إسكندر مرزا
إسكندر علي مرزا (13 نوفمبر 1899 – 13 نوفمبر 1969)، CIE, OBE، كان سياسياً من پاكستان الشرقية عمل كأول رئيس لپاكستان، elected in this capacity in 1956 until being dismissed in 1958.[2]
ولكونه سليل مير جعفر،[3] Mirza was educated at the University of Mumbai before attending the military academy in Sandhurst, United Kingdom. After a brief military service in the British Indian Army, he joined the Indian Political Service and spent majority of his career as a political agent in the Western region of the British India until elevated as joint secretary at the Ministry of Defence in 1946. After the independence of Pakistan as result of a Partition of India, Mirza joined was appointed as first Defence Secretary by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, only to oversee the military efforts in first war with India in 1947, followed by failed secessionism in Balochistan in 1948.[4] In 1954, he was appointed as Governor of East Bengal by Prime Minsiter Mohammad Ali Bogra to control the law and order sparked as a result of the popular language movement in 1952, but later elevated as Interior Minister in Bogra administration in 1955.
Playing a crucial role in ousting of Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam, Mirza assumed his position in 1955 and was elected as the first President of Pakistan when the first set of Constitution was promulgated in 1956.[5] His presidency, however, marked with political instability which saw his unconstitutional interference in the civilian administration that led to the dismissal of four prime ministers in mere two years. Facing challenges in effectively running the foreign and economic policy, Mirza suspended the constitution by having imposed the martial law in 1958 through army chief General أيوب خان who later dismissed him when situation between them escalated, also in 1958. Mirza lived in the United Kingdom for the remainder of his life and buried in Iran in 1969.
His legacy and image is viewed very negatively by the Pakistani historians who believed that Mirza was responsible for this political instability in the country.[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الأصول
الجذور وخلفية العائلة
وُلِد إسكندر علي مرزا في مرشدآباد في البنغال في الامبراطورية الهندية البريطانية، في 13 نوفمبر 1899, into an elite and wealthy aristocrat family who were titled as نواب البنغال.[3] Mirza was the eldest child of Fateh Ali Mirza (و. 1864–d. 1949) and his first wife, Dilshad Begum née Tyabji (و. 1869–d. 1924).[3] His paternal great-grandfather was Mir Jafar, generally known to Indians as a quisling.[6] Mir Jafar had played an integral role bringing down سراج الدولة of Bengal, with the British East India Company serving as their informant and leading provider of intelligence to company official Robert Clive.[7]
الهامش
- ^ Rahman, Syedur (2010). "Introduction". Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh (google books) (in الإنجليزية). Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 443. ISBN 9780810874534. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Scarecrow Press, Rahman
- ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةStory of Pakistan (Part-I)
- ^ أ ب ت Baxter, Craig (1997). Bangladesh: from a nation to a state. United States: Westview Press, 1997. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-8133-2854-6.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةElectronic Government of Pakistan
- ^ Roraback, Amanda. Pakistan in a Nutshell (in الإنجليزية). Enisen Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 9780970290892. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ^ Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed (1987). Talukdar, Mohammad Habibur Rahman (ed.). Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with a Brief Account of His Life and Work (in الإنجليزية) (1 ed.). Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan: Karachi University Press. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ Iskandar Mirza, Ayub Khan, and October 1958, by Syed Badrul Ahsan, The New Age, Bangladesh, 30 October 2005.
المراجع
- Shahab, Qudrat-Ullah (2005). Shahabnama (21st ed.). Karachi: Sang-e-Meel. ISBN 969-35-0025-3.
- Mirza, Humayun (2002). From Plassey to Pakistan. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-1509-9.
المناصب
مناصب سياسية | ||
---|---|---|
منصب حديث | وزير دفاع پاكستان 1947–1954 |
تبعه أختر حسين |
سبقه Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman |
حاكم البنغال الشرقية 1954–1955 |
تبعه محمد شهاب الدين قائم بالأعمال |
سبقه Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani |
وزير الداخلية 1954–1955 |
تبعه فضل الحق |
سبقه مالك غلام محمد |
الحاكم العام لپاكستان 1955–1956 |
المنصب ألغي |
منصب حديث | رئيس پاكستان 1956–1958 |
تبعه أيوب خان |
وصلات خارجية
- Articles containing أردو-language text
- Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters
- مواليد 1899
- وفيات 1969
- People from Murshidabad district
- بنغاليون
- Indian people of Arab descent
- مسلمون بنغال
- نواب البنغال
- University of Mumbai alumni
- خريجو أكاديمية ساندهرست العسكرية الملكية
- British Indian Army officers
- Indian Political Service officers
- Indian people of World War II
- Pakistani people of Bengali descent
- پاكستانيون من أصل عربي
- Pakistani Sunni Muslims
- Defence Secretaries of Pakistan
- Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
- People of the Balochistan conflict
- جنرالات پاكستانيون
- Bengali bureaucrats
- First Pakistani Cabinet
- بليونيرات پاكستانيون
- حكام البنغال الشرقية
- Bengali politicians
- Governors-General of Pakistan
- جمهوريون پاكستانيون
- رؤساء پاكستان
- منفيون پاكستانيون
- مغتربون پاكستانيون في المملكة المتحدة
- Pakistani hoteliers
- مقالات تحتوي مقاطع ڤيديو
- رفاق مرتبة الامبراطورية الهندية
- ضباط رتبة الامبراطورية البريطانية
- Pakistan Cricket Board Presidents and Chairmen