الأسر الحاكمة في التاريخ الصيني

هذه المقالة تحتوي نص تانگوتي. بدون دعم إظهار مناسب، فقد تشاهد علامات استفهام أو مربعات أو رموز أخرى بدلاً من حروف تانگوتية.
Monggol bicig.svg
 هذه المقالة تحتوي على كتابة منغولية. بدون دعم العرض المناصب، فقد ترى علامات استفهام، مربعات، أو رموز أخرى بدلاً من نص بالكتابة المنغولية.
هذه المقالة تحتوي نص مانچو. بدون دعم عرض مناسب، فقد ترى علامات استفهام، مربعات، أو رموز أخرى بدلاً من حروف المانچو.
Approximate territories controlled by the various dynasties and states throughout Chinese history, juxtaposed with the modern Chinese border.
تاريخ الصين
تاريخ الصين
القديم
الحجري القديم
الحجري الحديث ح. 8500 – ح. 1500 ق.م.
السادة الثلاثة والأباطرة الخمسة
أسرة شيا 2070–1600 ق.م.
أسرة شانگ 1600–1046 ق.م.
أسرة ژو 1122–256 ق.م.
  ژو الغربية
  ژو الشرقية
    فترة الربيع والخريف
    فترة الممالك المتحاربة
الامبراطوري
أسرة تشين 221 ق.م.–206 ق.م.
أسرة هان 206 ق.م.–220 م
  هان الغربية
  أسرة شين
  هان الشرقية
الممالك الثلاث 220–280
  وِيْ, شو ووو
أسرة جين 265–420
  جين الغربية
  جين الشرقية 16 مملكة
304–439
الأسر الجنوبية والشمالية 420–589
أسرة سوي 581–619
أسرة تانگ 618–907
5 أسر و
10 ممالك
907–960 		أسرة لياو
907–1125
أسرة سونگ
960–1279
  سونگ الشمالية شيا غ.
  سونگ الجنوبية أسرة جين
أسرة يوان 1271–1368
أسرة مينگ 1368–1644
أسرة تشينگ 1644–1911
المعاصر
تاريخ جمهورية الصين 1912–1949
جمهورية
الصين الشعبية 1949–للحاضر

جمهورية الصين
(على تايوان) 1949-للحاضر

مقالات ذات صلة

From the inauguration of dynastic rule by Yu the Great in circa 2070 BC to the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor on 12 February 1912 in the wake of the Xinhai Revolution, China was ruled by a series of successive dynasties.[أ] Dividing the history of China into periods ruled by dynasties is a common method of periodization utilized by scholars.[1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

مصطلحات

The following is a list of terms associated with the concept of dynasty in Chinese historiography:

  • cháo (朝): a dynasty
  • cháodài (朝代): an era corresponding to the rule of a dynasty
  • wángcháo (王朝): while technically referring to royal dynasties, this term is often inaccurately applied to dynasties whose rulers held non-royal titles such as emperor
  • huángcháo (皇朝): generally used for imperial dynasties


التاريخ

A depiction of Yu, the initiator of dynastic rule in China, by the Southern Song court painter Ma Lin.
A photograph of the Xuantong Emperor, widely considered to be the last legitimate monarch of China, taken in AD 1922.

بداية نظام الأسر الحاكمة الصينية

As the founder of China's first dynasty, the Xia dynasty, Yu the Great is conventionally regarded as the inaugurator of dynastic rule in China.[2] In the Chinese dynastic system, the sovereign ruler theoretically possessed absolute power and private ownership of everything within his/her realm.[3] This concept, known as jiā tiānxià (家天下; "All under Heaven belongs to the ruling family"), was in contrast to the pre-Xia notion of gōng tiānxià (公天下; "All under Heaven belongs to the public") whereby leadership succession was non-hereditary.[3][4]


قائمة الأسر الصينية الرئيسية

هذه القائمة تضم فقط الأسر الرئيسية في الصين توجد نمطياً في صيغ مبسطة من الخطوط الزمنية للتاريخ الصيني.

الأسرة البيت الحاكم فترة الحكم الحكام
Name[ب]
(English / Chinese[ت] / Pinyin[ث] / Bopomofo) 		Origin of name Surname
(English / Chinese[ت]) 		Ethnicity[ج] Status[ح] Year Term Founder[خ] Last monarch List
Semi-legendary
Xia dynasty
夏朝
Xià Cháo
ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄔㄠˊ 		Tribal name Si
姒 		Huaxia Royal 2070–1600 BC[د][ذ][ر][11] 430 years[ذ][ر] Yu of Xia Jie of Xia (list)
Ancient China
Shang dynasty
商朝
Shāng Cháo
ㄕㄤ ㄔㄠˊ 		Toponym Zi
子 		Huaxia Royal 1600–1046 BC[د][ز][13] 554 years[ز] Tang of Shang Zhou of Shang (list)
Western Zhou[س]
西周
Xī Zhōu
ㄒㄧ ㄓㄡ 		Toponym Ji
姬 		Huaxia Royal 1046[د]–771 BC[ش][15] 275 years[ش] Wu of Zhou You of Zhou (list)
Eastern Zhou[س]
東周
Dōng Zhōu
ㄉㄨㄥ ㄓㄡ 		From Zhou dynasty Ji
姬 		Huaxia Royal 770–256 BC[15] 514 years Ping of Zhou Nan of Zhou (list)
Early Imperial China[ص]
Qin dynasty
秦朝
Qín Cháo
ㄑㄧㄣˊ ㄔㄠˊ 		Toponym Ying
嬴 		Huaxia Imperial
(221–207 BC)
Royal
(207 BC) 		221–207 BC[18] 14 years Qin Shi Huang Qin San Shi (list)
Western Han[ض]
西漢
Xī Hàn
ㄒㄧ ㄏㄢˋ 		Toponym & Noble title Liu
劉 		Han Imperial 202 BC–AD 9[20] 210 years Gao of Han Liu Ying (list)
Xin dynasty
新朝
Xīn Cháo
ㄒㄧㄣ ㄔㄠˊ 		"New" Wang
王 		Han Imperial AD 9–23[21] 14 years Wang Mang Wang Mang (list)
Eastern Han[ض]
東漢
Dōng Hàn
ㄉㄨㄥ ㄏㄢˋ 		From Han dynasty Liu
劉 		Han Imperial AD 25–220[22] 195 years Guangwu of Han Xian of Han (list)
Three Kingdoms
三國
Sān Guó
ㄙㄢ ㄍㄨㄛˊ 		AD 220–280[23] 60 years (list)
Cao Wei
曹魏
Cáo Wèi
ㄘㄠˊ ㄨㄟˋ 		Noble title Cao
曹 		Han Imperial AD 220–266[24] 46 years Wen of Cao Wei Yuan of Cao Wei (list)
Shu Han
蜀漢
Shǔ Hàn
ㄕㄨˇ ㄏㄢˋ 		From Han dynasty Liu
劉 		Han Imperial AD 221–263[25] 42 years Zhaolie of Shu Han Xiaohuai of Shu Han (list)
Eastern Wu
東吳
Dōng Wú
ㄉㄨㄥ ㄨˊ 		Noble title Sun
孫 		Han Royal
(AD 222–229)
Imperial
(AD 229–280) 		AD 222–280[26] 58 years Da of Eastern Wu Sun Hao (list)
Western Jin[ط][ظ]
西晉
Xī Jìn
ㄒㄧ ㄐㄧㄣˋ 		Noble title Sima
司馬 		Han Imperial AD 266–316[28] 50 years Wu of Jin Min of Jin (list)
Eastern Jin[ط][ظ]
東晉
Dōng Jìn
ㄉㄨㄥ ㄐㄧㄣˋ 		From Jin dynasty (AD 266–420) Sima
司馬 		Han Imperial AD 317–420[29] 103 years Yuan of Jin Gong of Jin (list)
Sixteen Kingdoms
十六國
Shíliù Guó
ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ 		AD 304–439[30] 135 years (list)
Han Zhao
漢趙
Hàn Zhào
ㄏㄢˋ ㄓㄠˋ 		Toponym & From Han dynasty Liu[ع]
劉 		Xiongnu Royal
(AD 304–308)
Imperial
(AD 308–329) 		AD 304–329[33] 25 years Guangwen of Han Zhao Liu Yao (list)
Cheng Han
成漢
Chéng Hàn
ㄔㄥˊ ㄏㄢˋ 		Toponym & From Han dynasty Li
李 		Di Princely
(AD 304–306)
Imperial
(AD 306–347) 		AD 304–347[34] 43 years Wu of Cheng Han Li Shi (list)
Later Zhao
後趙
Hòu Zhào
ㄏㄡˋ ㄓㄠˋ 		Noble title Shi
石 		Jie Royal
(AD 319–330)
Imperial
(AD 330–351)
Princely
(AD 351) 		AD 319–351[35] 32 years Ming of Later Zhao Shi Zhi (list)
Former Liang
前涼
Qián Liáng
ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ 		Toponym Zhang
張 		Han Princely
(AD 320–354; AD 355–363)
Imperial
(AD 354–355)
Ducal
(AD 363–376) 		AD 320–376[36] 56 years Cheng of Former Liang Dao of Former Liang (list)
Former Yan
前燕
Qián Yān
ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄢ 		Toponym Murong
慕容 		Xianbei Princely
(AD 337–353)
Imperial
(AD 353–370) 		AD 337–370[37] 33 years Wenming of Former Yan You of Former Yan (list)
Former Qin
前秦
Qián Qín
ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄑㄧㄣˊ 		Toponym Fu[غ]
苻 		Di Imperial AD 351–394[37] 43 years Jingming of Former Qin Fu Chong (list)
Later Yan
後燕
Hòu Yān
ㄏㄡˋ ㄧㄢ 		From Former Yan Murong[ف][ق]
慕容 		Xianbei[ق] Princely
(AD 384–386)
Imperial
(AD 386–409) 		AD 384–409[ك][41] 25 years[ك] Chengwu of Later Yan Zhaowen of Later Yan
or
Huiyi of Yan[ل] 		(list)
Later Qin
後秦
Hòu Qín
ㄏㄡˋ ㄑㄧㄣˊ 		Toponym Yao
姚 		Qiang Royal
(AD 384–386)
Imperial
(AD 386–417) 		AD 384–417[42] 33 years Wuzhao of Later Qin Yao Hong (list)
Western Qin
西秦
Xī Qín
ㄒㄧ ㄑㄧㄣˊ 		Toponym Qifu
乞伏 		Xianbei Princely AD 385–400; AD 409–431[43] 37 years[م] Xuanlie of Western Qin Qifu Mumo (list)
Later Liang[ن]
後涼
Hòu Liáng
ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ 		Toponym Lü
呂 		Di Ducal
(AD 386–389)
Princely
(AD 389–396)
Imperial
(AD 396–403) 		AD 386–403[44] 17 years Yiwu of Later Liang Lü Long (list)
Southern Liang
南涼
Nán Liáng
ㄋㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ 		Toponym Tufa
禿髮 		Xianbei Princely AD 397–414[45] 17 years Wu of Southern Liang Jing of Southern Liang (list)
Northern Liang
北涼
Běi Liáng
ㄅㄟˇ ㄌㄧㄤˊ 		Toponym Juqu[هـ]
沮渠 		Xiongnu[هـ] Ducal
(AD 397–399; AD 401–412)
Princely
(AD 399–401; AD 412–439) 		AD 397–439[47] 42 years Duan Ye Ai of Northern Liang (list)
Southern Yan
南燕
Nán Yān
ㄋㄢˊ ㄧㄢ 		From Former Yan Murong
慕容 		Xianbei Princely
(AD 398–400)
Imperial
(AD 400–410) 		AD 398–410[48] 12 years Xianwu of Southern Yan Murong Chao (list)
Western Liang
西涼
Xī Liáng
ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄤˊ 		Toponym Li
李 		Han Ducal AD 400–421[49] 21 years Wuzhao of Western Liang Li Xun (list)
Hu Xia
胡夏
Hú Xià
ㄏㄨˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ 		From Xia dynasty Helian[و]
赫連 		Xiongnu Imperial AD 407–431[51] 24 years Wulie of Hu Xia Helian Ding (list)
Northern Yan
北燕
Běi Yān
ㄅㄟˇ ㄧㄢ 		From Former Yan Feng[ي]
馮 		Han[ي] Imperial AD 407[a]–436[52] 29 years[a] Huiyi of Yan[ل]
or
Wencheng of Northern Yan 		Zhaocheng of Northern Yan (list)
Northern dynasties
北朝
Běi Cháo
ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ 		AD 386–581[53] 195 years (list)
Northern Wei
北魏
Běi Wèi
ㄅㄟˇ ㄨㄟˋ 		Toponym Tuoba[b]
拓跋 		Xianbei Princely
(AD 386–399)
Imperial
(AD 399–535) 		AD 386–535[55] 149 years Daowu of Northern Wei Xiaowu of Northern Wei (list)
Eastern Wei
東魏
Dōng Wèi
ㄉㄨㄥ ㄨㄟˋ 		From Northern Wei Yuan
元 		Xianbei Imperial AD 534–550[56] 16 years Xiaojing of Eastern Wei Xiaojing of Eastern Wei (list)
Western Wei
西魏
Xī Wèi
ㄒㄧ ㄨㄟˋ 		From Northern Wei Yuan[c]
元 		Xianbei Imperial AD 535–557[56] 22 years Wen of Western Wei Gong of Western Wei (list)
Northern Qi
北齊
Běi Qí
ㄅㄟˇ ㄑㄧˊ 		Noble title Gao
高 		Han Imperial AD 550–577[56] 27 years Wenxuan of Northern Qi Gao Heng (list)
Northern Zhou
北周
Běi Zhōu
ㄅㄟˇ ㄓㄡ 		Noble title Yuwen
宇文 		Xianbei Imperial AD 557–581[56] 24 years Xiaomin of Northern Zhou Jing of Northern Zhou (list)
Southern dynasties
南朝
Nán Cháo
ㄋㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ 		AD 420–589[58] 169 years (list)
Liu Song
劉宋
Liú Sòng
ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄙㄨㄥˋ 		Noble title Liu
劉 		Han Imperial AD 420–479[59] 59 years Wu of Liu Song Shun of Liu Song (list)
Southern Qi
南齊
Nán Qí
ㄋㄢˊ ㄑㄧˊ 		A prophecy on defeating the Liu clan Xiao
蕭 		Han Imperial AD 479–502[60] 23 years Gao of Southern Qi He of Southern Qi (list)
Liang dynasty
梁朝
Liáng Cháo
ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ 		Toponym Xiao
蕭 		Han Imperial AD 502–557[61] 55 years Wu of Liang Jing of Liang (list)
Chen dynasty
陳朝
Chén Cháo
ㄔㄣˊ ㄔㄠˊ 		Noble title Chen
陳 		Han Imperial AD 557–589[62] 32 years Wu of Chen Chen Shubao (list)
Middle Imperial China[ص]
Sui dynasty
隋朝
Suí Cháo
ㄙㄨㄟˊ ㄔㄠˊ 		Noble title ("随" homophone) Yang[d]
楊 		Han Imperial AD 581–619[64] 38 years Wen of Sui Gong of Sui (list)
Tang dynasty
唐朝
Táng Cháo
ㄊㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ 		Noble title Li
李 		Han Imperial AD 618–690; AD 705–907[65] 274 years[e] Gaozu of Tang Ai of Tang (list)
Wu Zhou
武周
Wǔ Zhōu
ㄨˇ ㄓㄡ 		From Zhou dynasty Wu
武 		Han Imperial AD 690–705[66] 15 years Wu Zhao Wu Zhao (list)
Five Dynasties
五代
Wǔ Dài
ㄨˇ ㄉㄞˋ 		AD 907–960[67] 53 years (list)
Later Liang[ن]
後梁
Hòu Liáng
ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ 		Noble title Zhu
朱 		Han Imperial AD 907–923[68] 16 years Taizu of Later Liang Zhu Youzhen (list)
Later Tang
後唐
Hòu Táng
ㄏㄡˋ ㄊㄤˊ 		From Tang dynasty Li[f][g][h]
李 		Shatuo[h] Imperial AD 923–937[72] 14 years Zhuangzong of Later Tang Li Congke (list)
Later Jin[i]
後晉
Hòu Jìn
ㄏㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄣˋ 		Toponym Shi
石 		Shatuo Imperial AD 936–947[73] 11 years Gaozu of Later Jin Chu of Later Jin (list)
Later Han
後漢
Hòu Hàn
ㄏㄡˋ ㄏㄢˋ 		From Han dynasty Liu
劉 		Shatuo Imperial AD 947–951[73] 4 years Gaozu of Later Han Yin of Later Han (list)
Later Zhou
後周
Hòu Zhōu
ㄏㄡˋ ㄓㄡ 		From Zhou dynasty Guo[j]
郭 		Han Imperial AD 951–960[73] 9 years Taizu of Later Zhou Gong of Later Zhou (list)
Ten Kingdoms
十國
Shí Guó
ㄕˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ 		AD 907–979[75] 62 years (list)
Former Shu
前蜀
Qián Shǔ
ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄕㄨˇ 		Toponym / Noble title Wang
王 		Han Imperial AD 907–925[76] 18 years Gaozu of Former Shu Wang Yan (list)
Yang Wu
楊吳
Yáng Wú
ㄧㄤˊ ㄨˊ 		Toponym Yang
楊 		Han Princely
(AD 907–919)
Royal
(AD 919–927)
Imperial
(AD 927–937) 		AD 907–937[77] 30 years Liezu of Yang Wu Rui of Yang Wu (list)
Ma Chu
馬楚
Mǎ Chǔ
ㄇㄚˇ ㄔㄨˇ 		Toponym Ma
馬 		Han Royal
(AD 907–930)
Princely
(AD 930–951) 		AD 907–951[78] 44 years Wumu of Ma Chu Ma Xichong (list)
Wuyue
吳越
Wúyuè
ㄨˊ ㄩㄝˋ 		Toponym Qian
錢 		Han Royal
(AD 907–932; AD 937–978)
Princely
(AD 934–937) 		AD 907–978[78] 71 years Taizu of Wuyue Zhongyi of Qin (list)
Min
閩
Mǐn
ㄇㄧㄣˇ 		Toponym Wang[k]
王 		Han Princely
(AD 909–933; AD 944–945)
Imperial
(AD 933–944; AD 945) 		AD 909–945[78] 36 years Taizu of Min Tiande of Min (list)
Southern Han
南漢
Nán Hàn
ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄢˋ 		From Han dynasty Liu
劉 		Han Imperial AD 917–971[78] 54 years Gaozu of Southern Han Liu Chang (list)
Jingnan
荊南
Jīngnán
ㄐㄧㄥ ㄋㄢˊ 		Toponym Gao
高 		Han Princely AD 924–963[78] 39 years Wuxin of Chu Gao Jichong (list)
Later Shu
後蜀
Hòu Shǔ
ㄏㄡˋ ㄕㄨˇ 		Toponym Meng
孟 		Han Imperial AD 934–965[78] 31 years Gaozu of Later Shu Gongxiao of Chu (list)
Southern Tang
南唐
Nán Táng
ㄋㄢˊ ㄊㄤˊ 		From Tang dynasty Li[l]
李 		Han Imperial
(AD 937–958)
Royal
(AD 958–976) 		AD 937–976[81] 37 years Liezu of Southern Tang Li Yu (list)
Northern Han
北漢
Běi Hàn
ㄅㄟˇ ㄏㄢˋ 		From Later Han Liu[m]
劉 		Shatuo[m] Imperial AD 951–979[83] 28 years Shizu of Northern Han Yingwu of Northern Han (list)
Liao dynasty
遼朝
Liáo Cháo
ㄌㄧㄠˊ ㄔㄠˊ 		"Iron" (Khitan homophone) / Toponym Yelü
耶律
Ei.ra.u.ud.svg 		Khitan Imperial AD 916–1125[84] 209 years Taizu of Liao Tianzuo of Liao (list)
Western Liao
西遼
Xī Liáo
ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄠˊ 		From Liao dynasty Yelü[n]
耶律
Ei.ra.u.ud.svg 		Khitan[n] Royal
(AD 1124–1132)
Imperial
(AD 1132–1218) 		AD 1124–1218[87] 94 years Dezong of Western Liao Kuchlug (list)
Northern Song[o]
北宋
Běi Sòng
ㄅㄟˇ ㄙㄨㄥˋ 		Toponym Zhao
趙 		Han Imperial AD 960–1127[89] 167 years Taizu of Song Qinzong of Song (list)
Southern Song[o]
南宋
Nán Sòng
ㄋㄢˊ ㄙㄨㄥˋ 		From Song dynasty Zhao
趙 		Han Imperial AD 1127–1279[90] 152 years Gaozong of Song Zhao Bing (list)
Western Xia
西夏
Xī Xià
ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧㄚˋ 		Toponym Weiming[p]
嵬名
𗼨𗆟 		Tangut Imperial AD 1038–1227[92] 189 years Jingzong of Western Xia Li Xian (list)
Jin dynasty[ظ]
金朝
Jīn Cháo
ㄐㄧㄣ ㄔㄠˊ 		"Gold" Wanyan
完顏
Wo-on gia-an.png 		Jurchen Imperial AD 1115–1234[93] 119 years Taizu of Jin Wanyan Chenglin (list)
Late Imperial China[ص]
Yuan dynasty
元朝
Yuán Cháo
ㄩㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ 		"Great" / "Primacy" Borjigin
孛兒只斤
ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ 		Mongol Imperial AD 1271–1368[94] 97 years Shizu of Yuan Huizong of Yuan (list)
Northern Yuan
北元
Běi Yuán
ㄅㄟˇ ㄩㄢˊ 		From Yuan dynasty Borjigin[q]
孛兒只斤
ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ 		Mongol[q] Imperial AD 1368–1635[r][100] 267 years[r] Huizong of Yuan Tianyuan of Northern Yuan
or
Borjigin Ejei Khongghor 		(list)
Ming dynasty
明朝
Míng Cháo
ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄔㄠˊ 		"Bright" Zhu
朱 		Han Imperial AD 1368–1644[101] 276 years Hongwu Chongzhen (list)
Southern Ming
南明
Nán Míng
ㄋㄢˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ 		From Ming dynasty Zhu
朱 		Han Imperial AD 1644–1662[102] 18 years Hongguang Yongli
or
Dingwu[s] 		(list)
Later Jin[i]
後金
Hòu Jīn
ㄏㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄣ 		From Jin dynasty (AD 1115–1234) Aisin Gioro
愛新覺羅
ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ 		Jurchen[t] Royal AD 1616–1636[105] 20 years Tianming Taizong of Qing (list)

Qing dynasty
清朝
Qīng Cháo
ㄑㄧㄥ ㄔㄠˊ 		"Pure" Aisin Gioro
愛新覺羅
ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ 		Manchu Imperial AD 1636–1912[u][107] 276 years Taizong of Qing Xuantong (list)
Criteria for inclusion
This list includes only major dynasties of China that are typically found in simplified forms of Chinese historical timelines. There were many other dynastic regimes that existed within or overlapped with the boundaries defined in the scope of Chinese historical geography.[v] These were:[109] Dynasties outside of "China" with full or partial Chinese ancestry, like the Early Lý dynasty of Vietnam and the Thonburi dynasty of Siam, are not included.[110][111][112][113]
Legend
  Major dynasties
  Major time periods
  Dynasties counted among the "Three Kingdoms"
  Dynasties counted among the "Sixteen Kingdoms"
  Dynasties counted among the "Northern dynasties" within the broader "Northern and Southern dynasties"
  Dynasties counted among the "Southern dynasties" within the broader "Northern and Southern dynasties"
  Dynasties counted among the "Five Dynasties" within the broader "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms"
  Dynasties counted among the "Ten Kingdoms" within the broader "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period


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انظر أيضاً

Notes

  1. ^ All attempts at restoring monarchical and dynastic rule in China after the success of the Xinhai Revolution ended in failure. Hence, the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in AD 1912 is typically regarded as the formal end of the Chinese monarchy.
  2. ^ The English and Chinese names stated are historiographical nomenclature. These should not be confused with the guóhào officially proclaimed by each dynasty. A dynasty may be known by more than one historiographical name.
  3. ^ أ ب The Chinese characters shown are in Traditional Chinese. Some characters may have simplified versions that are currently used in Mainland China. For instance, the characters for the Eastern Han are written as "東漢" in Traditional Chinese and "东汉" in Simplified Chinese.
  4. ^ While Hanyu Pinyin is the most common form of romanization currently in adoption, some scholarly works utilize the Wade–Giles system, which may differ drastically in the spelling of certain words. For instance, the Qing dynasty is rendered as "Ch῾ing dynasty" in Wade–Giles.[5]
  5. ^ While Chinese historiography tends to treat dynasties as being of specific ethnic stocks, there were some monarchs who had mixed heritage.[6] For instance, the Jiaqing Emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty was of mixed Manchu and Han descent, having derived his Han ancestry from his mother, the Empress Xiaoyichun.[7]
  6. ^ The status of a dynasty was dependent upon the chief title bore by its monarch at any given time.
  7. ^ The monarchs listed were the de facto founders of dynasties. However, it was common for Chinese monarchs to posthumously honor earlier members of the family as monarchs. For instance, while the Later Jin was officially established by the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin, four earlier members of the ruling house were posthumously accorded imperial titles, the most senior of which was Shi Jing who was conferred the temple name Jingzu (靖祖) and the posthumous name Emperor Xiao'an (孝安皇帝).
  8. ^ أ ب ت The dates given for the Xia dynasty, the Shang dynasty, and the Western Zhou prior to the start of the Gonghe Regency in 841 BC are derived from the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project.
  9. ^ أ ب The Xia dynasty was interrupted by the rule of Yi and Han Zhuo for approximately 40 years.[8] Sources disagree on the dates of the start and end of the interregnum. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed prior to the interregnum and the restored realm. The King Xiang of Xia was the last ruler before the interregnum; the King Shao Kang of Xia was the first ruler after the interregnum.[8]
  10. ^ أ ب The rule of the Xia dynasty was traditionally dated 2205–1766 BC, lasting 399 years excluding the 40-year interregnum, as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.[9][10]
  11. ^ أ ب The rule of the Shang dynasty was traditionally dated 1766–1122 BC, lasting 644 years, as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.[9][12]
  12. ^ أ ب The Western Zhou (西周) and the Eastern Zhou (東周) are collectively known as the Zhou dynasty (周朝; Zhōu Cháo).[14]
  13. ^ أ ب The rule of the Western Zhou was traditionally dated 1122–771 BC, lasting 351 years, as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.[9][12]
  14. ^ أ ب ت The terms "Chinese Empire" and "Empire of China" refer to the Chinese state under the rule of various imperial dynasties, particularly those that had achieved the unification of China proper.[16][17]
  15. ^ أ ب The Western Han (西漢) and the Eastern Han (東漢) are collectively known as the Han dynasty (漢朝; Hàn Cháo).[19]
  16. ^ أ ب The Western Jin (西晉) and the Eastern Jin (東晉) are collectively known as the Jin dynasty (晉朝; Jìn Cháo).[27]
  17. ^ أ ب ت The names of the Jin dynasty (晉朝) of the Sima clan and the Jin dynasty (金朝) of the Wanyan clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Jin".
  18. ^ The ruling house of the Han Zhao initially bore the surname Luandi (攣鞮).[31][32] Liu (劉) was subsequently adopted as the surname prior to the establishment of the Han Zhao.
  19. ^ The ruling house of the Former Qin initially bore the surname Pu (蒲).[38] Fu (苻) was subsequently adopted as the surname by the Emperor Huiwu of Former Qin prior to the establishment of the Former Qin.[38]
  20. ^ As Lan Han, surnamed Lan (蘭), was not a member of the Murong (慕容) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.[39]
  21. ^ أ ب The Emperor Huiyi of Yan was of Goguryeo descent. Originally surnamed Gao (高), he was an adopted member of the Murong (慕容) clan.[40] His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
  22. ^ أ ب The Later Yan ended in either AD 407 or AD 409, lasting either 23 years or 25 years, depending on the status of the Emperor Huiyi of Yan.
  23. ^ أ ب The Emperor Huiyi of Yan could either be the last Later Yan monarch or the founder of the Northern Yan depending on the historian's characterization.[40]
  24. ^ The Western Qin was interrupted by the Later Qin between AD 400 and AD 409. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed up to AD 400 and the realm restored in AD 409. The Prince Wuyuan of Western Qin was both the last ruler before the interregnum and the first ruler after the interregnum.
  25. ^ أ ب The names of the Later Liang (後涼) of the Lü clan and the Later Liang (後梁) of the Zhu clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Liang".
  26. ^ أ ب Duan Ye, surnamed Duan (段), was of Han Chinese descent. The enthronement of the Prince Wuxuan of Northern Liang was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.[46]
  27. ^ The ruling house of the Hu Xia initially bore the surname Liu (劉).[50] The Emperor Wulie of Hu Xia subsequently adopted Helian (赫連) as the surname.[50]
  28. ^ أ ب The Emperor Huiyi of Yan was of Goguryeo descent. Originally surnamed Gao (高), he was an adopted member of the Murong (慕容) clan.[40] The enthronement of the Emperor Wencheng of Northern Yan was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
  29. ^ أ ب The Northern Yan was established in either AD 407 or AD 409, lasting either 29 years or 27 years, depending on the status of the Emperor Huiyi of Yan.
  30. ^ The ruling house of the Northern Wei initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋).[54] The Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei subsequently adopted Yuan (元) as the surname.[54]
  31. ^ The ruling house of the Western Wei initially bore the surname Yuan (元). The Emperor Gong of Western Wei subsequently adopted Tuoba (拓跋) as the surname.[57]
  32. ^ The ruling house of the Sui dynasty initially bore the surname Yang (楊). The Western Wei later bestowed the surname Puliuru (普六茹) upon the family.[63] The Emperor Wen of Sui subsequently restored Yang as the surname.
  33. ^ The Tang dynasty was interrupted by the Wu Zhou between AD 690 and AD 705. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed up to AD 690 and the realm restored in AD 705. The Emperor Ruizong of Tang was the last ruler before the interregnum; the Emperor Zhongzong of Tang was the first ruler after the interregnum.
  34. ^ The ruling house of the Later Tang initially bore the surname Zhuye (朱邪).[69] Li (李) was subsequently adopted as the surname by the Emperor Xianzu of Later Tang prior to the establishment of the Later Tang.[69]
  35. ^ The Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang, originally without surname, was an adopted member of the Li (李) clan.[70] His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
  36. ^ أ ب Li Congke was of Han Chinese descent. Originally surnamed Wang (王), he was an adopted member of the Li (李) clan.[71] His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
  37. ^ أ ب The names of the Later Jin (後晉) of the Shi clan and the Later Jin (後金) of the Aisin Gioro clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Jin".
  38. ^ The Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, originally surnamed Chai (柴), was an adopted member of the Guo (郭) clan.[74] His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
  39. ^ As Zhu Wenjin, surnamed Zhu (朱), was not a member of the Wang (王) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.[79]
  40. ^ The ruling house of the Southern Tang initially bore the surname Xu (徐).[80] The Emperor Liezu of Southern Tang subsequently adopted Li (李) as the surname.[80]
  41. ^ أ ب The Emperor Yingwu of Northern Han was of Han Chinese descent. Originally surnamed He (何), he was an adopted member of the Liu (劉) clan.[82] His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
  42. ^ أ ب Kuchlug, originally without surname, was of Naiman descent. As he was not a member of the Yelü (耶律) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.[85][86]
  43. ^ أ ب The Northern Song (北宋) and the Southern Song (南宋) are collectively known as the Song dynasty (宋朝; Sòng Cháo).[88]
  44. ^ The ruling house of the Western Xia initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty later bestowed the surnames Li (李) and Zhao (趙) upon the family respectively. The Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia subsequently adopted Weiming (嵬名) as the surname.[91]
  45. ^ أ ب Choros Esen, surnamed Choros (綽羅斯), was of Oirat descent. As he was not a member of the Borjigin (孛兒只斤) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.[95][96]
  46. ^ أ ب Traditional Chinese historiography considers the Northern Yuan to have ended in either AD 1388 or AD 1402, lasting either 20 years or 34 years.[97][98] However, some historians regard the Mongol regime that existed from AD 1388 or AD 1402 up to AD 1635—referred to in the History of Ming as "Dada" (韃靼)—as a direct continuation of the Northern Yuan.[99]
  47. ^ The existence and identity of the Dingwu Emperor, supposedly reigned from 1646 CE to 1664 CE, are disputed. Hence, most historians regard the Yongli Emperor as the final monarch of the Southern Ming.
  48. ^ The Jurchen ethnic group was renamed "Manchu" in AD 1635 by the Emperor Taizong of Qing.[103][104]
  49. ^ The Qing dynasty was briefly restored between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917. The movement was led by Zhang Xun who reinstalled the Xuantong Emperor to the Chinese throne.[106] Due to the abortive nature of the event, it is usually excluded from the Qing history.
  50. ^ As proposed by scholars such as Tan Qixiang, the geographical extent covered in the study of Chinese historical geography largely corresponds with the territories ruled by the Qing dynasty during its territorial peak between the AD 1750s and the AD 1840s, prior to the outbreak of the First Opium War.[108]

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المصادر

  • China Handbook Editorial Committee, China Handbook Series: History (trans., Dun J. Li), Beijing, 1982, 188–89; and Shao Chang Lee, "China Cultural Development" (wall chart), East Lansing, 1984.

وصلات خارجية

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