الغراب والإبريق

The Crow and the Pitcher, illustrated by Milo Winter in 1919
 اقرأ نصاً ذا علاقة في

The Crow and the Pitcher


الغراب والإبريق هي إحدى حكايات يعسوب، numbered 390 in the Perry Index. It relates ancient observation of corvid behaviour that recent scientific studies have confirmed is goal-directed and indicative of causal knowledge rather than simply being due to instrumental conditioning.

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الحكاية والحكمة وراؤها

The fable is made the subject of a poem by the first century CE Greek Poet Bianor,[1] was included in the 2nd century fable collection of pseudo-Dositheus[2] and later appears in the 4th–5th-century Latin verse collection by Avianus.[3] The history of this fable in antiquity and the Middle Ages is tracked in A. E. Wright's Hie lert uns der meister: Latin Commentary and the Germany Fable.[4]

The story concerns a thirsty crow that comes upon a pitcher with water at the bottom, beyond the reach of its beak. After failing to push it over, the bird drops in pebbles one by one until the water rises to the top of the pitcher, allowing it to drink. In his telling, Avianus follows it with a moral that emphasises the virtue of ingenuity: "This fable shows us that thoughtfulness is superior to brute strength." Other tellers of the story stress the crow's persistence. In Francis Barlow's edition the proverb 'Necessity is the mother of invention' is applied to the story[5] while an early 20th-century retelling quotes the proverb 'Where there's a will, there's a way'.[6]

Artistic use of the fable may go back to Roman times, since one of the mosaics that has survived is thought to have the story of the crow and the pitcher as its subject.[7] Modern equivalents have included English tiles from the 18th[8] and 19th centuries[9] and an American mural by Justin C. Gruelle (1889–1978), created for a Connecticut school.[10] These and the illustrations in books of fables had little scope for invention. The greatest diversity is in the type of vessel involved and over the centuries these have varied from a humble clay pot to elaborate Greek pitchers.[11]

The fable was later set to music by Howard J. Buss as the fourth item in his "Fables from Aesop" (2002).[12]


الحكاية في العِلم

The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder is the earliest to attest that the story reflects the behaviour of real-life corvids.[13] In August 2009, a study published in Current Biology revealed that rooks, a relative of crows, do just the same as the crow in the fable when presented with a similar situation.[14] The ethologist Nicola Clayton, also taking the fable as a starting point,[15] found that other corvids are capable of the thinking demonstrated there.[16] Eurasian jays were able to drop stones into a pitcher of water to make the water level rise. Further research established that the birds understood that the pitcher must contain liquid rather than a solid for the trick to work, and that the objects dropped in must sink rather than float. New Caledonian crows perform similarly,[17][18][19] but Western scrub-jays appear to fail.[20] The findings have advanced knowledge of bird intelligence; the Eurasian jay had not been scientifically observed to use tools either in the wild or in captivity before. The research also indicated that physical cognition evolved earlier in the corvid family than previously thought as the not closely related crows and ravens were already known to score highly on intelligence tests, with certain species topping the avian IQ scale[21] and tool use is well-documented.[22] Unrelated birds, the great-tailed grackles, also pass the test due to remarkable behavioral flexibility.[23] Such tool use has been observed in great apes as well and the researchers were quoted as drawing a parallel between their findings and the fable.[24]

References

  1. ^ The Greek Anthology, trans. W.R.Paton, New York 1916, poem 272, p.145
  2. ^ Ben Edwin Perry (1965). Babrius and Phaedrus. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 493–494, no. 390. ISBN 978-0-674-99480-5.
  3. ^ Avianus 27 (Latin, English). Retrieved on 2007-07-19.
  4. ^ ""Hie lert uns der meister" : Latin commentary and the German fable, 1350-1500". onread.com.
  5. ^ "39. De cornice et urna (1687), illustrated by Francis Barlow".
  6. ^ J.H.Stickney, Aesop’s Fables: a version for young readers, Boston 1915, text available online
  7. ^ "Stock Photos, Royalty-Free Images and Vectors - Shutterstock". shutterstock.com.
  8. ^ "The Crow and the Pitcher". vam.ac.uk. 1780.
  9. ^ "Tile". vam.ac.uk. 1875.
  10. ^ There is a photograph of this taken in 1936 in the collection of Connecticut State Library
  11. ^ "Flickr - Photo Sharing!". 21 August 2010.
  12. ^ J. W. Pepper.com
  13. ^ Pliny the Elder (1855). Natural History. H. G. Bohn. p. 525. pliny crow urn stones water.
  14. ^ Bird, Christopher David; Emery, Nathan John (2009). "Rooks Use Stones to Raise the Water Level to Reach a Floating Worm". Current Biology. 19 (16): 1410–1414. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.033. PMID 19664926.
  15. ^ Clayton, Nicola (25 November 2011). "Cognition in birds (transcript)". Science Show. ABC Radio National. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  16. ^ Cheke, Lucy G.; Bird, Christopher D.; Clayton, Nicola S. (19 January 2011). "Tool-use and instrumental learning in the Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius)". Animal Cognition. 14 (3): 441–455. doi:10.1007/s10071-011-0379-4. PMID 21249510. S2CID 9123984. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  17. ^ Logan CJ, Jelbert SA, Breen AJ, Gray RD, Taylor AH (2014). "Modifications to the Aesop's Fable Paradigm Change New Caledonian Crow Performances". PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e103049. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3049L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103049. PMC 4108369. PMID 25055009.
  18. ^ Jelbert SA, Taylor AH, Cheke LG, Clayton NS, Gray RD (2014). "Using the Aesop's Fable Paradigm to Investigate Causal Understanding of Water Displacement by New Caledonian Crows". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e92895. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...992895J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092895. PMC 3966847. PMID 24671252.
  19. ^ Taylor, A. H., Elliffe, D. M., Hunt, G. R., Emery, N. J., Clayton, N. S., & Gray, R. D., PLoS ONE, 6(12), e26887. (2011). "New Caledonian crows learn the functional properties of novel tool types". PLOS ONE. 6 (12): e26887. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...626887T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026887. PMC 3237408. PMID 22194779.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Logan, C. J., Harvey, B. D., Schlinger, B. A., & Rensel, M. (2016). "Western scrub-jays do not appear to attend to functionality in Aesop's Fable experiments". PeerJ. 4: e1707. doi:10.7717/peerj.1707. PMC 4768697. PMID 26925331.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Rincon, Paul (2005-02-22). "Science/Nature | Crows and jays top bird IQ scale". BBC News. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  22. ^ Shettleworth, Sara J. (2010). Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-19-531984-2.
  23. ^ Logan, Corina J. (2016-05-03). "Behavioral flexibility and problem solving in an invasive bird". PeerJ (in الإنجليزية). 4: e1975. doi:10.7717/peerj.1975. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4860340. PMID 27168984.
  24. ^ Charles Q. Choi (July 11, 2007). "Clever Apes Recreate an Aesop Fable". LiveScience. Retrieved 2007-07-19.

External links

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