature from −9 to −11 °C (16 to 12 °F). Summers are warm and humid, with an average July temperature from 19 to 21 °C (66 to 70 °F). Rainfall averages 520 to 630 mm (20 to 25 in), and snow cover averages 120 days.

 المياه

On the territory of the Oryol region there are more than 2 thousand rivers and streams with a total length of 9,100 km (5,700 mi), but there are no navigable water ways. The rivers of the region belong to the basins of three rivers: Volga, Don, Dnieper.

The Oka river, one of Europe's largest rivers, flows through the oblast for part of its course (190 km) and the source of it is in the south of the region. Main tributaries: Zusha (with tributary Neruch), Vytebet, Nugr, Tson, Orlik, Rybnitsa, Kroma.

Sosna flows in the eastern part of the region. Main tributaries: Trudy, Tim, Lyubovsha, Kshen, Olym.

In the west of the region originate rivers Nerussa, Navlya, Swapa.

1100 lakes and artificial reservoirs of the region cover a total area of about 55 km² (21 sq mi) (0,22%).

 التاريخ

Outfits of the Oryol province, 1908

In the 12th century, chronicles mention Mtsensk, known as Novosil then. Then modern Orlovschina was part of the Chernigov Principality. After the death of Mikhail of Chernigov Novosil Principality was formed on these territories. By the end of the 15th century it had disintegrated into four separate principalities and, along with all the other fragments of the Chernigov principality, became a part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the 16th century, the fortress town of Oryol was founded, and the town of Livny, destroyed in the 13th century, was restored. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the territory of modern Oryol was the borderland of the Tsardom of Russia, with many fortifications of the Great Abatis Line . With the reduction of the threat posed by the Tatars, agricultural activity of the area had intensified. It was created in 1937 by uniting a selection of territories of three other oblasts: Kursk Oblast, Western Oblast, and Voronezh Oblast. It also included present Bryansk Oblast between 1937 and 1944.

 السياسة

Oblast government seat in Lenin Street 1

 التقسيمات الادارية

Reverse side of 2007 commemorative coin

المقالة الرئيسية: Administrative divisions of Oryol Oblast

• 3 cities under the oblast's jurisdiction
• 24 districts
  • 13 urban-type settlements
  • 223 rural settlements

ويضم أوبلاست أوريول المدن والقرى التالية:

• بولخوف،

دميتروفسك، ليفني،

• مالوارخانجيلسك،
• متسنسك،
• نوفوسيل،
• أوريول،

 الاقتصاد

The main industries in Oryol Oblast are the food and light industries, engineering and metalworking, and ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. The engineering and metalworking industries manufacture production equipment for various industries, forklift trucks, construction and agricultural equipment, and machinery for municipal services. Numerous companies in the instrument-making and electronics sectors maintain high scientific and technical potential with the latest high-end technologies and experienced specialists. First digital telephone exchange was introduced in the oblast in 1998.

 الزراعة

Most of the oblast's agricultural land is used for plant cultivation. Grain growing is very important, with winter wheat and rye being the main crops. Buckwheat, oats, barley, and potatoes are also grown, and sugar beets are in great demand. The area planted in feed grains is increasing due to the expansion of livestock farming, which includes beef and dairy cattle farming, pig farming, sheep farming for meat and wool, poultry farming, and horse breeding.

 النقل

Pipelines and power transmission lines are routed through the region's largest oil-trunk pipeline Druzhba (202 km in area). In the southwestern part of the area lies a small section of the Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod pipeline.

Oryol is a major hub of pipelines exporting to Belarus, Western Ukraine and the Baltic states, with branches passing through Bryansk and Kursk.

 صناعة السيارات

Road in winter

As of 2016, the motorization level of the area was of 314 cars per 1000 people, which is the 15th of any region of Russia and above the national average (285).

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 Demographics

ملف:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Oryol Oblast.png

Life expectancy at birth in Oryol Oblast

ملف:Спасское-Лутовиново.Лето 2014 01.jpg

Spasskoe-Lutovinovo — estate of the Oryol writer Ivan Turgenev

ملف:Стены сабуровской крепости.jpg

Walls of the Saburov fortress

Population: 714,094 (est.2022); 786,935 (تعداد 2010); 860,262 (تعداد 2002); 890,636 (تعداد 1989).

2017

• Births: 7 143 (9.56 per 1000)
• Deaths: 11 839 (15.84 per 1000)

Total fertility rate:

2017 - 1.42 | 2016 - 1.59 | 2015 - 1.60 | 2014 - 1.55 | 2013 - 1.53 | 2012 - 1.54 | 2011 - 1.43 | 2010 - 1.50 | 2009 - 1.45

Ethnic composition (2010):

• Russians - 96.1%
• Ukrainians - 1%
• Others - 2.9%
• 17,468 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

Religion

ملف:Собор в г. Болхове.jpg

Cathedral in Bolkhov

ملف:Троицкий храм, г. Болхов.jpg

Trinity church in Bolkhov

Religion in Oryol Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)
Russian Orthodoxy			40.9%
Other Orthodox			1.4%
Old Believers			0.8%
Other Christians			5.8%
Rodnovery and other native faiths			0.6%
Spiritual but not religious			34.1%
Atheism and irreligion			8%
Other and undeclared			8.4%

According to a 2012 survey, 40.9% of the population of Oryol Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who don't belong to church or belong to non-Russian Orthodox churches, 1% are adherents of the Rodnovery (Slavic native faith) movement, and 1% are Old Believers. In addition, 34% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 8% is atheist, and 9.1% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

 وصلات خارجية

•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orel (government)" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 20 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–251. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• (in إنگليزية) Overview of Oryol Oblast (Kommersant newspaper)
• (in إنگليزية) Central Eurasian Information Resource: Images of Oryol Oblast - University of Washington Digital Collection