الذكرى المئوية ليوم الهدنة

هذا المقال هو عن the events marking the 100th anniversary of the WWI Armistice. إذا كنت تريد the recurrent memorial day، انظر Armistice Day.
Armistice Day centenary
جزء من the First World War centenary
Top to bottom, left to right:
  1. World leaders and other representatives under the Arc de Triomphe
  2. Elizabeth II and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge during the National Service of Remembrance
  3. Descendants of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Gavrilo Princip shaking hands in Graz
  4. Visitors at the Royal Winnipeg Rifles War Cenotaph in Winnipeg
  5. Flowers being laid at a memorial in Flanders
التاريخ11 November 2018
الموقعWorldwide
المشاركونGovernment of France, United Kingdom & Commonwealth of Nations, national leaders & politicians, international organisation representatives, relatives of World War I veterans and other institutions

The Armistice Day centenary, signifying one hundred years since the Armistice that ended World War I on the Western Front, was marked on 11 November 2018. Commemorative events were organised in the weeks leading up to the centenary itself, including a gathering of over 70 heads of state and government in Paris. A series of Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day commemorations, ceremonies and speeches were held across Europe, the Commonwealth and the United States, as well as in other locations throughout the world.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Background

المقالة الرئيسية: Armistice of 11 November 1918

The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was signed near the French town of Compiègne between the Allies (led by Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch) and Germany (represented by Matthias Erzberger), after similar agreements had been made with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. The agreements made by both sides included the cessation of all hostilities on the Western Front. It was officially signed at 5:45 am on 11 November and came into effect later that morning at 11 am Paris time.[1] Following the end of the war, 11 November is commemorated as a day of remembrance in multiple countries under different names (Armistice Day, Remembrance Day in Commonwealth countries and Veterans Day in the United States).


France

Timeline

Official French commemorations began on 4 November 2018, when President Emmanuel Macron and his spouse Brigitte Macron hosted German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the Strasbourg Cathedral. A concert was held in their presence, and the flags of France, Germany and the European Union were hoisted outside the cathedral.[2]

In the lead up to the centenary itself, President Macron carried out a "memorial tour", visiting symbolic locations on the Western Front. The tour was met with backlash, particularly "drawing the scorn of ordinary French voters over his perceived metropolitan disregard for their pocketbook concerns."[3] Macron also announced that writer Maurice Genevoix, author of numerous books on the First World War, would be listed on the Panthéon in 2019, alongside 14 other authors.[4] He outlined plans to host a commemoration ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe followed by an inaugural peace forum at the Grande halle de la Villette on the occasion of the centenary.[5]

In overseas France, which contributed to the wider French war effort, the number of Réunionese troops killed in action was readjusted to 1,693, leading to the island issuing a renewal of the plaques on its war memorials on the eve of the commemoration of the centenary.[6]

10 November

Commemorative plaque at Compiègne.

Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited the Glade of the Armistice at Compiègne, where they laid a wreath, unveiled a reconciliatory plaque and signed a book of remembrance in a replica of the railway carriage where the Armistice was signed.[7] The visit was symbolic as it marked the first time that French and German leaders had visited the site since 1945.[8] Macron also met with US President Donald Trump bilaterally at the Élysée Palace, a day after Trump posted a tweet saying Europe should "first pay its fair share" of NATO in response to the former's suggestions for a continental European army.[9]

11 November

At 11:00 CET, bells across France rang simultaneously, including at the Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral and churches in overseas territories such as Wallis and Futuna, marking a century since the armistice came into force.[10][11]

The Arc de Triomphe ceremony began at roughly 11:20, with a performance of the national anthem La Marseillaise and an inspection of troops by President Macron,[12] followed by a roll call of French soldiers killed in the preceding year and a second rendition of La Marseillaise by an army choir.[13] The event included performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma, French violinist Renaud Capuçon and Beninese musician Angélique Kidjo, and 1918 testimonies being read out by a group of teenage students.[أ][16]

Macron delivered a speech in which he denounced nationalism as a "betrayal of patriotism", and warned of the resurgence of "old demons".[17][18] His address was followed by a performance of Ravel's Bolero by the European Union Youth Orchestra, after which he paid tribute at the Tomb to the Unknown Soldier.[19] The ceremony concluded with the Sonnerie aux morts and a one-minute silence ending with the Cessez-le-feu bugle call.[20]

The first Paris Peace Forum was inaugurated in the afternoon, with Macron, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres giving opening remarks. US President Donald Trump notably did not attend, instead choosing to visit the Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial, where he made an address before returning to Washington.[21][12]

A concert was held in La Force in the Dordogne department of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Violinist Pierre Hamel from the Orchestre Colonne performed at the concert alongside a pianist and a cellist, using a metal violin assembled by soldiers in the trenches.[22]

The European Broadcasting Union organised a concert at the Royal Opera of Versailles with performances by the Vienna Philharmonic, entitled the "Concert for Peace."[23]

Attendees

Countries from which at least one representative attended the Arc de Triomphe ceremony

Over 120 foreign dignitaries, including 72 heads of state and government and representatives of several international organisations, attended the commemorations in Paris.[24][25] In preparation for the events, around 10,000 police officers, gendarmes and soldiers were placed on duty.[25] Macron hosted an official reception dinner for the dignitaries at the Musée d'Orsay on the evening of 10 November,[26] and received them at the Élysée Palace prior to the ceremony.

While most guests were transported in groups of buses, US President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin used their own presidential vehicles, and both showed up late at the venue; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu also arrived later separately.[27][28] All foreign guests were invited to a luncheon at the Élysée following the ceremony, with their consorts gathering at the Palace of Versailles.[27][29]

France
International[32][33]
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
International organisations


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Controversy & incidents

In October 2018, reports circulated in the French press that Philippe Pétain, who served in the Battle of Verdun and later led Nazi-aligned Vichy France, would be paid tribute at the Hôtel des Invalides alongside other World War I marshals. In response, the office of the Élysée said it didn't understand how such a tribute "ended up there", explaining that it was "not in the [official] program".[52] President Macron in particular described Pétain as a "great soldier", while remarking that he made "disastrous choices" during the Nazi occupation.[3] The resulting public controversy led to the tribute to Pétain being withdrawn from the schedule.

A planned visit by US President Donald Trump to the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial on 10 November was cancelled; the White House said the decision was taken due to "bad weather".[53] The cancellation was met with harsh criticism, particularly from former Obama national security adviser Ben Rhodes and British Conservative MP Nicholas Soames, a grandson of Winston Churchill.[54]

During the procession to the Arc de Triomphe, Trump's motorcade passed by a topless woman who ran towards it and was quickly dragged out by French police. The radical feminist group Femen claimed responsibility for the incident.[55] French police had already arrested three Femen demonstrators who staged a protest at the Arc de Triomphe on the morning of 10 November welcoming "war criminals".[ب][57][58] In addition, anti-Trump demonstrations were held at the Place de la République.[59]

United Kingdom

The National Service of Remembrance for Wales taking place at the Welsh National War Memorial

Timeline

On 4 November, 10,000 torches were lit in the moat of the Tower of London, in an artistic installation entitled Beyond the Deepening Shadow which repeated nightly ending on 11 November.[60]

The Shrouds of the Somme, designed by artist Rob Heard and comprising 72,396 shrouded figures representing all servicemen from the British Commonwealth with no known grave, was laid out at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, being on display from 8 to 18 November 2018.[61]

On 9 November, Prime Minister Theresa May visited the Thiepval Memorial in northern France and paid respects along with Macron. May also visited the St Symphorien Military Cemetery in Belgium, and laid wreaths at the graves of John Parr and George Edwin Ellison, respectively the first and last British soldiers killed in the war, which were attached with handwritten messages thanking those who died for being "staunch to the end" using lines from wartime poems.[62]

Remembrance Sunday

As Remembrance Sunday in 2018 fell on 11 November, the National Service of Remembrance was held concurrently with other commemorative events in Europe.

The service at The Cenotaph in London began at 11:00 GMT, with a two-minute silence being observed in the presence of British political figures and members of the royal family, prime minister Theresa May and German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier.[63] Prince Charles then laid the first wreath on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II.[64]

In a reconciliatory act, President Steinmeier became the first German leader to lay a wreath at The Cenotaph.[17] The Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport described his presence as "a symbol of the friendship that exists between the two countries today".[64] Thousands marched past the war memorial and were able to lay their own wreaths, paying respect to relatives and soldiers who died in the war.[65] Despite ongoing renovations, the Big Ben rang eleven times at 12:30 GMT.[66][67] Steinmeier later attended a Westminster Abbey memorial service with Elizabeth II, and read out a passage from 1 St John 4: 7–11 in German.[17] The Queen and several senior royal family members also attended a remembrance concert.[68]

Similar commemorative events were held across the United Kingdom; in Scotland, Princess Anne attended a commemoration service at Glasgow Cathedral, while First Minister Nicola Sturgeon and other officials laid wreaths.[69]

Other locations

Commemorative events took place in Canada, Hong Kong, Italy, Myanmar, and Russia on the occasion of the centenary.[70][71][17]

Ceremonies in Kenya and Zambia were scheduled for 25 November 2018; German forces fighting in Northern Rhodesia only received news of the armistice on 14 November 1918, and eventually surrendered later that month.[72][73] In Voi, the Commonwealth War Cemetery hosted a small ceremony, which was attended by British and German diplomats; a Kenyan army bugler played the Last Post during the ceremony, and wreaths were laid by a Kenyan general and some local and international visitors.[74] The Zambian government sponsored a centenary event organised by the Zambian tourism agency in the town of Mbala, arguing that attraction to the region would unlock the "tourism and investment potential of Northern Province".[73][75]

Australia

Part of the crowd outside the Australian War Memorial prior to the 2018 Remembrance Day ceremony

A minute of silence was observed nationally in remembrance of Australian soldiers who fought and died in overseas conflicts. Prime Minister Scott Morrison addressed a crowd of more than 12,000 attending during a national Remembrance Day service in Canberra. A centenary extension of the Anzac Memorial in Sydney was also opened to the public.[76][77]

In addition, over a thousand people attended a commemoration at the Australian National Memorial in the French town of Villers-Bretonneux.[76]

Belgium

National commemorations were held in the Belgian capital of Brussels. In an address, King Philippe pledged with people to keep alive the memory of the war, and to "engage together in building a world of peace."[78] A dove and 11 pigeons were released during the memorial service.[78]

In Ypres, a series of tributes to Commonwealth veterans was attended by the Minister-President of Flanders, Geert Bourgeois.[79] The Last Post, traditionally performed in the evening since 1928, was additionally played at 11:00 CET for the occasion of the centenary.[79]

In Mons, celebrations were held marking the anniversary of Canadian troops taking over the city from the Germans, in the final leg of Canada's Hundred Days.[80][81] The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada led a recreated Armistice parade through the city.[82]

Hungary

The Hungarian National Bank released a series of commemorative coins on 16 October 2018, which included a silver collector coin with a face value of 10,000 Hungarian forint and a non-ferrous metal variant with a fifth of the face value.[83]

India

A memorial service was held at the Delhi War Cemetery, where Indian and British delegates laid wreaths. Conservative MP Tom Tugendhat led the British delegation and was joined by Sir Dominic Asquith, British High Commissioner to India, and defence attaché Brigadier Mark Goldsack.[84]

In a series of tweets, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Indian troops and pledged to "further an atmosphere of harmony and brotherhood".[85][86]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Luxembourg

A ceremony was held at the Gëlle Fra monument in the capital during the late afternoon, in the presence of Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg as well as Prime Minister Xavier Bettel. Bettel also paid tribute to war casualties.[87]

New Zealand

The Pukeahu National War Memorial Park in Wellington hosted an Armistice commemoration service, which was organised as part of the wider New Zealand WW100 commemorations. A 100-gun salute was held at the Wellington waterfront, and two minutes of silence were observed at 11:00 NZDT, followed by a cacophony of noise replicating how the public initially reacted to the news of the Armistice a century prior. Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern gave speeches at the event.[88][89][90]

United States

The National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri hosted a ceremony in which participants and relatives of WWI veterans tolled a "bell of peace" and laid wreaths in memory of those killed in the war.[91] The Washington National Cathedral organized a commemorative worship service.[92]

President Donald Trump proposed that a military parade at the Capitol be held on 10 November to mark the centenary, in admiration of France's Bastille Day military parade (which Trump attended as a guest in 2017). However, Trump cancelled the proposed event in August 2018 over cost concerns, with estimates that the parade would have cost as much as US$92 million.[93][94][95]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ma played the sarabande from Bach's Suite No. 5 in C minor, and later performed the second movement of Ravel's Sonata for Violin and Cello with Capuçon.[14] Kidjo sang the Ewe song Blewu, in homage to colonial troops.[15][16]
  2. ^ The group specifically listed Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Benjamin Netanyahu and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as examples.[56]

References

  1. ^ "Armistice: The End of World War I,1918". EyeWitness to History. 2004. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  2. ^ Poussard, Bruno (4 November 2018). "Strasbourg: Avec son homologue allemand, le président Macron lance son périple commémoratif". 20 Minutes (in الفرنسية). Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  3. ^ أ ب Agnew, Harriet (9 November 2018). "Memorial tour turns into PR setback for Emmanuel Macron". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  4. ^ Boichot, Loris; Berdah, Arthur (6 November 2018). "Macron annonce l'entrée au Panthéon de Maurice Genevoix et de "ceux de 14"". Le Figaro (in الفرنسية). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  5. ^ (in fr)Forum de Paris sur la Paix : rendez-vous le 11 novembre 2018 | Emmanuel Macron, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tc4N8hhdpA, retrieved on 2022-10-04 
  6. ^ Festival Histoire de l'APHG-OI "La Grande Guerre et les Outre-mer", bilan et perspectives, 29–30 October 2018, Saint-Denis, Saint-Pierre. 30p
  7. ^ "Armistice Day: Macron and Merkel mark end of World War One". BBC News. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  8. ^ "WWI centenary: Merkel and Macron visit WWI memorial". Deutsche Welle. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  9. ^ Herman, Steve (2018-11-10). "Trump in Paris for Talks, WWI Centenary". Voice of America. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  10. ^ Douet, Eléanor (11 November 2018). "11-Novembre : pourquoi les cloches ont-elles sonné à 11 heures ce dimanche ?". RTL.fr (in الفرنسية). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  11. ^ "Commémoration du centenaire de l' Armistice du 11 novembre 2018 à Wallis". wallis-et-futuna.gouv.fr (in الفرنسية). Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  12. ^ أ ب Nakamura, David; Kim, Seung Min; McAuley, James (11 November 2018). "Macron denounces nationalism as a 'betrayal of patriotism' in rebuke to Trump at WWI remembrance". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  13. ^ "What We've Learned — And What We Haven't — In The 100 Years Since WWI Ended". NPR. 2018-11-12. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
  14. ^ "Cellist Yo-Yo Ma & Violinist Renaud Capuçon Perform Together for Armistice Centenary". Strings Magazine. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  15. ^ Narmer, Amenuti. "Blewu: An Ewe Traditional Dirge For All African Soldiers Who Fought & Died In Needless European Wars". Grandmother Africa. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
  16. ^ أ ب Marlowe, Lara (2018-11-11). "Unity and disorder emanate from Armistice commemoration in Paris". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
  17. ^ أ ب ت ث "World leaders gather to mark 100 years since WWI armistice". Deutsche Welle. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  18. ^ Leicester, John; Casert, Raf; Hinnant, Lori (11 November 2018). "In remembering WWI, world warned of resurging 'old demons'". Associated Press News. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  19. ^ "Paris Armistice Day 100 Years Anniversary Ceremony". euyo.eu. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  20. ^ "VIDEOS. Photo officielle, minute de silence et irruption des Femen sur les Champs-Elysées : revivez les sept séquences fortes de ce 11-Novembre". Franceinfo (in الفرنسية). 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
  21. ^ Beswick, Emma (11 November 2018). "World leaders attend opening of Peace Forum in Paris". euronews. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  22. ^ Ferry, Emeline (12 November 2018). "VIDÉO - Un concert à La Force, en Dordogne, avec un violon fabriqué pour les soldats dans les tranchées". France Bleu Périgord (in الفرنسية). La Force: France Bleu. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  23. ^ "EBU Members unite to commemorate 100 years since end of First World War". European Broadcasting Union. 2018-10-10. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  24. ^ "Commemoration of the Armistice of 11 November 1918: more than 60 Heads of State and Government to meet in Paris". France Diplomacy. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  25. ^ أ ب "11 novembre : 72 chefs d'Etat à Paris, 10.000 forces de l'ordre mobilisées, crainte de débordements place de la République" (in الفرنسية). LCI. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  26. ^ Vely, Yannick (10 November 2018). "Emmanuel et Brigitte Macron accueillent le monde au Musée d'Orsay". Paris Match (in الفرنسية). Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  27. ^ أ ب Lough, Richard; Baker, Luke (12 November 2018). "In solemn Paris ceremony, Macron leads global WW1 Armistice commemorations". Reuters. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  28. ^ "Netanyahu 'turned up late' for Armistice ceremony in Paris". The Jewish Chronicle. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  29. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س Spencer, Tom (2018-11-11). "Brigitte Macron : Manteau fashion sous la pluie auprès d'Emmanuel et Poutine". Purepeople (in الفرنسية). Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  30. ^ أ ب ت ث "PHOTOS - Geneviève Darrieussecq, Jean-Marc Ayrault, Edouard Balladur et Edith Cresson - Cérémonie internationale du centenaire de l'Armistice du 11 novembre 1918 à l'Arc". Purepeople (in الفرنسية). Retrieved 2022-11-10.
  31. ^ أ ب "PHOTOS - Christophe Castaner, Florence Parly et Geneviève Darrieussecq - Cérémonie internationale du centenaire de l'Armistice du 11 novembre 1918 à l'Arc de Triomphe à". Purepeople (in الفرنسية). Retrieved 2022-11-10.
  32. ^ "1918/2018 - Teilnehmer der Pariser Gedenkfeier". Tiroler Tageszeitung Online (in الألمانية). 11 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  33. ^ John Nery [@jnery_newsstand] (2018-11-11). "Here's the list of heads of state or government or int'l organization attending the International Ceremony for the Centenary of the 1918 Armistice at the Arc de Triomphe #ArmisticeDay100 (list as of November 9)" (Tweet). Retrieved 2022-06-07 – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  34. ^ "Relations Bénin-Russie: Aurélien Agbénonci fait de fructueux échanges avec Vladimir Poutine". aCotonou.com (in الفرنسية). 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  35. ^ "Centenaire de l'armistice de 1918 : Régis Immongault représente le Gabon". L'Union (in الفرنسية). 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  36. ^ "Libyan Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj and his wife Nadia Reffat [...]". Getty Images. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  37. ^ "SA attends WWI centenary commemorations". South African Government News Agency (in الإنجليزية). 9 November 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  38. ^ "Governo Temer ignora centenário da 1ª Guerra". Extra Classe (in البرتغالية البرازيلية). 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  39. ^ "Азербайджан примет участие в Парижском форуме мира". Trend.Az (in الروسية). 2018-11-09. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  40. ^ "Senior Chinese legislator attends Paris Peace Forum". Xinhua News Agency. 11 November 2018. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  41. ^ "Джумабеков и Макрон: в дни 100–летия Первой мировой". vecherka.kg (in الروسية). 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  42. ^ أ ب ت "Cinq monarques étaient à Paris pour les commémorations du 11-Novembre". Paris Match (in الفرنسية). 12 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  43. ^ Yuldashev, Avaz (2018-11-14). "Шукурджон Зухуров в Париже отметил 100-летие окончания Первой мировой войны". Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus (in الروسية). Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  44. ^ "Presidency Of The Republic Of Turkey : President Erdoğan attends in Paris 100th anniversary commemorations of the armistice that ended World War I". tccb.gov.tr. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  45. ^ "Ўзбекистон делегацияси Парижда Биринчи жаҳон уруши якунланганининг 100 йиллиги муносабати билан ўтадиган маросимларда иштирок этади". Daryo.uz (in الأوزبكية). 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  46. ^ "Михаил Мясникович посетит с рабочим визитом Францию". zviazda.by (in الروسية). 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  47. ^ "Předseda vlády se v Paříži zúčastnil mírových oslav a zdůraznil nutnost pomoci chudým zemím". Vláda ČR (in التشيكية). 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  48. ^ Demicoli, Keith (2018-11-11). "WATCH: What Minister Abela said at the Paris Armistice Ceremony". TVMnews.mt. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  49. ^ "99 państw świętuje zakończenie I wojny światowej". wydarzenia.interia.pl (in البولندية). 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  50. ^ أ ب "Was UK represented at Paris Armistice event?". The Connexion. 2018-11-12. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  51. ^ "Former Fiji President joins world leaders at 100yr anniversary of the end of WWI". Fijivillage. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  52. ^ "11 novembre 2018 : un hommage gênant à Pétain retiré du programme officiel". RTL.fr (in الفرنسية). 19 October 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  53. ^ Colvin, Jill (11 November 2018). "Trump visit to US cemetery in France canceled due to rain". Associated Press. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  54. ^ "Trump cancels WW1 memorial at US cemetery in France due to rain, sparking Twitterstorm". CNBC. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  55. ^ Farzan, Antonia Noori (12 November 2018). "Meet Femen, the 'naked shock troops of feminism' who greeted Trump with a topless protest in Paris". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  56. ^ "Welcome War Criminals – FEMEN". Retrieved 2022-06-16.
  57. ^ "11 Novembre : trois Femen perturbent le passage de la voiture de Trump". Le Parisien (in الفرنسية). 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
  58. ^ "Sous l'Arc de Triomphe, des Femen dénoncent les "criminels de guerre"". LExpress.fr (in الفرنسية). 2018-11-10. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
  59. ^ "1500 personnes réunies pour manifester contre Trump à Paris". L'Express (in الفرنسية). Agence France-Presse. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  60. ^ Heal, Alexandra (5 November 2018). "Tower of London lights up in stunning Armistice memorial". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  61. ^ "Shrouds of the Somme: Exhibit comes to Olympic Park". BBC News. 7 November 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  62. ^ "World War One: Theresa May pays respects in France and Belgium". BBC News. 9 November 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  63. ^ "People gather around world to mark armistice centenary". The Guardian. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  64. ^ أ ب "Charles leads nation in tribute at London cenotaph – but Prince Philip absent". The News Letter. 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
  65. ^ "Armistice Day: 10,000 march past Cenotaph in national thank you to the WWI fallen". Sky News. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  66. ^ "Big Ben to ring for Remembrance Sunday and Armistice Centenary". UK Parliament. 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  67. ^ Helm, Toby (12 August 2018). "Bells will ring out: world to mark end of first world war, 100 years on". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  68. ^ Armstrong, Mark (11 November 2018). "UK Queen at remembrance concert". euronews. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  69. ^ "Scotland falls silent in remembrance". BBC News. 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  70. ^ Berthiaume, Lee (2018-11-11). "Remembrance Day: Canadians mark 100 years since end of First World War". CTV News. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
  71. ^ "Italian president laments WWI's roots in aggressive nationalism as observances begin for Armistice Day's 100th anniversary". Los Angeles Times. 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
  72. ^ Strachan 2001, p. 641.
  73. ^ أ ب Chutel, Lynsey (2018-11-11). "This African country wants to be recognized as the place where World War I really ended". Quartz. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
  74. ^ "Where World War One finally ended". BBC News. 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
  75. ^ "Zambia : Mbala to host Centenary Celebrations to mark the end of the First World War". Lusakatimes.com. 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  76. ^ أ ب "Remembrance Day: Australians mark 100 years since end of World War I". ABC News. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  77. ^ Jervis-Bardy, Dan (11 November 2018). "Remembrance Day 2018: Canberra pauses to honour the sacrifice". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  78. ^ أ ب "Thousands attend Armistice memorial events around Belgium". The Bulletin (Belgium). 11 November 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  79. ^ أ ب "A Bruxelles, Ypres, Mons, revivez les commémorations du 11 novembre en Belgique". RTBF (in الفرنسية). 2018-11-11. Archived from the original on 2022-03-02. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  80. ^ "In Mons, Belgians turn out to remember their Canadian liberators of 1918". CBC News. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  81. ^ "Mons, Belgium honours Canada 100 years after end of First World War". CTV News. 11 November 2018. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  82. ^ Montgomery, Marc (7 November 2018). "Canadians to recreate Armistice parade in Mons, Belgium, 100 years later". Radio Canada International. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  83. ^ "Collector coins to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Armistice Ending World War I". Magyar Nemzeti Bank. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  84. ^ "India's sacrifice remembered in ceremony on armistice centenary". The Times. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  85. ^ Narendra Modi [@narendramodi]. "Today, as we mark one hundred years since the end of the horrific First World War, we reiterate our commitment towards world peace and pledge to work to further an atmosphere of harmony and brotherhood so that the trail of death and destruction caused by wars does not occur" (Tweet) – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help) Missing or empty |date= (help)
  86. ^ "PM Modi pays tributes to Indian soldiers who fought in World War I". The Hindu. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  87. ^ "Cérémonie en présence du couple grand-ducal et du Premier ministre". RTL 5minutes (in الفرنسية). 11 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  88. ^ Hunt, Tom; Harris, Dominic; Bathgate, Ben (11 November 2018). "Armistice Day silence broken with a cacophony of noise as NZ marks centenary". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  89. ^ "Services mark 100 years since end of WWI". Radio New Zealand. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  90. ^ "Watch: Jacinda Ardern speaks of 'peace, multilateralism and inclusion' during Armistice Day speech". 1 News - TVNZ. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  91. ^ Ljungblad, Tammy; Cronkleton, Robert A. (11 November 2018). "World War I armistice centennial marked on Veterans Day". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  92. ^ "WWI Commemorative Service". Washington National Cathedral. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  93. ^ Macias, Amanda (2018-08-17). "Trump says he canceled military parade over 'ridiculously high' cost, which he blames on local DC politicians". CNBC. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  94. ^ "No Military Parade For Trump In D.C. This Year; Pentagon Looking At Dates In 2019". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  95. ^ Juliet Eilperin, Josh Dawsey and Dan Lamothe (July 1, 2019). "Trump asks for tanks, Marine One and much more for grandiose July Fourth event". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019. Trump has been fixated since early in his term on putting on a military-heavy parade or other celebration modeled on France's Bastille Day celebration, which he attended in Paris in 2017.

Works cited

  • Strachan, H. (2001). The First World War: To Arms. Vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926191-8.

Further reading

  • S. Sumartojo, Experiencing 11 November 2018 – Commemoration and the First World War Centenary, Routledge, 2020. ISBN 1-350-15531-4.

External links

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=الذكرى_المئوية_ليوم_الهدنة&oldid=2912423"