زينوفوبيا

كره الاجانب ( زينوفبيا) وكراهيه الاجانب هو الخوف من الاجانب او احتقار الغرباء . انها تأتي من الكلمات اليونانيه ξένος (xenos) ، وتعنى "اجنبي" ، "الغريب" ، وφόβος (فوبوس) ، و تعنى "الخوف". وهو مصطلح يستخدم عادة لوصف خوف او كراهيه الاجانب او من عامة الشعب في المختلف عن ذاتية المرء.

كما هي الحال مع كل أنواع الكراهية ،شخص مدرك لكراهيه الاجانب ، وبالتالي إلى الاعتقاد في بعض المستوى ان الهدف هو في الواقع شخص اجنبي . يفصل بين العنصريه و كراهيه الاجانب في شخص من عرق مختلف ليس بالضروره ان يكون من جنسيات مختلفة.

في سياقات مختلفة ، مصطلحات "كراهيه الاجانب" و "العنصريه" تستخدم بشكل متبادل ، وان كانت لهم معان مختلفة كلية (كره الاجانب يكون على اساس مكان الميلاد ، والعنصريه تستند إلى الأصل العرقي).. على سبيل المثال : إلى كراهيه سوداء من فرنسا لأنها فرنسية هي كره الاجانب، ولكن كراهيه كراهيه سوداء من فرنسا لأنها من السود هي عنصريه.

لكراهيه الاجانب هناك اثنان من أهم الاشياء. الأولى هي مجموعة من السكان داخل هذا المجتمع الذي لا يعتبر جزءا من ذلك المجتمع. وغالبا ما تكون المهاجرين ، وكراهيه الاجانب ولكن قد تكون موجهة ضد مجموعة الذي كان حاضرا طوال قرون. هذا الشكل من كراهيه الاجانب ويمكن الحصول على تسهيل او عدائية وردود فعل عنيفة ، مثل الطرد الجماعي للمهاجرين ، او في اسوأ الاحوال ، الاباده الجماعية.

أما الشكل الثاني لكراهيه الاجانب هو في المقام الاول ثقافيه ، و كراهيه العناصر الثقافيه التي تعتبر غريبة.

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 انظر أيضاً

• Afrophobia
• Albanophobia
• Anti-Americanism
• Anti-Arabism
• Anti-Armenian sentiment
• Anti-Chinese sentiment, known as "Sinophobia"
• Anti-Indian sentiment
• Anti-Iranian sentiment
• Anti-Kurdish sentiment
• Anti-Japanese sentiment or "Japanophobia"
• Anti-Korean sentiment
• Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment
• Anti-Mongolianism
• Anti-Turkish sentiment
• Anti-Vietnamese sentiment
• Anti-Catholicism
• Anti-Christian sentiment
• Anti-French sentiment
• Anti-German sentiment
• Anti-Greek sentiment
• Anti-Hungarian sentiment
• Anti-Irish sentiment
• Anti-Italianism
• Anti-Mormonism
• Anti-Protestantism
• Antiziganism, hostility towards Romani people or Gypsies
• Anti-Polish sentiment
• Anti-Russian sentiment or "Russophobia"
• Antisemitism, hostility towards Jews
• Anti-Slavic sentiment, also known as Slavophobia
• Anti-Western sentiment
• Tatarophobia
• Aporophobia, hostility towards poor people,
• Chauvinism
• Criticism of multiculturalism
• Ethnocentrism
• European Commission against Racism and Intolerance
• Hispanophobia
• Islamophobia
• List of anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms
• List of ethnic slurs
• List of phobias
• List of religious slurs
• Nativism (politics)
• Opposition to immigration
• Racism
• Stranger danger
• Überfremdung, German term for excessive immigration
• Xenocentrism
• Xenophilia
• Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic
• Xenoracism

 للاستزادة

• Akinola, Adeoye O. ed. The Political Economy of Xenophobia in Africa (Springer, 2018) 128pp.
• Auestad, Lene, ed. Nationalism and the Body Politic: Psychoanalysis and the Rise of Ethnocentrism and Xenophobia. (Karnac Books, 2013).
• Bernasconi, Robert. "Where is xenophobia in the fight against racism?." Critical Philosophy of Race 2.1 (2014): 5–19. online

• Bordeau, Jamie. Xenophobia (The Rosen Publishing Group, 2009). global.
• Dovido, John F., Kerry Kawakami, and Kelly R. Beach. "Implicit and Explicit Attitudes: Examination of the Relationship between Measures of Intergroup Bias." in Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intergroup Processes ed by R. Brown and S. Gaertner, (Blackwell, 2003) Pp. 175–97.

• Frayling, Christopher/ The Yellow Peril: Dr. Fu Manchu and the Rise of Chinaphobia (2014); role of popular culture in promoting xenophobia against Chinese. excerpt
• Harrison, Faye V. Resisting Racism and Xenophobia: Global Perspectives on Race, Gender, and Human Rights (2005) excerpt
• Hjerm, Mikael. "Education, xenophobia and nationalism: A comparative analysis." Journal of ethnic and Migration Studies 27.1 (2001): 37–60. online

• Neocosmos, Michael. From 'Foreign Natives' to 'Native Foreigners': Explaining Xenophobia in Post-apartheid South Africa, Citizenship and Nationalism, Identity and Politics (2010).
• Nyamnjoh, Francis B. Insiders and Outsiders: Citizenship and Xenophobia in Contemporary Southern Africa (Zed, 2006)
• Quillian, Lincoln. "New approaches to understanding racial prejudice and discrimination." Annual Review of Sociology 32 (2006): 299–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123132

• Rydgren, Jens. "The logic of xenophobia." Rationality and society 16.2 (2004): 123–148. online
• Schlueter, Elmar, Anu Masso, and Eldad Davidov. "What factors explain anti-Muslim prejudice? An assessment of the effects of Muslim population size, institutional characteristics and immigration-related media claims." Journal of ethnic and migration studies 46.3 (2020): 649–664. online

• Sundstrom, Ronald R., and David Haekwon Kim. "Xenophobia and racism." Critical philosophy of race 2.1 (2014): 20–45. online
• Tafira, Hashi Kenneth. Xenophobia in South Africa: A History (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
• Yakushko, Oksana. Modern-Day Xenophobia: Critical Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on the Roots of Anti-Immigrant Prejudice (Springer. 2018) 129pp, theoretical

 أوروبا

• Bartram, David, and Erika Jarochova. "A longitudinal investigation of integration/multiculturalism policies and attitudes towards immigrants in European countries." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies (2021): 1-20. online Archived 2021-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
• Baumgartl, Bernd, and Adrian Favell, eds. New xenophobia in Europe (Martinus Nijhoff, 1995).
• Bukhair, Syed Attique Uz Zaman Hyder, et al. "Islamophobia in the West and Post 9/11 Era." International Affairs and Global Strategy 78 (2019): 23–32. online

• Davidov, Eldad, et al. "Direct and indirect predictors of opposition to immigration in Europe: individual values, cultural values, and symbolic threat." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46.3 (2020): 553–573. online
• De Master, Sara, and Michael K. Le Roy. "Xenophobia and the European Union." Comparative politics (2000): 419–436. online
• Doty, Roxanne Lynn. Anti-Immigrantism in Western Democracies: Statecraft, desire and the politics of exclusion (Routledge, 2003).
• Finzsch, Norbert, and Dietmar Schirmer, eds. Identity and intolerance: nationalism, racism, and xenophobia in Germany and the United States (Cambridge UP, 2002) 16 essays by scholars.

• Harrison, Faye V. Resisting Racism and Xenophobia: Global Perspectives on Race, Gender, and Human Rights (2005)
• Heath, Anthony, et al. "Contested terrain: explaining divergent patterns of public opinion towards immigration within Europe." (2020): 475–488. online Archived 2021-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
• Jolly, Seth K., and Gerald M. DiGiusto. "Xenophobia and Immigrant Contact: French Public Attitudes Toward Immigration" The Social Science Journal (2014) 51#3: 464–73.
• Kende, Anna, and Péter Krekó. "Xenophobia, prejudice, and right-wing populism in East-Central Europe." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 34 (2020): 29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.11.011
• Krumpal, Ivar. "Estimating the Prevalence of Xenophobia and Anti-Semitism in Germany: A Comparison of Randomized Response and Direct Questioning." Social Science Research (2012) 41: 1387–1403.
• Makari, George. Of Fear and Strangers: A History of Xenophobia (2021), scholarly history focused on US and Europe; excerpt

• Minkenberg, Michael. "The Radical Right and Anti-Immigrant Politics in Liberal Democracies since World War II: Evolution of a Political and Research Field." Polity 53.3 (2021): 394–417.
• Quillian, Lincoln. "Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe." American Sociological Review (1995): 586–611. online
• Schlueter, Elmar, Anu Masso, and Eldad Davidov. "What factors explain anti-Muslim prejudice? An assessment of the effects of Muslim population size, institutional characteristics and immigration-related media claims." Journal of ethnic and migration studies 46.3 (2020): 649–664. online
• Scully, Richard, and Andrekos Varnava, ed. Comic Empires: Imperialism in Cartoons, Caricature, and Satirical Art (Manchester UP, 2020)

• Strabac, Zan, Toril Aalberg, and Marko Valenta. "Attitudes towards Muslim immigrants: Evidence from survey experiments across four countries." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40.1 (2014): 100–118.
• Tausch, Arno. "Muslim immigration continues to divide Europe: A quantitative analysis of European social survey data." Middle East Review of International Affairs 20.2 (2016). online
• Thränhardt, Dietrich. "The political uses of xenophobia in England, France and Germany." Party politics 1.3 (1995): 323–345.

 الولايات المتحدة

• Anbinder, Tyler. "Nativism and prejudice against immigrants," in A companion to American immigration, ed. by Reed Ueda (2006) pp. 177–201 excerpt

• Awan, Muhammad Safeer. "Global terror and the rise of xenophobia/Islamophobia: An analysis of American cultural production since September 11." Islamic Studies (2010): 521–537. online

• Baker, Joseph O., David Cañarte, and L. Edward Day. "Race, xenophobia, and punitiveness among the American public." Sociological Quarterly 59.3 (2018): 363–383. online
• Bennett, David H. The Party of Fear: The American Far Right from Nativism to the Militia Movement (U of North Carolina Press, 1988).
• Bergquist, James M. "The Concept of Nativism in Historical Study Since" Strangers in the Land". American Jewish History 76.2 (1986): 125–141. online

• Clermont, Kevin M. and Theodore Eisenberg. "Xenophilia in American Courts" Harvard Law Review 109 (1996) 1120–1143. online DOI: 10.2307/1342264 Argues xenophobia is NOT rampant in American courts; foreigners more often win than Americans.
  • Moore, Kimberly A. "Xenophobia in American courts." Northwestern University Law Review 97 (2002): 1497+ online argues that foreigners lose more patent cases.

• Finzsch, Norbert, and Dietmar Schirmer, eds. Identity and intolerance: nationalism, racism, and xenophobia in Germany and the United States (Cambridge UP, 2002) 16 essays by scholars.
• FitzGerald, David Scott, and David Cook-Martín. Culling the Masses: The Democratic Origins of Racist Immigration Policy in the Americas (Harvard UP, 2014) excerpt
• Fredrickson, George (2009). Racism: A Short History. ISBN 978-1-4008-2431-1., in United States.
• Goodman, Adam. The Deportation Machine: America's Long History of Expelling Immigrants (Princeton UP, 2020) excerpt

• Lee, Erika. "America first, immigrants last: American xenophobia then and now." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 19.1 (2020): 3–18. online
• Lee, Erika. America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States (2019). excerpt; also online review

• Makari, George. Of Fear and Strangers: A History of Xenophobia (2021), scholarly history focused on US and Europe; excerpt

• Ullah, Inayat, and Kulsoom Shahzor. "Cultural (Mis) Appropriation, Ideological Essentialism and Language: Analysis of Stereotyping in Hollywood Movie." International Journal of English Linguistics 6.7 (2017): 171–177. online

 المصادر

• ويكيبديا

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 وصلات خارجية

• Treatment of Xenophobia
• h2g2 Xenophobia Edited Guide Entry
• Stories of Culture and Living in Foreign Cultures Compiled by The Glimpse Foundation
• Media related to زينوفوبيا at Wikimedia Commons
• Quotations related to زينوفوبيا at Wikiquote