إيليا كازان

Elia Kazan
Ηλίας Καζαντζόγλου
Elia Kazan.JPG
Kazan 1950ح. 1950
وُلِدَ
Elias Kazantzoglou

(1909-09-07)سبتمبر 7, 1909
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (now Istanbul, Turkey)
توفيسبتمبر 28, 2003(2003-09-28) (aged 94)
New York City, US
الجنسيةAmerican
التعليم
المهنة
  • Actor
  • director
  • producer
  • screenwriter
سنوات النشاط1934–1976
الزوج
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1932; died 1963)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1967; died 1980)​
  • ​
    (m. 1982)​
الأنجال5, including Nicholas
الأقارب
التوقيع
Elia Kazan's signature.png

إلياس كازانتزوغلو ( Elias Kazantzoglou ؛ باليونانية: Ηλίας Καζαντζόγλου, el ؛ 7 سبتمبر 1909 - 28 سبتمبر 2003) ويُعرف بإسم إيليا كازان ( Elia Kazan ؛ ( /ˈiːliə kəˈzæn/ EE-lee-ə kə-ZAN),[1][2][أ] was an American film and theatre director, producer, screenwriter and actor, described by The New York Times as "one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history".[3]

منتج ومخرج مسرحي وسنيمائي أمريكي من أصل يوناني. ولد في اسطنبول وهاجرت عائلته في صغره إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. حاز على جائزة الاوسكار مرتان كأفضل مخرج ورشح للجائزة مرتين أخرتين.

His films were concerned with personal or social issues of special concern to him. Kazan writes, "I don't move unless I have some empathy with the basic theme."[4] His first such "issue" film was Gentleman's Agreement (1947), with Gregory Peck, which dealt with antisemitism in America. It received eight Oscar nominations and three wins, including Kazan's first for Best Director. It was followed by Pinky (1949), one of the first films in mainstream Hollywood to address racial prejudice against African Americans. A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), an adaptation of the stage play which he had also directed, received twelve Oscar nominations, winning four, and was Marlon Brando's breakthrough role. Three years later, he directed Brando again in On the Waterfront, a film about union corruption on the New York harbor waterfront. It also received 12 Oscar nominations, winning eight. In 1955, he directed John Steinbeck's East of Eden, which introduced James Dean to movie audiences.[بحاجة لمصدر]

A turning point in Kazan's career came with his testimony as a witness before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1952 at the time of the Hollywood blacklist, which brought him strong negative reactions from many friends and colleagues. His testimony helped end the careers of former acting colleagues Morris Carnovsky and Art Smith, along with the work of playwright Clifford Odets.[5] Kazan and Odets had made a pact to name each other in front of the committee.[6] Kazan later justified his act by saying he took "only the more tolerable of two alternatives that were either way painful and wrong."[7] Nearly a half-century later, his anti-communist testimony continued to cause controversy. When Kazan was awarded an honorary Oscar in 1999, dozens of actors chose not to applaud as 250 demonstrators picketed the event.[8]

Kazan influenced the films of the 1950s and 1960s with his provocative, issue-driven subjects. Director Stanley Kubrick called him, "without question, the best director we have in America, [and] capable of performing miracles with the actors he uses."[9]:36[10] Film author Ian Freer concludes that even "if his achievements are tainted by political controversy, the debt Hollywood—and actors everywhere—owes him is enormous."[11] Orson Welles said "Kazan is a traitor [...] [but] he is a very good director."[12] In 2010, Martin Scorsese co-directed the documentary film A Letter to Elia as a personal tribute to Kazan.[13][14]


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السيرة

ولد في إسطنبول عاصمة الخلافة العثمانية بتركيا لأبوين يونانيين يعملان في تجارة السجاد فهو من أصل يوناني. هاجر إلى الولايات المتحدة في الرابعة من عمره مع أبويه. درس في وليامز كوليدج ثم درس الدراما في جامعة يال بأمريكا. قبل أن ينضم إلى فرقة "نجموعة المسرح" بنيويورك كممثل. كما عمل في المسرح الفيديرالي حيث عمل بشتى الحِرَف: مسؤولاً عن الاكسسوارات ، ممثلاً ، مساعد مخرج، ثم مخرجا وأخرج مسرحيات ذات توجهات اجتماعية. في تلك الفترة كانت له توجهات يسارية وقد انضم إلى الحزب الشيوعي الأمريكي لفترة وجيزة ما بين السنين 1934 إلى 1936.

بعد اقفال محترف مجموعة المسرح توجه إلى هوليوود حيث عمل ممثلا في فيلمين وعاد بعدها إلى نيويورك ليعمل مخرجا في مسرح برودواي فسطع نجمه هناك مما حدا بشركة فوكس بالاتفاق معه. أخرج فيلمه الروائي الطويل الأول عام 1945 وكان اسم الفيلم "شجرة تنمو في بروكلين"، وتوالت افلامه ذات الطابع الاجتماعي الغزير فتناول الخطأ القضائي في "بوميرانغ" (1947)و"جنتلمان (1947)، الذي نال العديد من الاوسكارات، وتناول موضوع العنصرية في الجنوب الامريكي في فيلم بينكي أي الوردي عام 1949. ظهرت براعته الاخراجية في فيلم "ذعر في الشوارع" والذي صوّره في شوارع نيو أورلينز كما في تحفته السينمائية عربة تدعى الرغبة (1952) التي تناول فيها مسرحية بنفس العنوان لتنيسي وليامز. في فترة المكارثية تراجع امام الضغوط وأدلى شهادة وشى فيها عن بعض زملائه مما شوه سمعته في نظر الأوساط اليسارية. قدّم أفلاما عديدة بعد ذاك: فيفازاباتا (1951)، على رصيف الميناء (1954)، شرقي عدن (1955)، النهر المتوحش (1960)، امريكاامريكا (1963)، روعة على العشب والتدبير (1969)، الزائران (1971)، آخر العمالقة (1976).

فاز للمرة الأولى بجائزة عام 1952 عن عربة تدعى الرغبة وفي المرة الثانية عام 1999 نال اوسكاراً تكريمياً لمجمل اعماله مما أعاد اثارة الجدل حول ما فعله في فترة المكارثية وقد صفر ضدّه عدد من حضور حفل الاوسكار.


أعماله

جوائز وترشيحات

Directed features
Year Film Distributor
1945 A Tree Grows in Brooklyn 20th Century Fox
1947 The Sea of Grass Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Boomerang! 20th Century Fox
Gentleman's Agreement
1949 Pinky
1950 Panic in the Streets
1951 A Streetcar Named Desire Warner Bros.
1952 Viva Zapata! 20th Century Fox
1953 Man on a Tightrope
1954 On the Waterfront Columbia Pictures
1955 East of Eden Warner Bros.
1956 Baby Doll
1957 A Face in the Crowd
1960 Wild River 20th Century Fox
1961 Splendor in the Grass Warner Bros.
1963 America America
1969 The Arrangement Warner Bros.-Seven Arts
1972 The Visitors United Artists
1976 The Last Tycoon Paramount Pictures

Documentary

As an actor

Awards and nominations

Year Award Category Title Results Ref.
1947 Academy Awards Best Director Gentleman's Agreement فائز [15]
1951 A Streetcar Named Desire رُشح
1954 On the Waterfront فائز
1955 East of Eden رُشح
1963 Best Picture America America رُشح
Best Director رُشح
Best Original Screenplay رُشح
1998 Academy Honorary Award Lifetime Achievement فائز
1947 Tony Awards Best Direction All My Sons فائز [16]
1949 Death of a Salesman فائز
1956 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof رُشح
1958 Best Play The Dark at the Top of the Stairs رُشح
Best Direction of a Play رُشح
1959 J.B. فائز
1960 Sweet Bird of Youth رُشح
1948 Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture Director Gentleman's Agreement فائز [17]
1954 On The Waterfront فائز
1956 Baby Doll فائز
1963 America America فائز
1952 British Academy Film Awards Best Film A Streetcar Named Desire رُشح [15]
Viva Zapata! رُشح
1954 On the Waterfront رُشح
1955 East of Eden رُشح
1956 Baby Doll رُشح
1952 Cannes Film Festival Grand Prize of the Festival Viva Zapata! رُشح [15]
1955 Best Dramatic Film East of Eden فائز
Palme d'Or رُشح
1972 The Visitors رُشح
1953 Berlin Film Festival Golden Bear Man on a Tightrope رُشح [18]
1960 Wild River رُشح [19]
1996 Honorary Golden Bear N/A فائز [20]
1948 Venice Film Festival International Award Gentleman's Agreement رُشح [15]
1950 Panic in the Streets رُشح
1950 Golden Lion فائز
1951 A Streetcar Named Desire رُشح
1951 Special Jury Prize فائز
1954 Golden Lion On the Waterfront رُشح
1954 Silver Lion فائز
1955 OCIC Award فائز

In addition to these awards, Kazan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which is located on 6800 Hollywood Boulevard.[21]
He is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.[22]

Directed Academy Award Performances

Year Performer Film Winner
Academy Award for Best Actor
1947 Gregory Peck Gentleman's Agreement رُشح
1951 Marlon Brando A Streetcar Named Desire رُشح
1952 Viva Zapata! رُشح
1954 On the Waterfront فائز
1955 James Dean East of Eden رُشح
Academy Award for Best Actress
1947 Dorothy McGuire Gentleman's Agreement رُشح
1949 Jeanne Crain Pinky رُشح
1951 Vivien Leigh A Streetcar Named Desire فائز
1956 Carroll Baker Baby Doll رُشح
1961 Natalie Wood Splendor in the Grass رُشح
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
1945 James Dunn A Tree Grows in Brooklyn فائز
1951 Karl Malden A Streetcar Named Desire فائز
1952 Anthony Quinn Viva Zapata! فائز
1954 Lee J. Cobb On the Waterfront رُشح
Karl Malden رُشح
Rod Steiger رُشح
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
1947 Celeste Holm Gentleman's Agreement فائز
Anne Revere رُشح
1949 Ethel Barrymore Pinky رُشح
Ethel Waters رُشح
1951 Kim Hunter A Streetcar Named Desire فائز
1954 Eva Marie Saint On the Waterfront فائز
1955 Jo Van Fleet East of Eden فائز
1956 Mildred Dunnock Baby Doll ترشح

الإرث

The trailer for Viva Zapata (1952) with Marlon Brando and Anthony Quinn

Kazan became known as an "actor's director" because he was able to elicit some of the best performances in the careers of many of his stars. Under his direction, his actors received 24 Academy Award nominations and won nine Oscars.

He won as Best Director for Gentleman's Agreement (1947) and for On the Waterfront (1954). Both A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) and On the Waterfront were nominated for twelve Academy Awards, respectively winning four and eight.

With his many years with the Group Theatre and Actors Studio in New York City and later triumphs on Broadway, he became famous "for the power and intensity of his actors' performances".[23] He was the pivotal figure in launching the film careers of Marlon Brando, James Dean, Julie Harris, Eli Wallach, Eva Marie Saint, Warren Beatty, Lee Remick, Karl Malden, and many others. Seven of Kazan's films won a total of 20 Academy Awards. Dustin Hoffman commented that he "doubted whether he, Robert De Niro, or Al Pacino, would have become actors without Mr. Kazan's influence."[3]

Upon his death, at the age of 94, The New York Times described him as "one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history".[3] Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar Named Desire, two plays he directed, are considered to be some of the greatest of the 20th century. Although he became a respected director on Broadway, he made an equally impressive transition into one of the major film directors of his time. Critic William Baer notes that throughout his career "he constantly rose to the challenge of his own aspirations", adding that "he was a pioneer and visionary who greatly affected the history of both stage and cinema".[23] Certain of his film-related material and personal papers are contained in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives to which scholars and media experts from around the world may have full access.[24]

His controversial stand during his testimony in front of the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA) in 1952 became the low point in his career, although he remained convinced that he made the right decision to give the names of Communist Party members. He stated in an interview in 1976 that "I would rather do what I did than crawl in front of a ritualistic Left and lie the way those other comrades did, and betray my own soul. I didn't betray it. I made a difficult decision."[23]

During his career, Kazan won both Tony and Oscar Awards for directing on stage and screen. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan presented him with the Kennedy Center honors award, a national tribute for lifetime achievement in the arts. At the ceremony, screenwriter Budd Schulberg, who wrote On the Waterfront, thanked his lifelong friend saying, "Elia Kazan has touched us all with his capacity to honor not only the heroic man, but the hero in every man."[3]

In 1999, at the 71st Academy Awards, Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro presented the Honorary Oscar to Kazan. This would be a controversial pick for the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences due to Kazan's history regarding his involvement with the Hollywood Blacklist in the 1950s.[25] Several members of the audience including Nick Nolte and Ed Harris refused to applaud Kazan when he received the award while others such as Warren Beatty, Meryl Streep, Kathy Bates, and Kurt Russell gave him a standing ovation.[26][27]

Martin Scorsese directed a film documentary, A Letter to Elia (2010), considered to be an "intensely personal and deeply moving tribute"[28] to Kazan. Scorsese was "captivated" by Kazan's films as a young man, and the documentary mirrors his own life story while he also credits Kazan as the inspiration for his becoming a filmmaker.[13][14] It won a Peabody Award in 2010.[29]


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Bibliography

  • Kazan, Elia (1962). America America. New York: Popular Library. OCLC 21378773.
  • Kazan, Elia (1967). The Arrangement: A Novel. New York: Stein and Day. OCLC 36500300.
  • Kazan, Elia (1972). The Assassins. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-221035-5.
  • Ciment, Michel (1974). Kazan on Kazan. Viking. Originally published in 1973 by Secker and Warburg, London.
  • Kazan, Elia (1975). The Understudy. New York: Stein and Day. OCLC 9666336.
  • Kazan, Elia (1977). A Kazan Reader. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2193-9.
  • Kazan, Elia (1978). Acts of Love. New York: Warner. ISBN 0-446-85553-7.
  • Kazan, Elia (1982). The Anatolian. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-52560-4.
  • Kazan, Elia (1988). Elia Kazan: A Life. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-55953-3.
  • Kazan, Elia (1994). Beyond the Aegean. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-42565-9.
  • Kazan, Elia; Young, Jeff (1999). The Master Director Discusses His Films. New York: Newmarket Press. ISBN 1-55704-338-8.
  • Schickel, Richard (2005). Elia Kazan. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-019579-3.
  • Kazan, Elia (2009). Kazan on Directing. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26477-0.

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Later in his life, he was known in Greece as Ελία Καζάν el—a transcription of his English name.


جـوائـز
سبقه
William Wyler
for The Best Years of Our Lives 		Academy Award for Best Director
1947
for Gentleman's Agreement 		تبعه
John Huston
for Treasure of the Sierra Madre
سبقه
Fred Zinnemann
for From Here to Eternity 		Academy Award for Best Director
1954
for On the Waterfront 		تبعه
Delbert Mann
for Marty

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ Dictionary.com – Kazan
  2. ^ Oxford Learners' Dictionary – Elia Kazan
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Rothstein
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Stevens
  5. ^ "A McCarthy Era Memory That Can Still Chill The New York Times, January 16, 1997
  6. ^ Kazan, Elia, A Life. New York: Doubleday, 1988, pp. 462–63
  7. ^ "Scorsese gets personal in his A Letter to Elia" Gulf News, September 6, 2010
  8. ^ "Amid Protests, Elia Kazan Receives His Oscar The New York Times, March 22, 1999
  9. ^ Ciment, Michel. Kubrick: The Definitive Edition, Faber and Faber, Inc. (1980; 1999)
  10. ^ International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers – 2: Directors, St. James Press (1997) pp. 519–522
  11. ^ Freer, Ian. Movie Makers: 50 Iconic Directors, Quercus Publishing (London) (2009) pp. 84–85
  12. ^ Film, in; January 25th, History |; Comment, 2023 Leave a. "When Orson Welles Denounced Elia Kazan as a Traitor for Giving Other Filmmakers' Names to Joe McCarthy (1982) | Open Culture" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2023-07-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ أ ب "Scorsese Film Defends Anti-Communist Informer Kazan" ABC News, September 4, 2010
  14. ^ أ ب "A Letter to Elia" Variety, September 4, 2010
  15. ^ أ ب ت ث "Elia Kazan - Awards". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  16. ^ "Elia Kazan". Playbill.com. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  17. ^ "Winners & Nominees - Elia Kazan". goldenglobes.com. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  18. ^ "1st Berlin International Film Festival: In Competition". berlinale.de. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
  19. ^ "IMDB.com: Awards for Wild River". imdb.com. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
  20. ^ "Berlinale: 1996 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Archived from the original on June 30, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  21. ^ "Elia Kazan". October 25, 2019.
  22. ^ "Theater Hall of Fame members".
  23. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Kazan1
  24. ^ "The Reid Cinema Archives". Wesleyan University.
  25. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (March 22, 1999). "Amid Protests Elia azan Receives His Oscar". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  26. ^ "Praise and silent protest greet Kazan's Oscar". The Guardian. March 22, 1999. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  27. ^ "Many Refuse to Clap as Kazan Receives Oscar". The Los Angeles Times. March 22, 1999. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  28. ^ "Full Frame Benefit Screening of Martin Scorsese's 'A Letter to Elia'". CDS Porch. Center for Documentary Studies, Duke University. November 16, 2010. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  29. ^ "American Masters: Elia Kazan: A Letter to Elia". Peabody Awards. May 2011.

للاستزادة

  • Kazan, Elia (1988). Elia Kazan: A Life. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-55953-3.
  • Schickel, Richard (2005). Elia Kazan: A Biography. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-019579-7.
  • Young, Jeff, ed. (1999). Kazan - The Master Director Discusses His Films: Interviews with Elia Kazan. New York: Newmarket Press. ISBN 1-55704-338-8.

روابط خارجية

قالب:Elia Kazan

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