الألپ البحرية

Coordinates: 43°50′N 7°10′E / 43.833°N 7.167°E / 43.833; 7.167
Alpes-Maritimes
Aups Maritims (أوكسيتان)
إقليم
Roquebrune.jpg
Panoramique Île Saint-Honorat (2014).JPG
Saint-Dalmas.jpg
Palais des rois de Sardaigne 02.jpg
Valberg panorama.jpg
من أعلى لأسفل، يسار إلى يمين: منظر للبحر المتوسط من روكبرون-كاپ-مارتان، أبرشية ليران في إيل سان-أونورا، سان-دالما-لو-سلڤاج، مبنى عاصمة الإقليم في نيس و منتزه مركانتور الوطني
علم Alpes-Maritimes
Flag
درع Alpes-Maritimes
Coat of arms
موقع الألپ البحرية في فرنسا
موقع الألپ البحرية في فرنسا
الإحداثيات: 43°50′N 7°10′E / 43.833°N 7.167°E / 43.833; 7.167
البلدفرنسا
المنطقةپروڤنس-ألپ-كوت دازور
عاصمة الإقليمنيس
مراكز الدوائرگراس
الحكومة
 • رئيس المجلس الإقليميشارل-آنج جينيسي[1] (LR)
المساحة
[1]
 • الإجمالي4٬299 كم² (1٬660 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2019)
 • الإجمالي1٬094٬283
 • الترتيب18
 • الكثافة250/km2 (660/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
رقم الإقليم06
الدوائر الادارية2
الكانتونات52
Communes163
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers أكبر من 1 كم²

الآلب البحرية (Alpes-Maritimes ؛ بالفرنسية: [alp(ə)maʁitim]; أوكسيتان: Aups Maritims; إيطالية: Alpi Marittime, "Maritime Alps") هو إقليم فرنسي في الركن الجنوبي الشرقي، على الحدود الإيطالية ويطل على البحر المتوسط. وهو جزء من منطقة بروفنس ألب كوت دازور . يبلغ عد سكانه 1,083,310 نسمة في 2017.

وقد أصبحت واحدة من أكثر الوجهات جاذبية في العالم في السنوات الأخيرة، وتضم مدناً مثل نيس (عاصمة الإقليم)، گراس (مركز الدائرة الادارية)، كان و أنتيب، بالإضافة إلى عدد من منتجعات التزلج في جبال الألپ.[بحاجة لمصدر] كما تحيط، بالكامل، الألب البحرية بإمارة موناكو. سكان الإقليم يُدعـَوْن Maralpins (للذكور) أو Maralpines (للإناث)؛ ولها نفس علم ودرع مدينة نيس.

التاريخ

The Roman military district of Alpes Maritimae was created by Augustus in 14 BC. It became a full Roman province in the middle of the 1st century AD, with its capital first at Cemenelum (today Cimiez, a suburb north of Nice) and subsequently at Embrun. At its greatest extent in AD 297, the province reached north to Digne and Briançon.

Conquered by the French First Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars, a department of Alpes-Maritimes was first set up in 1793 with different boundaries from those of the modern department. In 1793, Alpes-Maritimes included Monaco (Port Hercules), but not Grasse, which was then part of the department of Var as an historical part of France. In 1805, San Remo (San Rème) was included after the disbandment of the Ligurian Republic. In 1812, the department had three arrondissements with the following cantons:[2]

The population of the department in 1812 was 131,266, and its area was 3,226.74 square kilometres (1,245.85 sq mi), covering both present-day Arrondissement of Nice, Principality of Monaco and Province of Imperia.[2]

In 1814, at the close of the Napoleonic Wars, the territory was restored to the Crown of Savoy by the Congress of Vienna.

In 1860 Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, one of the architects of Italian unity with the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, negotiated support for Napoleon III in exchange for Savoy and the County of Nice as set forth in the Treaty of Turin. The annexation was confirmed on 15 and 16 April 1860 by 30,712 male electors enrolled in the 89 communes of the County of Nice who, for the first time, had universal male suffrage by plebiscite. The "Yes" vote for reunification with France was 83.8% of registered voters and 99.2% of votes.[3]

The new department of Alpes-Maritimes consisted of the former County of Nice, divided into an Arrondissement of Nice and an Arrondissement of Puget-Théniers (both arrondissements existed in the former Department (1793–1814)), and a portion of the Var department, which formed the Arrondissement of Grasse. However, the County of Nice did not include Tende and La Brigue, which were still part of Piedmont-Sardinia.

For economic reasons, the Arrondissement of Puget-Théniers was merged into the Arrondissement of Nice in 1926. Since that time, the department has had two arrondissements.

In 1947, in accordance with the Treaty of Paris and as a referendum result favourable to their attachment to France, the communes of Tende and La Brigue (also parts of communes in the high valleys of Vésubie and Tinée: part the commune of Isola) which had not been ceded to France in 1860, were attached to the department.

Heraldry

Arms of Alpes-Maritimes and Nice

Blazon:
Argent, an eagle crowned of gules displayed with wings inverted, on a mountain of three hillocks sable issuant from the pointed waves of a sea azure waved in argent.




الجغرافيا

جغرافيا الألپ البحرية

استعراض

The Alpes-Maritimes department is surrounded by the departments of Var in the southwest, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in the northwest; Italy to the north and east; and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It surrounds the Principality of Monaco on the west, north and east.

Its topography is very mixed. As its name suggests, most of the department is a constituent part of the overall topographic Alps – including the Maritime Alps – but it also has the distinction of being a coastal district with its Mediterranean coast. The coastal area, urbanized and densely populated (shaded in red on the map), includes all the cities in an almost continuous conurbation from Cannes to Menton, while the larger but sparsely populated mountainous area (light green) is fully rural with the exception of the three large resorts of Valberg (created in 1936), Auron (created in 1937) and Isola 2000 (created in 1971).

القمم والمضائق

The highest point of the department is the Cime du Gélas (3,143 metres, 10,312 ft) on the Franco-Italian border which dominates the Vallée des Merveilles further east. The summit of Monte Argentera is higher at 3,297 metres (10,817 ft) above sea level, but it is located in Italy. There is also Mount Mounier (2,817 metres, 9,242 ft), which dominates the south of the vast Dôme de Barrot, formed of a mass more than 900 metres (3,000 ft) thick of red mudstones deeply indented by the gorges of Daluis and Cians. Except in winter, four passes allow passage to the north of the Mercantour-Argentera massif whose imposing 62-kilometre-long (39 mi) barrier is covered in winter snow which is visible from the coast. From the west, the Route des Grandes Alpes enters the Cayolle Pass (2,326 metres, 7,631 ft) first on the way to the Alps and the sources of the Var in the commune of Entraunes. Then the route follows the Col de la Bonette – the highest pass in Europe at 2,715 metres (8,907 ft) – to connect to the valley of the Tinée then the Ubaye. Further east, the Col de la Lombarde (2,350 metres, 7,710 ft) above Isola 2000 allows access to the shrine of Saint-Anne de Vinadio in Italy. Finally, at its eastern end, the Col de Tende (1,871 metres, 6,138 ft) links with Cuneo in Italy.

Landscape and forest vegetation

The only region of the Alps close to Nice has an afforestation rate of 60.9%, slightly higher than the average of the department and well above the average of 39.4% for the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.[4]

الأنهار

Rivers include the following:

المناخ

It is the climate that made the Côte d'Azur famous. The current department of Alpes-Maritimes, however, does not have only one climate, the complex terrain and high mountains divide the department between those who are well exposed (the south-facing side) and those which are less (the north-facing side) and even with the mild Mediterranean climate there can be violent storms and prolonged droughts.

The coastal area has a Mediterranean climate (rainfall in autumn November and spring February especially, summer drought, mild winter and dry summer). The interior, especially in the north, has a mountain climate (winter quite bright, summer storms). Around Cannes is a particularly warm micro-climate due to the high hills warming the air which descends on the city.

One of the attractions of the department is its level of sunshine: over 300 days per year. Despite this the department is also the most stormy of France with an average of 70 to 90 thunderstorm days per year, arising from the differences in temperature due to a warm sea in autumn.

As soon as one moves away from the coast, towards the west of the department, the interior plains (in particular near Grasse) the climate is a little less temperate but just as sunny. In summer, the temperature very easily exceeds 30 °C (86 °F), while the average is only 27 °C (81 °F) along the Nice coast during July and August. Occasional frost is possible in the interior during winter, unlike in Nice and rest of the coast, where frost is very rare.

In the east of the department, unlike the west, there are no plains. In the Menton region, the altitude increases very rapidly inland, so the sea tempers the atmosphere much more: the maximum in summer is on average 25 °C (77 °F) and the winters are milder than in the interior and frost is very rare.

Snow is also rare along the coast, however, it happens that rare snowfall surprises the Côte d'Azur residents (on average every 5–7 years), as was the case in the winter of 2004–2005 when the city of Nice woke up with a few centimetres of snow, often creating traffic problems. More recently, in February 2010, more than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) of snow was measured in Cannes and nearly 30 centimetres (12 in) in the Grasse region.

In the north of the department the climate in the Alps is mountainous, and there is decent snow cover from end of November until late April.

Climate data for Nice
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.7
(69.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.7
(81.9) 		24.6
(76.3) 		21.0
(69.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		19.6
(67.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		9.7
(49.5) 		11.6
(52.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.2
(75.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		17.4
(63.3) 		12.9
(55.2) 		10.1
(50.2) 		16.0
(60.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5) 		5.9
(42.6) 		7.9
(46.2) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		17.5
(63.5) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		13.7
(56.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		6.3
(43.3) 		12.4
(54.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 69.0
(2.72) 		44.7
(1.76) 		38.7
(1.52) 		69.3
(2.73) 		44.6
(1.76) 		34.3
(1.35) 		12.1
(0.48) 		17.8
(0.70) 		73.1
(2.88) 		132.8
(5.23) 		103.9
(4.09) 		92.7
(3.65) 		733.0
(28.86)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 5.8 4.7 4.6 7.1 5.2 3.8 1.8 2.4 4.9 7.2 7.2 6.4 61.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 158 171 217 224 267 306 348 316 242 187 149 139 2٬724
Source: Meteorological data for Nice – 2 m altitude, from 1981 to 2010 January 2015 (in فرنسية)
قالب:Meteo France

التقسيمات

Department map showing its division into the two arrondissements and the location of some of its principal cities and towns.

Alpes-Maritimes is divided into two arrondissements: Grasse and Nice, twenty-seven cantons and 163 communes.[5]

As of 1 January 2014, there were seven intercommunalities:[6]

Principal communes

The most populous commune is the prefecture Nice. As of 2019, there are 10 communes with more than 20,000 inhabitants:[5]

Commune Population (2019)
Nice 342,669
Cannes 74,545
Antibes 73,438
Cagnes-sur-Mer 52,178
Grasse 48,870
Le Cannet 41,887
Menton 30,525
Saint-Laurent-du-Var 29,169
Vallauris 27,364
Mandelieu-la-Napoule 21,998

الإدارة

Politics

Constituencies of Alpes-Maritimes for the National Assembly of France. Blue: The Republicans. Yellow: La République En Marche! (2017).

Since the end of World War II, Alpes-Maritimes has generally voted to the right. It has nine constituencies for the National Assembly. Following the 2017 legislative election, six constituencies are represented by members of The Republicans (LR) right-wing party and three by members of the La République En Marche! (REM) centrist party. Of the five members of the Senate who represent the department in the upper house of Parliament, four are right-wing (LR) and one is left-wing (Socialist Party, PS). Of the 54 departmental councillors, 52 are aligned with the right-wing coalition and two are in the left-wing opposition.

In the 2022 French presidential election, Marine Le Pen of the National Rally won a plurality in Alpes-Maritimes in the first round; incumbent Emmanuel Macron of La République En Marche! won a majority in the second round.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Alpes-Maritimes experienced corruption problems with its politicians, which led to several criminal convictions, including those of Nice Mayor Jacques Médecin and Cannes Mayor Michel Mouillot, as well as that of Antibes Mayor Pierre Merli, criminally indicted in 1995 for a real estate scam and convicted four years later.

Departmental Council of Alpes-Maritimes

The President of the Departmental Council has been Charles-Ange Ginésy since 2017, who took office upon succeeding Éric Ciotti. Ciotti remained a councillor and became majority leader.[8] Ginésy, who has been a councillor for the canton of Vence since 2015, has held a seat in the council since 2003. He also was Mayor of Péone (2001–2017) and the MP for Alpes-Maritimes's 2nd constituency (2005–2007; 2007–2008; 2009–2010; 2012–2017). Both are members of The Republicans (LR).

The coalition majority in the departmental council is one of the largest majorities in any such institution in France. Out of the 54 seats, only two are held by left-wing councillors, both elected in the canton of Grasse-2. In neighbouring Var, the right-wing coalition also holds all but two seats in the departmental council, although it is made up of less many seats and the two councillors in opposition are members of the far-right National Rally (RN). Following the 2021 departmental election, the seats were allocated as follows in Alpes-Maritimes:

Party Seats
• The Republicans 45
• Miscellaneous right 5
• Union of Democrats and Independents 1
• La République En Marche! 1
Europe Ecology – The Greens 1
Socialist Party 1

التمثيل في البرلمان

Members of the National Assembly

Alpes-Maritimes elected the following MPs to the National Assembly in the 2024 legislative election:

Constituency Member[9] Affiliation
Alpes-Maritimes's 1st constituency Éric Ciotti UDR
Alpes-Maritimes's 2nd constituency Lionel Tivoli National Rally
Alpes-Maritimes's 3rd constituency Bernard Chaix UDR
Alpes-Maritimes's 4th constituency Alexandra Masson National Rally
Alpes-Maritimes's 5th constituency Christelle d'Intorni UDR
Alpes-Maritimes's 6th constituency Bryan Masson National Rally
Alpes-Maritimes's 7th constituency Éric Pauget The Republicans
Alpes-Maritimes's 8th constituency Alexandra Martin The Republicans
Alpes-Maritimes's 9th constituency Michèle Tabarot The Republicans
السناتورات
انظر أيضاً: List of senators of Alpes-Maritimes

As of 2020, the department's five senators are Marc Daunis (PS, since 2008), Colette Giudicelli (LR, since 2008), Jean-Pierre Leleux (LR, since 2008), Dominique Estrosi Sassone (LR, since 2014) and Henri Leroy (LR, since 2017).

Budget

In 2011, the draft departmental budget amounted to €1.3 billion of which 498 million (38.3%) was devoted to social action and 346 million to operations (26.6%).[10] Capital expenditures was just over 250 million euros (19.2%).[10]

In 2010, the department was the third most indebted in France with €942 million of debt or 68.4% of the annual budget.[11] This debt amounted to 2,460 euros per fiscal tax unit (household) and 859 euros per person.[11] The trend of change in debt over the last decade has been a sharp increase: + 440% between 2001 and 2009 and 26% between 2009 and 2010.[11] There was only €43 million in debt in 2003.

المشاريع

The Departmental Council of Alpes-Maritimes is currently sponsoring several large projects:[12]

  • construction of 10 residential facilities for the elderly
  • building dikes in the Var plain
  • creation of a STIC (science and information technology and communication) campus at Sophia Antipolis
  • construction of 337 units of social housing
  • establishment of facilities for the disabled
  • road construction
  • construction of schools and gyms (10)
  • construction of a centre of sustainable development
  • construction of the LGV Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
  • creation of the Eco Valley in the Plaine of the Var which will run from the Arena Quarter (which will be converted) to the village of Baus-Roux

The Alpes-Maritimes Departmental Council has charged 1 euro per vehicle journey in the department, regardless of distance, since 1 January 2008.

السكان

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1806131٬266—    
1821161٬886+1.41%
1851192٬062+0.57%
1861194٬578+0.13%
1872199٬037+0.21%
1881226٬621+1.45%
1891258٬571+1.33%
1901293٬213+1.27%
1911356٬338+1.97%
1921357٬759+0.04%
1931493٬376+3.27%
1936513٬714+0.81%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1946453٬073−1.25%
1954515٬484+1.63%
1962618٬265+2.30%
1968722٬070+2.62%
1975816٬681+1.77%
1982881٬198+1.09%
1990971٬829+1.23%
19991٬011٬326+0.44%
20061٬073٬184+0.85%
20111٬081٬244+0.15%
20161٬083٬704+0.05%
source:[13][14]

When Nice became part of France in 1860, it was still a small town; the department had fewer than 200,000 inhabitants. However, the population grew quickly from 300,000 at the beginning of the 20th century to over a million. The population is aging because of the number of retirees who move to the coast.

The population is now concentrated in the urban region that includes Antibes, Cannes, Grasse, Nice, and Menton, and which constitutes 90% of the total population.

The department had 1,083,310 inhabitants in 2017, making it the 20th most populated department in France.[15] There are 163 communes including 107 under 2000 inhabitants (representing a total of 60,065 inhabitants), 38 from 2000 to 9999 inhabitants (total 171,935 inhabitants), 13 between 10,000 and 49,999 inhabitants (total 263,102 inhabitants), 4 between 50,000 and 199,999 inhabitants (Antibes, Cannes, Cagnes-sur-Mer and Grasse, total 248,191 inhabitants), and one with over 200,000 inhabitants (Nice, with 340,017 inhabitants).[15] The population density was 252 inhabitants per square kilometre in 2017.

According to INSEE 39.5% of children born in 2011 in the department of Alpes-Maritimes have at least one parent born abroad (regardless of nationality), 15.4% have a father born in North Africa.[16]

The area is also known for its extremely large population of people of Italian descent. About 40% of the population of the Alpes-Maritimes claim their ancestry as being solely Italian, and as many as 80% of the population can trace some degree of ancestry back to Italy before it was annexed by France in the 1860s.[17]

الاقتصاد

الثقافة

Sign welcoming visitors to Alpes-Maritimes.

Cultural life is rich and fully described in the daily regional Nice-Matin newspaper and announced in the weekly supplement JV Wednesday.

Events

Nice Carnival (2013)
La Fête du Citron (Lemon festival) in Menton
  • Pantiero Festival, Cannes (electronic and independent music) in August
  • International Dance Festival, Cannes, a dance festival held in late November and early December every second year
  • International Festival of Games, Cannes, in February
  • Festival of Night music at Le Suquet, Cannes, classical music in July
  • Fireworks Festival, Cannes, fireworks in July and August
  • Festival of Performances of actors, Cannes, June
  • Festival of dances "Break the Floor", Cannes, January
  • International Dance Festival, Cannes, November
  • Festival of Russian Art and Dance, Cannes, August
  • International Youth Ballets, organized by the Senior Dance School of École supérieure de danse de Cannes Rosella Hightower, Cannes, March
  • La Fête du Mimosa, Mandelieu-la-Napoule, February
  • Italian Market, Mougins, (formerly the Piedmontese Market before 2011)
  • International Gastronomic festival, Mougins
  • Jazz à Juan, Juan-les-Pins
  • Nice Jazz Festival
  • Nice Carnival
  • Naval Combat with flowers, Villefranche-sur-Mer
  • Lemon Festival, Menton
  • Southern Nights in Vence, world music
  • Festival Tomawok, Nice (rock, metal music), June
  • Book Festival of Mouans-Sartoux, three days in early October (21st Festival in 2008)
  • This Is Not Classic, an annual event[18] for classical music, created by the General Council of the Alpes-Maritimes[19] in 2005. It takes place at the Acropolis convention centre in Nice and occupies all available rooms beginning with the large auditorium seating 2,400 people.
  • Chestnut Festival

المتاحف

The Picasso museum in Antibes

Famous museums include:

السياحة

كرنفال نيس (2013)
La Fête du Citron (مهرجان الليمون) في منتون

Seaside

The French Riviera, centred on Nice, attracts millions of international tourists every year.
Villefranche-sur-Mer between Nice and Monaco

The presence of the Mediterranean Sea and the French Alps under a mild sky has favoured one dominant activity: tourism, which accounts for 64,000 jobs directly in the Alpes-Maritimes. For only the city of Nice the tourism turnover represents a 12 to 13% share of the whole tourism market in France. The capital of the Côte d'Azur is the fifth most populous city in France. The city of Nice also has the second largest airport in France (Nice Côte d'Azur Airport), after Paris and its three airports at Roissy, Orly and Le Bourget. There are nearly 13.5 million passengers per year passing through Nice Airport.

The seaside where the majority of the population resides is one of the most popular parts of the world with many attractions:

The area inland from the busy French Riviera is an excellent base for many outdoor sports: cycling, mountain biking, skiing, walking, rock climbing, canyoning, canoeing, rafting, fishing, horse riding, Adventure parks, caving and the area has the first ever underground via ferrata. The area has internationally renowned paragliding and hang gliding flying sites at Col-de-Bleyne, Gourdon, Gréolières and Lachens.

Mountainside

Mercantour National Park in the commune of Saint-Martin-Vésubie, which primarily covers a small town in the Alps and tourist destination

In the mountains, skiing and hiking bring life to Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée (Auron), Beuil, Péone (Valberg), Saint-Martin-Vésubie, Isola, Gréolières, Peïra-Cava, Col de Turini, and Turini-Camp d'argent in the Authion mountains.

Second homes

As of 2020, 25.3% of available housing in the department were second homes.[20]

متفرقات

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

Alpes-Maritimes at the Open Directory Project

Flag of France.png هذه بذرة مقالة عن فرنسا تحتاج للنمو والتحسين، ساهم في إثرائها بالمشاركة في تحريرها.


  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in الفرنسية). 4 May 2022.
  2. ^ أ ب Almanach Impérial an bissextil MDCCCXII, p. 368, accessed in Gallica 24 July 2013 (in فرنسية)
  3. ^ Table of Results pages 319 to 320 in La réunion de Nice à la France by Paul Gonnet, Les Éditions du Cabri, Breil-sur-Roya, 2003, 343 pages, ISBN 9782914603102 (in فرنسية)
  4. ^ (in fr)Inventaire forestier départemental Alpes-Maritimes: IIIe inventaire 2002. Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries, Rural Affairs of France. 2004. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/IMG/pdf/PubDep/06-alpes-maritimes/ifn_06_3_alpes_maritimes_2002.pdf. 
  5. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة pop2019
  6. ^ Huault, Christian (16 April 2013). "L'intercommunalité en ordre de marche". Nice-Matin (in الفرنسية).
  7. ^ "Métropole NCA | Accueil". www.nicecotedazur.org.
  8. ^ "Charles-Ange Ginésy est le nouveau président du conseil départemental des Alpes-Maritimes". francetvinfo.fr. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  9. ^ Nationale, Assemblée. "Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français". Assemblée nationale.
  10. ^ أ ب Budget 2011, Official site of the General Council of Alpes-Maritimes. Consulted on 1 July 2011. (in فرنسية)
  11. ^ أ ب ت Alpes-Maritimes, Le Journal du Net. Consulted on 1 July 2011. (in فرنسية)
  12. ^ Register of Competitivity, 29 January 2009. (in فرنسية)
  13. ^ "Historique des Alpes-Maritimes". Le SPLAF.
  14. ^ "Évolution et structure de la population en 2016". INSEE.
  15. ^ أ ب Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017, INSEE
  16. ^ Detailed State Statistical data on births in 2011, INSEE, 2012 (in فرنسية)
  17. ^ The Alpes-Maritimes, much like the rest of the PACA region, is markedly more religious than the rest of France
  18. ^ "C'est pas classique !" for music-lovers of Nice Archived 7 مايو 2008 at the Wayback Machine, France Musique website (in فرنسية)
  19. ^ Website of the Conseil général Archived 5 مارس 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in فرنسية)
  20. ^ Catégories et types de logements, INSEE (in فرنسية)
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