إزنيق

إزنيق İznik
المسجد الأخضر، إزنيق
أقضية محافظة بورصة
إزنيق İznik أقضية محافظة بورصة
الإحداثيات: 40°25′45″N 29°43′16″E
البلد	تركيا
المحافظة	بورصة
الحكومة
• العمدة	قدري إريلماظ (AKP)
• قائمقام	نور الدين كاكلي‌أوغلو
المساحة
• District	736٫51 كم² (284٫37 ميل²)
التعداد  (2012)
• Urban	22٬507
• District	43٬425
• كثافة District	59/km2 (150/sq mi)
Post code	16860
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.iznik.bel.tr

إزنيق İznik، وكانت تاريخياً تُعرف بإسم نيقيا (Nicaea ؛ باليونانية: Νίκαια)، هي بلدة و قضاء إداري في محافظة بورصة، تركيا. The town lies in a fertile basin at the eastern end of Lake İznik, bounded by ranges of hills to the north and south. مسافة الخط المستقيم بين إزنيق واسطنبول هي 90 كم جنوب شرق اسطنبول but by road it is 200 km (124 miles) around the Gulf of Izmit. وتبعد 80 كم بالطريق عن بورصا.

The town was an important producer of highly decorated fritware vessels and tiles in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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 التاريخ

للتاريخ قبل الفتح العثماني، انظر مقالة نيقيا.

Das Lefke-Tor, ein Teil der Stadtmauern von Nicäa.

المسرح، الذي وصفه پليني الأكبر..

هاگيا صوفيا في نيقيا.

في 1331، استولى على المدينة أورخان الأول from the Byzantines and for a short period the town became the capital of the expanding Ottoman emirate. The large church of Hagia Sophia in the centre of the town was converted into a mosque and became known as the Orhan Mosque. A madrasa and baths were built nearby. In 1334 Orhan built a mosque and an عمارت (مائدة الرحمن) مباشرة خارج بوابة يني‌شهر (Yenişeh Kapısı) في الجانب الجنوبي من البلدة.

The Arab traveller, Ibn Battuta, stayed in Iznik at the end of 1331 soon after the capture of the town by Orhan. According to Ibn Battuta, the town was in ruins and only inhabited by a small number of people who were in the service of the sultan. Within the city walls were gardens and cultivated plots with each house surrounded by an orchard. The town produced fruit, walnuts, chestnuts and large sweet grapes.

 خزف وبلاط إزنيق

المقالة الرئيسية: خزف إزنيق

أبريق من خزف إزنيق من القرن 16، (متحف اللوڤر،پاريس)

بلاط إزنيق داخل مسجد سليميه في إدرنه.

صحن im Unterglasurmalerei im saz-Stil من سنة 1550. يوجد اليوم في جناح ريشليو، متحف اللوڤر، پاريس.

The town became a major center with the creation of a local faïence pottery-making industry during the Ottoman period in the 17th century (known as the İznik Çini, Çin meaning China). Iznik tiles were used to decorate many of the mosques in Istanbul designed by Mimar Sinan. However, this industry declined in the 18th century and İznik became a mainly agricultural minor town in the area when a major railway bypassed it in the 19th century. Currently the style of pottery referred to as the İznik Çini is to some extent produced locally, but mainly in كوتاهية, where the quality – which was in decline – has been restored to its former glory.

 International relations

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

 Twin towns – Sister cities

İznik is متوأمة مع:

• Larissa, Greece (since 2000)

 Notes

== المراجع ==*Dallaway, James (1797), Constantinople Ancient and Modern: with excursions to the shores and islands of the archipelago and to the Troad, London: T. Cadell, junr. & W. Davies, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UahTO8bz3CAC .

• Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R. trans. and eds. (1854) (in Arabic and French), Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah, Volume 2, Paris: Société Asiatic, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ .
• Dunn, Ross E. (2005), The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-24385-4 . First published in 1986, ISBN 0-520-05771-6.
• Mango, Cyril (1959), "The date of the narthex mosaics of the Church of the Dormition at Nicaea", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 13: 245–252 .
• Raby, Julian (1989), "İznik, 'Une village au milieu des jardins'", in Petsopoulos, Yanni, Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey, London: Alexandra Press, pp. 19–22, ISBN 978-1-85669-054-6 .
• Sestini, Domenico (1789) (in French), Voyage dans la Grèce asiatique, à la péninsule de Cyzique, à Brusse et à Nicée: avec des détails sur l'histoire naturelle de ces contrées, London and Paris: Leroy, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YfsOAAAAQAAJ .

 للاستزادة

• Alioğlu, E. Fusun (2001), "Similarities between early Ottoman architecture and local architecture or Byzantine architecture in Iznik", ICOMOS International Millenium Congress. More than two thousand years in the history of architecture, Session 2, Historic Towns, UNESCO-ICOMOS, http://www.unesco.org/archi2000/pdf/alioglu1.pdf .
• Alioğlu, E.Fusun (2001), "Establishing the sustainable identity of a historical city field of research: Iznik", ICOMOS International Millenium Congress. More than two thousand years in the history of architecture, Session 2, Historic Towns, UNESCO-ICOMOS, http://www.unesco.org/archi2000/pdf/alioglu2.pdf .

 وصلات خارجية

• Iznik, ArchNet. Information on the historic buildings in the town.
• Photographs of the town taken in 2007 by Dick Osseman