گريتا گاربو

(تم التحويل من گريتا گاربو)
گريتا گاربو
Greta Garbo
Garbo Lenox Publicity.jpg
Garbo in a publicity still for Susan Lenox (1931)
وُلِدَ
Greta Lovisa Gustafsson

(1905-09-18)18 سبتمبر 1905
ستوكهولم، السويد
توفي15 أبريل 1990(1990-04-15) (aged 84)
نيويورك، نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة
المثوىمقبرة Skogskyrkogården، ستوكهولم
الجنسية
  • Sweden (until 1951)
  • United States (from 1951)
المدرسة الأمRoyal Dramatic Training Academy
المهنةممثلة
سنوات النشاط1920–1941
الموقع الإلكترونيhttp://www.gretagarbo.com/
التوقيع
Greta Garbo signature.svg

گريتا گاربو أو غريتا غاربو ( Greta Garbo[أ] ؛ وُلِدت بإسم گريتا لوڤيسا گوستافسون Greta Lovisa Gustafsson؛ و. 18 سبتمبر 1905 – 15 أبريل 1990) هي ممثلة سويدية المولد, اشتهرت بعد أن مثلت في الفيلم الصامت (Gösta Berlings saga) المأخوذ من رواية لسلمى لاگرلوف، ذهبت إلى هوليوود وبفترة قصيرة أصبحت أكثر نجوم السينما شعبية في العالم, توقفت عن التمثيل عام 1942. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Garbo fifth on its list of the greatest female stars of classic Hollywood cinema.

Garbo launched her career with a secondary role in the 1924 Swedish film The Saga of Gösta Berling. Her performance caught the attention of Louis B. Mayer, chief executive of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), who brought her to Hollywood in 1925. She stirred interest with her first American silent film, Torrent (1926). Garbo's performance in Flesh and the Devil (1926), her third movie, made her an international star.[1] In 1928, Garbo starred in A Woman of Affairs, which catapulted her to MGM's highest box-office star, surpassing the long-reigning Lillian Gish. Other well-known Garbo films from the silent era are The Mysterious Lady (1928), The Single Standard (1929), and The Kiss (1929).

With Garbo's first sound film, Anna Christie (1930), MGM marketers enticed the public with the tagline "Garbo talks!" That same year she starred in Romance and for her performances in both films she received her first combined nomination out of three nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress.[2] By 1932 her success allowed her to dictate the terms of her contracts and she became increasingly selective about her roles. She continued in films such as Mata Hari (1931), Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) (1931), Grand Hotel (1932), Queen Christina (1933), and Anna Karenina (1935).

Many critics and film historians consider her performance as the doomed courtesan Marguerite Gautier in Camille (1936) to be her finest and the role gained her a second Academy Award nomination. However, Garbo's career soon declined and she became one of many stars labelled box office poison in 1938. Her career revived with a turn to comedy in Ninotchka (1939), which earned her a third Academy Award nomination. But after the failure of Two-Faced Woman (1941), she retired from the screen at the age of 35 after acting in 28 films. In 1954, Garbo was awarded an Academy Honorary Award "for her luminous and unforgettable screen performances".[3]

After retiring, Garbo declined all opportunities to return to the screen, shunned publicity, and led a private life. She became an art collector whose paintings included works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pierre Bonnard and Kees van Dongen.[4]

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النشأة والتعليم

Monument in Södermalm

Greta Lovisa Gustafsson[5] was born in Södermalm, Stockholm, Sweden at 7:30 pm.[6] She was the third, and youngest, child of Anna Lovisa (née Karlsson, 1872–1944), who worked at a jam factory, and Karl Alfred Gustafsson (1871–1920), a laborer.[7][8] She had an older brother, Sven Alfred (1898–1967), and an older sister, Alva Maria (1903–1926).[9] Garbo was nicknamed Kata, the way she mispronounced her name, for the first ten years of her life.[6]

Her parents met in Stockholm, where her father had been visiting from Frinnaryd. He moved to Stockholm to become independent and worked as a street cleaner, grocer, factory worker and butcher's assistant.[10] He married Anna, who moved from Högsby.[11][12] The family was impoverished and lived in a three-bedroom cold-water flat at Blekingegatan No. 32. They raised their three children in a working-class district regarded as the city's slum.[13] Garbo later recalled:

It was eternally grey—those long winter's nights. My father would be sitting in a corner, scribbling figures on a newspaper. On the other side of the room, my mother is repairing ragged old clothes, sighing. We children would be talking in very low voices, or just sitting silently. We were filled with anxiety, as if there were danger in the air. Such evenings are unforgettable for a sensitive girl, but also for a girl like me. Where we lived, all the houses and apartments looked alike, their ugliness matched by everything surrounding us.[14]

Garbo was a shy daydreamer as a child.[15] She disliked school[16][17] and preferred to play alone.[18] She was a natural leader[19] who became interested in theatre at an early age.[20] She directed her friends in make-believe games and performances,[21] and dreamed of becoming an actress.[20][22] Later, she would participate in amateur theatre with her friends and frequent the Mosebacke Theatre.[23] At the age of 13, Garbo graduated from school,[24] and, typical of a Swedish working-class girl at that time, she did not attend high school. She later acknowledged a resulting inferiority complex.[25]

Hand-written letter with multiple signatures and with stamps of approval.
The approved application by Greta's mother to allow her name change from Gustafsson to Garbo.

The Spanish flu spread throughout Stockholm in the winter of 1919 and her father, to whom she was very close, became ill and lost his job.[26] Garbo cared for him, taking him to the hospital for weekly treatments. He died in 1920 when she was 14 years old.[12][27]


العمل

العمل في سن مبكرة (1920–1924)

Garbo in her first leading role with Lars Hanson in the Swedish The Saga of Gösta Berling (1924), directed by Mauritz Stiller


الأفلام الصامتة (1925–1929)

In Flesh and the Devil (1926) with John Gilbert
Garbo's 8th Hollywood silent, Wild Orchids (1929)

ملكة MGM (1930–1939)

Garbo in her first talkie, Anna Christie (1930)


In Mata Hari (1931)
In Anna Karenina (1935)
With John Barrymore in Grand Hotel (1932)

آخر عمل (1940–1948)

"Garbo Laughs!" With Melvyn Douglas in Ernst Lubitsch's comedy Ninotchka (1939)

الاعتزال

Garbo signing her US citizenship papers, in 1950

العلاقات


وفاتها

Gravestone of Greta Garbo

Garbo was successfully treated for breast cancer in 1984.[28][29] Towards the end of her life, only Garbo's closest friends knew she was receiving six-hour dialysis treatments three times a week at The Rogosin Institute in New York Hospital. A photograph appeared in the media in early 1990, showing Koger assisting Garbo, who was walking with a cane, into the hospital.

Garbo died on 15 April 1990, aged 84, in the hospital, as a result of pneumonia and renal failure.[30] Daum later claimed that towards the end, she also suffered from gastrointestinal and periodontal ailments.

Garbo was cremated and her ashes were interred nine years later in 1999 at Skogskyrkogården Cemetery just south of her native Stockholm.[31]

Garbo made numerous investments, primarily in stocks and bonds, and left her entire estate of $32 million (equivalent to $57٬000٬000 in 2022) to her niece.[32]

الجوائز والتكريمات

A German postage stamp featuring Garbo


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الإرث

Garbo in a publicity still for Inspiration (1931)

أفلامها

Film credits
Year Title Role Director Co-star Notes
1920 Mr. and Mrs. Stockholm Go Shopping Elder sister سويدية: Herrskapet Stockholm ute på inköp;
An advertisement. Garbo's segment is often known as How Not to Dress.[33]
1921 The Gay Cavalier Garbo played an extra. سويدية: En lyckoriddare;
Uncredited. The film is lost.
1921 Our Daily Bread Companion سويدية: Konsum Stockholm Promo;[33] An advertisement
1922 Peter the Tramp Greta سويدية: Luffar-Petter;[33] A two-reel comedy; Garbo's first part in a commercial film
1924 Saga of Gosta Berling, TheThe Saga of Gosta Berling Elizabeth Dohna Stiller, MauritzMauritz Stiller Hanson, LarsLars Hanson سويدية: Gösta Berling's Saga; Garbo’s first leading part in a feature-length film, directed by her mentor, the celebrated Mauritz Stiller.
1925 Joyless Street, TheThe Joyless Street Greta Rumfort Pabst, G. W.G. W. Pabst Nielsen, AstaAsta Nielsen ألمانية: Die freudlose Gasse; Garbo plays the principal role in this German film made by renowned director Pabst
1926 Torrent Leonora Moreno
aka La Brunna 		Bell, MontaMonta Bell Cortez, RicardoRicardo Cortez First American movie. All of Garbo's subsequent movies were made in Hollywood and produced by MGM.
1926 Temptress, TheThe Temptress Elena Niblo, FredFred Niblo Moreno, AntonioAntonio Moreno Stiller was originally assigned to direct; his directing methods and personality led to conflicts with MGM producer Irving Thalberg who fired him.
1926 Flesh and the Devil Felicitas Brown, ClarenceClarence Brown Gilbert, JohnJohn Gilbert First of seven Garbo movies directed by Clarence Brown and first of four with co-star John Gilbert
1927 Love Anna Karenina Goulding, EdmundEdmund Goulding Gilbert, JohnJohn Gilbert Adapted from the novel Anna Karenina by Tolstoy
1928 Divine Woman, TheThe Divine Woman Marianne Seastrom, VictorVictor Seastrom Hanson, LarsLars Hanson The film is lost; only a 9 minute reel exists.
1928 Mysterious Lady, TheThe Mysterious Lady Tania Fedorova Niblo, FredFred Niblo Nagel, ConradConrad Nagel
1928 Woman of Affairs, AA Woman of Affairs Diana Merrick Furness Brown, ClarenceClarence Brown Gilbert, JohnJohn Gilbert The first of seven Garbo films with actor Lewis Stone who, with the exception of Wild Orchids, played secondary roles.
1929 Wild Orchids Lillie Sterling Franklin, SidneySidney Franklin Asther, NilsNils Asther
1929 Single Standard, TheThe Single Standard Arden Stuart Hewlett Robertson, John S.John S. Robertson Asther, NilsNils Asther,
Brown, John MackJohn Mack Brown
1929 Kiss, TheThe Kiss Irene Guarry Feyder, JacquesJacques Feyder Nagel, ConradConrad Nagel Garbo's, and MGM's, last silent picture
1930 Anna Christie Anna Christie Brown, ClarenceClarence Brown Bickford, CharlesCharles Bickford,
Dressler, MarieMarie Dressler 		Garbo's first talkie and first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress
1930 Romance Madame Rita Cavallini Brown, ClarenceClarence Brown Gordon, GavinGavin Gordon Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actress
1930 Anna Christie Anna Christie Feyder, JacquesJacques Feyder Junkermann, HansHans Junkermann,
Viertel, SalkaSalka Viertel 		MGM's German version of Anna Christie was also released in 1930; Salka Viertel, Garbo's close friend, later co-wrote several of her screenplays.
1931 Inspiration Yvonne Valbret Brown, ClarenceClarence Brown Montgomery, RobertRobert Montgomery
1931 Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) Susan Lenox Leonard, Robert Z.Robert Z. Leonard Gable, ClarkClark Gable
1931 Mata Hari Mata Hari Fitzmaurice, GeorgeGeorge Fitzmaurice Novarro, RamonRamon Novarro After the multi-star Grand Hotel, Garbo's highest grossing film
1932 Grand Hotel Grusinskaya Goulding, EdmundEdmund Goulding Barrymore, JohnJohn Barrymore,
Barrymore, LionelLionel Barrymore,
Crawford, JoanJoan Crawford,
Beery, WallaceWallace Beery 		Academy Award for Best Picture
1932 As You Desire Me Zara aka Marie Fitzmaurice, GeorgeGeorge Fitzmaurice Douglas, MelvynMelvyn Douglas,
Stroheim, Erich vonErich von Stroheim 		First of three movies with Douglas
1933 Queen Christina Queen Christina Mamoulian, RoubenRouben Mamoulian Gilbert, JohnJohn Gilbert
1934 Painted Veil, TheThe Painted Veil Katrin Koerber Fane Boleslavski, RichardRichard Boleslavski Brent, GeorgeGeorge Brent
1935 Anna Karenina Anna Karenina Brown, ClarenceClarence Brown March, FredricFredric March New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
1936 Camille Marguerite Gautier Cukor, GeorgeGeorge Cukor Taylor, RobertRobert Taylor New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
National Board of Review Best Acting Award
Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actress
1937 Conquest Countess Marie Walewska Brown, ClarenceClarence Brown Boyer, CharlesCharles Boyer MGM lost more money on this picture than any prior to 1949[بحاجة لمصدر];
1939 Ninotchka Nina Ivanovna "Ninotchka" Yakushova Lubitsch, ErnstErnst Lubitsch Douglas, MelvynMelvyn Douglas National Board of Review Best Acting Award
Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actress
Nominated—New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
1941 Two-Faced Woman Karin Borg Blake Cukor, GeorgeGeorge Cukor Douglas, MelvynMelvyn Douglas National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Best Acting Award

ملاحظات

  1. ^ النطق السويدي: [ˈɡrêːta ˈɡǎrːbʊ] ( استمع)

المصادر

  1. ^ Vieira 2005, p. 38.
  2. ^ "Session Timeout – Academy Awards® Database – AMPAS". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
  3. ^ "The Official Academy Awards Database". Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  4. ^ Reif, Rita (19 July 1990). "Garbo's Collection and a van Gogh Are to Be Sold". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  5. ^ "Asks Citizenship". Las Cruces Sun-News. Vol. 60, no. 181. 4 November 1940. p. 3. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ أ ب Bret, David (2012). Greta Garbo: A Divine Star. Biteback. ISBN 978-1-84954-353-8. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  7. ^ أ ب Ware, Susan; Braukman, Stacy Lorraine (2004). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-0-674-01488-6. Retrieved 24 July 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ أ ب Sjölander, Ture (1971). Garbo. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-06-013926-1. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  9. ^ أ ب Furhammar, Leif (1991). Filmen i Sverige: en historia i tio kapitel (in Swedish). Höganäs: Wiken. p. 129. ISBN 978-91-7119-517-3. Retrieved 24 July 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. ^ Souhami 1994, p. 64.
  11. ^ "Karl Alfred Gustafsson" Archived 20 أبريل 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  12. ^ أ ب Bainbridge 1955b, p. 76.
  13. ^ أ ب D'Amico, Silvio (1962). Enciclopedia dello spettacolo (in Italian). Rome: Casa editrice Le Maschere. p. 901. Retrieved 25 July 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  14. ^ أ ب Lektyr (in Swedish). 9 (3). 17. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  15. ^ Liberty. Liberty Library Corporation. 1974. pp. 27–31 & 54–57. Retrieved 4 August 2010.[dead link]
  16. ^ أ ب Biery 1928a. I hated school. I hated the bonds they put on me. There were so many things outside. I liked history best but I was afraid of the map—geography you call it. But I had to go to go to school like other children. The public school, just as you have in this country.
  17. ^ "After Twelve Years Greta Garbo Wants to Go Home to Sweden". Life. 8 November 1937. p. 81. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  18. ^ أ ب Biery 1928a. I didn't play much. Except skating and skiing and throwing snowballs. I did most of my playing by thinking. I played a little with my brother and sister, pretending we were in shows. Like other children. But usually I did my own pretending. I was up and down. Very happy one moment, the next moment – there was nothing left for me.
  19. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 25.
  20. ^ أ ب ت Biery 1928a. Then I found a theater. I must have been six or seven. Two theaters, really. One was a cabaret; one a regular theater, – across from one another. And there was a back porch to both of them. A long plank on which the actors and actresses walked to get in the back door. I used to go there at seven o'clock in the evening, when they would be coming in, and wait until eight-thirty. Watch them come in; listen to them getting ready. The big back door was always open even in the coldest weather. Listen to their voices doing their parts in the productions. Smell the grease paint! There is no smell in the world like the smell of the backyard of a theater. No smell that will mean as much to me – ever. Night after night, I sat there dreaming. Dreaming when I would be inside – getting ready.
  21. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 26.
  22. ^ أ ب Biery 1928a. When I wasn't thinking, wasn't wondering what it was all about, this living; I was dreaming. Dreaming how I could become a player.
  23. ^ Jean Lacouture (1999). Greta Garbo: La Dame aux Caméras (in الفرنسية). Paris: Liana Levi. p. 22. ISBN 978-2-86746-214-6. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  24. ^ Robert Payne (November 1976). The Great Garbo. London: W. H. Allen. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-491-01538-7. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2010. In June 1919, she left school, and never returned.
  25. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 32.
  26. ^ Parish, James Robert (2007). The Hollywood Book of Extravagance: The Totally Infamous, Mostly Disastrous, and Always Compelling Excesses of America's Film and TV Idols. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-470-05205-1. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  27. ^ NYTimes 1990.
  28. ^ Swenson 1997, p. 549.
  29. ^ Greg Gibson (2009). It Takes a Genome: How a Clash Between Our Genes and Modern Life Is Making Us Sick. Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-13-713746-6. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2010. The list of famous women who have had breast cancer ...
  30. ^ Paris 1994, p. 541.
  31. ^ Ohlsen, Becky (2004). Stockholm. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-74104-172-9. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2010. The Unesco World Heritage-listed graveyard Skogskyrkogården ... is also known as the final resting place of Hollywood actress Greta Garbo
  32. ^ Paris 1994, p. 540.
  33. ^ أ ب ت The Saga of Gosta Berling (DVD). New York: Kino International. 2006. قالب:UPC.
  34. ^ Bacon, Henry (1998). Visconti: Explorations of Beauty and Decay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 208 ff. ISBN 978-0-521-59960-3. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  35. ^ Beugnet, Martine; Schmid, Marion (2004). Proust at the Movies. Studies in European Cultural Transition. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 50 ff. ISBN 978-0-7546-3541-3. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  36. ^ Biery 1928c. Mr. Stiller is an artist. He does not understand about the American factories. He has always made his own pictures in Europe, where he is the master. In our country it is always the small studio. He does not understand the American Business. He could speak no English. So he was taken off the picture. It was given to Mr. Niblo. How I was broken to pieces, nobody knows. I was so unhappy I did not think I could go on.
  37. ^ Billquist, Fritiof (1960). Garbo: A Biography. New York: Putnam. p. 106. OCLC 277166. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  38. ^ Brown, John Mason (1965). The worlds of Robert E. Sherwood: Mirror to His Times, 1896–1939. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-313-20937-6. Retrieved 20 July 2010. I want to go on record as saying that Greta Garbo in The Temptress knocked me for a loop. I had seen Miss Garbo once before, in The Torrent. I had been mildly impressed by her visualeffectiveness. In The Temptress, however, this effectiveness proves positively devastating. She may not be the best actress on the screen. I am powerless to formulate an opinion on her dramatic technique. But there is no room for argument as to the efficacy of her allure... [She] qualifies herewith as the official Dream Princess of the Silent Drama Department of Life.
  39. ^ Conway, Michael; McGregor, Dion; Ricci, Mark (1968). The Films of Greta Garbo. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-86369-552-0. Retrieved 20 July 2010. Harriette Underhill in the New York Herald Tribune: 'This is the first time we have seen Miss Garbo and she is a delight to the eyes! We may also add that she is a magnetic woman and a finished actress. In fact, she leaves nothing to be desired. Such a profile, such grace, such poise, and most of all, such eyelashes. They swish the air at least a half-inch beyond her languid orbs. Miss Garbo is not a conventional beauty, yet she makes all other beauties seem a little obvious.قالب:'-
  40. ^ Crafton, Donald (22 November 1999). The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926–1931. History of the American Cinema. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 206–7. ISBN 978-0-520-22128-4. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  41. ^ Crafton, Donald (22 November 1999). The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926–1931. History of the American Cinema. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-520-22128-4. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  42. ^ Crafton, Donald (22 November 1999). The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926–1931. History of the American Cinema. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 494–5. ISBN 978-0-520-22128-4. Retrieved 17 July 2010. In December 1929, according to the volume of Photoplay fan mail (...) Garbo remained the leading female star.
  43. ^ Flamini, Roland (22 February 1994). Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-58640-2. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  44. ^ Forrest, Jennifer; Koos, Leonard R. (2002). Dead Ringers: The Remake in Theory and Practice. SUNY Series, Cultural Studies in Cinema/Video. Abany: State University of New York Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-0-7914-5169-4. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  45. ^ Gever, Martha (8 September 2003). Entertaining Lesbians: Celebrity, Sexuality, and Self-Invention. Cambridge: New York. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-415-94480-9. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  46. ^ Golden, Eve (2001). Golden images: 41 essays on silent film stars. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7864-0834-4. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  47. ^ Hall, Hadaunt (22 February 1926). "A New Swedish Actress". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 July 2010. In this current effort Greta Garbo, a Swedish actress, who is fairly well known in Germany, makes her screen bow to American audiences. As a result of her ability, her undeniable prepossessing appearance and her expensive taste in fur coats, she steals most of the thunder in this vehicle
  48. ^ Hall, Morduant (11 October 1926). "The Temptress Another Ibanez Story". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  49. ^ Jacobs, Lea (2 April 2008). The Decline of Sentiment: American Film in the 1920s. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 258–9. ISBN 978-0-520-25457-2. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  50. ^ Katchmer, George A. (1991). Eighty Silent Film Stars: Biographies and Filmographies of the Obscure to the Well Known. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-89950-494-0. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  51. ^ Kellow, Brian (November 2004). The Bennetts: An Acting Family. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-8131-2329-5. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  52. ^ Koszarski, Richard (4 May 1994). An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915–1928. History of the American Cinema. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-520-08535-0. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  53. ^ Limbacher, James L. (1968). Four Aspects of the Film. Aspects of film. New York: Brussel & Brussel. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-405-11138-9. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  54. ^ Mariani, John (29 December 1975). "The Greatest Movie Set Ever". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. 9 (1): 54. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
  55. ^ NYTimes 1936. A woman held out a letter of introduction she said was written by a mutual friend, and Garbo said coldly: "I never accept letters."
  56. ^ NYTimes 1936. (Garbo) refused to write her name for autograph hunters or to pose for newsreels.
  57. ^ NYTimes 1936. For the first time since she achieved international eminence in the motion-picture world, Miss Garbo granted an interview to the press and received the reporters en masse in the smoking lounge while the ship was at Quarantine.
  58. ^ "Greta Garbo Honored". The New York Times. 3 November 1983. p. 17. Retrieved 25 July 2010. Greta Garbo was made a Commander of the Swedish Order of the North Star yesterday by order of King Carl XVI Gustaf, the King of Sweden. The private ceremony in the New York home of Mrs. Jane Gunther was also attended by Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Gruson. The honor, extended only to foreigners, was presented to Miss Garbo by Count Wilhelm Wachtmeister, the Swedish Ambassador to the United States, in recognition of the actress's distinguished service to Sweden. Miss Garbo, born in Stockholm, is now an American citizen.
  59. ^ NYTimes 1990. In a rare statement to reporters she acknowledged, "I feel able to express myself only through my roles, not in words, and that is why I try to avoid talking to the press."
  60. ^ NYTimes 1990. A declaration often attributed to her was, "I want to be alone." Actually she said, "I want to be let alone."
  61. ^ NYTimes 1990. Her penchant for privacy broke all of Hollywood's rules, said her biographer, John Bainbridge. Except at the start of her career, he wrote in Garbo, she "granted no interviews, signed no autographs, attended no premieres, answered no fan mail."
  62. ^ Parish, James Robert; Bowers, Ronald L. (1973). The MGM Stock Company: The Golden Era. London: Allan. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-7110-0501-3. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  63. ^ Reid, John Howard (January 2006). Cinemascope 3: Hollywood Takes the Plunge. Morrisville, NC: Lulu Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4116-7188-1. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  64. ^ Rivera-Viruet, Rafael J.; Resto, Max (2008). Hollywood... Se Habla Español: Hispanics in Hollywood Films ... Yesterday, today and tomorrow. New York: Terramax Entertainment. pp. 31–37. ISBN 978-0-9816650-0-9. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  65. ^ "Garbo: A TCM Original Documentary". TurnerClassicMovies.com. Turner Classic Movies. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  66. ^ Thomsen, Bodil Marie (1997). Filmdivaer: Stjernens figur i Hollywoods melodrama 1920–40. [Anmeldelse] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-87-7289-397-6. Retrieved 20 July 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  67. ^ "People, Mar. 1, 1971". Time. 1 March 1971. Retrieved 26 July 2010. Hardly since General Douglas MacArthur's 'I shall return' has so momentous a comeback loomed. According to Italian Cinema Director Luchino Visconti, fabled Film Star Greta Garbo, 65, who has been dodging cameras for 30 years, has actually asked to play in his forthcoming movie version of Marcel Proust's seven-volume Remembrance of Things Past. The role that caught her fancy: Maria Sophia, the sixtyish Queen of Naples, who will have only one scene. Nothing has been signed as yet, but Visconti sounded as if Garbo's reappearance was already a fait accompli. Said he: 'I am very pleased at the idea that this woman, with her severe and authoritarian presence, should figure in the decadent and rarefied climate of the world described by Proust.قالب:'-
  68. ^ "The Torrent Review". Variety. 1 January 1926. Retrieved 20 July 2010. Greta Garbo, making her American debut as a screen star, has everything with looks, acting ability and personality. When one is a Scandinavian and can put over a Latin characterization with sufficient power to make it most convincing, need there be any more said regarding her ability? She makes The Torrent worthwhile.
  69. ^ Vieira, Mark A. (15 November 2009). Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-520-26048-1. Retrieved 22 July 2010. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  70. ^ Walker, Alexander; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (October 1980). Garbo: A Portrait. New York: Macmillan. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-02-622950-0. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  71. ^ Wollstein, Hans J. (1994). Strangers in Hollywood: The History of Scandinavian Actors in American Films from 1910 to World War II. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8108-2938-1. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  72. ^ Zierold, Norman J. (1969). Garbo. New York: Stein and Day. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-8128-1212-1. Retrieved 20 July 2010. قالب:-'Greta Garbo vitalizes the name part of this picture. She is the Temptress. Her tall, swaying figure moves Cleopatra-ishly from delirious Paris to the virile Argentine. Her alluring mouth and volcanic, slumbrous eyes enfire men to such passion that friendships collapse.' Dorothy Herzog, New York Mirror (1926):


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