إدمونتون

Coordinates: 53°32′04″N 113°29′25″W / 53.53444°N 113.49028°W / 53.53444; -113.49028[2]
هذا المقال هو عن the city in Canada. إذا كنت تريد the town in England، انظر Edmonton, London. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر Edmonton (disambiguation).
إدمونتون
Edmonton
City
Walterdale Bridge and Downtown Edmonton skyline
Legislature Building
Art Gallery of Alberta
Fort Edmonton Park
Muttart Conservatory
Law Courts Building
West Edmonton Mall
علم إدمونتون
Flag
درع إدمونتون
Coat of arms
الشعار الرسمي لـ إدمونتون
Logo
الكنية: 
Canada's Festival City, City of Champions, The Oil Capital of Canada more...[1]
الشعار: 
Industry, integrity, progress
إدمونتون is located in كندا
إدمونتون
إدمونتون
Location of Edmonton in Alberta
الإحداثيات: 53°32′04″N 113°29′25″W / 53.53444°N 113.49028°W / 53.53444; -113.49028[2]
البلدكندا
Provinceألبرتا
RegionEdmonton Capital Region
Census division11
Adjacent Specialized municipalityStrathcona County
Adjacent municipal districtsLeduc County, Parkland County and Sturgeon County
Founded1795
Incorporated[3][4] 
 • TownJanuary 9, 1892
 • CityOctober 8, 1904
Amalgamated[3]February 12, 1912
السمِيْEdmonton, London
الحكومة
 • BodyEdmonton City Council
 • Mayorقالب:Edmonton City Council
 • ManagerEddie Robar[5]
المساحة
 (2021)[6]
 • البر765٫61 كم² (295٫60 ميل²)
 • الحضر
627٫20 كم² (242٫16 ميل²)
 • العمران
9٬416٫19 كم² (3٬635٫61 ميل²)
المنسوب
[7]
645 m (2٬116 ft)
التعداد
 (2021)[6][9][10]
 • City1٬010٬899 (5th)
 • Estimate 
(2023)
1٬128٬811
 • الكثافة1٬320٫4/km2 (3٬420/sq mi)
 • Urban
1٬151٬635 (5th)
 • الكثافة الحضرية1٬836٫2/km2 (4٬756/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
1٬418٬118 (6th)
 • الكثافة العمرانية150٫6/km2 (390/sq mi)
 • Municipal census (2019)
972٬223[8]
صفة المواطنEdmontonian
منطقة التوقيتUTC−07:00 (MST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−06:00 (MDT)
FSAs
T5A – T6Y
مفتاح الهاتف780, 587, 825, 368
NTS Mapقالب:Canada NTS Map Sheet, قالب:Canada NTS Map Sheet, قالب:Canada NTS Map Sheet, قالب:Canada NTS Map Sheet
GNBC CodeIACMP[2]
GDP (Edmonton CMA)CA$87.48 billion (2020)[11]
GDP per capita (Edmonton CMA)CA$63,601 (2022)[12]
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.edmonton.ca Edit this at Wikidata

إِدْمُونْتُون عاصمة ألبرتا، الإقليم الكندي الغربي، وتقع في وسط ألبرتا على بعد حوالي 523كم شمال حدود الولايات المتحدة وكندا، وفي قلب أغنى أقاليم كندا الزراعية. يبلغ عدد سكانها 666,104 نسمة، بينما يبلغ عدد سكان منطقتها الحضرية 937,845 نسمة. تُعدُّ إدمونتون نقطة توزيع رئيسية للبضائع المشحونة من شمال غربي كندا وألاسكا والولايات المتحدة، والمدينة كذلك مركز رئيسي لتكرير النفط، والصناعات النفطية لألبرتا وتوزيعها.

التاريخ

The area that later became the city of Edmonton was first inhabited by First Nations peoples and was also a historic site for the Métis. By 1795, many trading posts had been established around the area that later became the Edmonton census metropolitan area. "Fort Edmonton", as it was known, became the main centre for trade in the area after the 1821 merger of the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company.[13] It remained sparsely populated until the Canadian acquisition of Rupert's Land in 1870, followed eventually by the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1891, its inauguration as a city in 1904, and its designation as the capital of the new province of Alberta in 1906.[14] Its growth was facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities (Strathcona, North Edmonton, West Edmonton, Beverly and Jasper Place)[15] in addition to a series of annexations through 1982,[16] and the annexation of 8,260 ha (82.6 km2; 31.9 sq mi) of land from Leduc County and the City of Beaumont on January 1, 2019.[17]

As of 2021, Edmonton had a city population of 1,010,899 and a metropolitan population of 1,418,118, making it the fifth-largest city[18][19] and sixth-largest metropolitan area (CMA) in Canada.[20][21] It is the northernmost city and metropolitan area in North America to have a population of over one million.[22] Residents are called Edmontonians.[23]

Known as the "Gateway to the North" outside of Ontario,[24] Edmonton has become a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories.[25] It is a cultural, governmental and educational centre that hosts festivals year-round, reflected in the nickname "Canada's Festival City".[1] It is home to Canada's largest mall, West Edmonton Mall (the world's largest mall from 1981 until 2004);[26][27][28] and Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum.[29]


Etymology

Established as the first permanent settlement in the area of what is now Edmonton, the Hudson's Bay Company trading post of Fort Edmonton (also known as Edmonton House) was named after Edmonton, Middlesex, England.[30] The fort's name was chosen by William Tomison, who was in charge of its construction, taking the fort's namesake from the hometown of the Lake family – at least five of whom were influential members of the Hudson's Bay Company between 1696 and 1807.[31] In turn, the name of Edmonton derives from Adelmetone, meaning 'farmstead/estate of Ēadhelm' (from Ēadhelm, an Old English personal name, and tūn); this earlier form of the name appears in the Domesday Book of 1086.[32] Fort Edmonton was also called Fort-des-Prairies by French-Canadians, trappers, and coureurs des bois.[33]

Indigenous languages refer to the Edmonton area by multiple names which reference the presence of fur trading posts.[34][35] In Cree, the area is known as ᐊᒥᐢᑿᒌᐚᐢᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ amiskwacîwâskahikan,[36] which translates to "Beaver Hills House" and references the location's proximity to the Beaver Hills east of Edmonton. In Blackfoot, the area is known as Omahkoyis;[37][38] in Nakota Sioux, the area is known as Titâga;[39] in Tsuutʼina, the area is known as Nââsʔágháàchú[40] (anglicised as Nasagachoo).[41] The Blackfoot name translates to 'big lodge',[42] while the Nakota Sioux and Tsuutʼina names translate to 'big house'.[34][39][41] In Denesuline, the area is known as Kuę́ Nedhé,[43] a metonymic toponym which also generally means 'city'.

History

للمزيد من المعلومات: History of Edmonton
For دليل زمني, see خط زمني لإدمونتون.

The earliest known inhabitants arrived in the area that is now Edmonton around 3,000 BC and perhaps as early as 12,000 BC when an ice-free corridor opened as the last glacial period ended and timber, water, and wildlife became available in the region.[44]

The site of present-day Edmonton was home to several First Nations peoples, including the Cree, Nakota Sioux, Blackfoot, Tsuut'ina, Ojibwe, and Denesuline. The valley of the North Saskatchewan River, in particular the area of Edmonton, was settled to varying degrees for thousands of years, and provided many essential resources, including fish, medicine, and materials for tool making, such as chert or quartzite, which are abundant in the area around the modern city and which can be easily knapped into tools such as axes, knives, and arrowheads.[45]

The city was also a historic site for the Métis, who held many narrow lots along the North Saskatchewan which gave access to resources in the area. By 1882, these lots numbered about 44, after which they were displaced and integrated into the expanding city of Edmonton.[46]

The last of five Fort Edmontons was constructed in 1830. It was the third to be built within present-day Edmonton.

In 1754, Anthony Henday, an explorer for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area.[47] His expeditions across the Prairies of Rupert's Land were mainly to seek contact with the Indigenous population for establishing the fur trade, as the competition was fierce between the HBC and the North West Company (NWC).

By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the river's north bank as a major trading post for the HBC, near the mouth of the Sturgeon River close to present-day Fort Saskatchewan.[48] Fort Edmonton was built within "musket-shot range" of the rival NWC's Fort Augustus.[31] Although both forts were initially successful, declines in beaver pelt hauls and firewood stocks forced both HBC and NWC to move their forts upstream.[31]

By 1813, after some changes in location, Fort Edmonton was established in the area of what is now Rossdale, beginning Edmonton's start as a permanent population centre.[49] The fort was located on the border of territory that was disputed by the Blackfoot and Cree nations.[31] Furthermore, the fort intersected territory patrolled by the Blackfoot Confederacy to the South, and the Cree, Dene, and Nakoda nations to the north.[31] After the NWC merged with the HBC, Fort Augustus was closed in favour of Fort Edmonton.[31]

In 1876, Treaty 6, which includes what is now Edmonton, was signed between First Nations and the Crown, as part of the Numbered Treaties.[50][51] The agreement includes the Plains and Woods Cree, Assiniboine, and other band governments of First Nations at Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt, and Battle River. The area covered by the treaty represents most of the central area of the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta.[52]

The coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) to southern Alberta in 1885 helped the Edmonton economy, and the 1891 building of the Calgary and Edmonton (C&E) Railway resulted in the emergence of a railway townsite (South Edmonton/Strathcona) on the river's south side, across from Edmonton. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, the U.S. and other parts of the world. The Edmonton area's fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897. Strathcona was North America's northernmost railway point, but travel to the Klondike was still very difficult for the "Klondikers", and a majority of them took a steamship north to the Yukon from Vancouver, British Columbia.[53]

The completed Alberta Legislature Building in 1914, just above the last Fort Edmonton. The city was selected as Alberta's capital in 1905.

Incorporated as a town in 1892 with a population of 700 and then as a city in 1904 with a population of 8,350,[54] Edmonton became the capital of Alberta when the province was formed a year later, on September 1, 1905.[55] In November 1905, the Canadian Northern Railway (CNR) arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth.[56]

During the early 1900s, Edmonton's rapid growth led to speculation in real estate. In 1912, Edmonton amalgamated with the City of Strathcona south of the North Saskatchewan River; as a result, the city held land on both banks of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time.[57]

Just before World War I, the boom ended, and the city's population declined from more than 72,000 in 1914 to less than 54,000 only two years later.[58] Many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces.[59] Recruitment to the army during the war also contributed to the drop in population.[60] Afterwards, the city slowly recovered in population and economy during the 1920s and 1930s and took off again during and after World War II.

The Edmonton City Centre Airport opened in 1929,[61] becoming Canada's first licensed airfield.[62] Originally named Blatchford Field in honour of former mayor Kenny Blatchford, pioneering aviators such as Wilfrid R. "Wop" May and Max Ward used Blatchford Field as a major base for distributing mail, food, and medicine to Northern Canada; hence Edmonton's emergence as the "Gateway to the North". World War II saw Edmonton become a major base for the construction of the Alaska Highway and the Northwest Staging Route.[63] The airport was closed in November 2013.[64]

On July 31, 1987, an F4 tornado hit the city and killed 27 people.[65] The storm hit the areas of Beaumont, Mill Woods, Bannerman, Fraser, and Evergreen.[66] The day became known as "Black Friday" and earned the city the moniker "City of Champions".[67]

تاريخ حوكمة البلدية

Edmonton City Hall is the home of the municipal government for Edmonton.

In 1892, Edmonton was incorporated as a town. The first mayor was Matthew McCauley, who established the first school board in Edmonton and Board of Trade (later Chamber of Commerce) and a municipal police service.[68] Due to McCauley's good relationship with the federal Liberals, Edmonton maintained economic and political prominence over Strathcona, a rival town on the south side of the North Saskatchewan River.[68] Edmonton was incorporated as a city in 1904 and became Alberta's capital in 1905.[55]

In 1904, the City of Edmonton purchased the Edmonton District Telephone Company for $17,000 from Alex Taylor, a Canadian entrepreneur, inventor, and politician. Amalgamated into a city department as City of Edmonton Telephone Department, City Telephone System (CTS), 'Edmonton telephones'. In 1989, City Council voted to create Edmonton Telephones Corporation (Ed Tel) to operate as an autonomous organization under a board of directors appointed by the city. In 1995, City of Edmonton ownership of its telephone service ended when Ed Tel was sold to the Telus corporation. City Bylaw 11713 created The Ed Tel Endowment Fund whereas the shares owned by Edmonton Telephones Corporation in Ed Tel Inc. were sold by the City of Edmonton to Telus on March 10, 1995, for $470,221,872 to be invested for the perpetual benefit of Edmontonians.[69]

Unions such as the Industrial Workers of the World struggled for progressive social change through the early years, with the first reformer, James East, elected in 1912, followed by the first official Labour alderman, James Kinney, the following year. Many thousands of workers participated in the Edmonton general strike of 1919 and a strong block of Labour representatives were on council after the next election: East, Kinney, Sam McCoppen, Rice Sheppard and Joe Clarke.[70]

Labour representation on city council became a near-majority in 1929, and a full majority from 1932 to 1934, during the Great Depression.[71] Jan Reimer became the city's first female mayor when she was elected in 1989.[72][73]

In 2021, Amarjeet Sohi became the first person of colour to be elected as mayor of Edmonton.[74]

Geography

The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river that bisects the city.

Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River, at an elevation of 671 m (2,201 ft).[55] It is North America's northernmost city with a population over one million. It is south of Alberta's geographic centre, which is near the Hamlet of Fort Assiniboine.[75] The terrain in and around Edmonton is generally flat to gently rolling, with ravines and deep river valleys, such as the North Saskatchewan River valley.[76] The Canadian Rockies are west of Edmonton and about 220 km (140 mi) to the southwest.

The North Saskatchewan River originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and bisects the city. It sometimes floods Edmonton's river valley, most notably in the North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915. It empties via the Saskatchewan River, Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson River into Hudson Bay.[77] It runs from the southwest to the northeast and is fed by numerous creeks throughout the city, including Mill Creek, Whitemud Creek and Blackmud Creek; these creeks have created ravines, some of which are used for urban parkland.[78] Edmonton is within the Canadian Prairies Ecozone.[79]

Aspen parkland surrounds the city and is a transitional area from the prairies to the south and boreal forest in the north.[80] The aspen woods and forests in and around Edmonton have long since been reduced by farming and residential and commercial developments including oil and natural gas exploration.[81]


Climate

المقالة الرئيسية: Climate of Edmonton
Winters in Edmonton are typically cold and dry.

Edmonton has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb, Trewartha climate classification Dcbc) with typically cold, dry winters and warm, sunny summers, prone to extremes and large swings at all times of the year. It falls into the NRC 4a Plant Hardiness Zone.[82]

Summer in Edmonton lasts from June until early September, while winter lasts from November until March and in common with all of Alberta[83] varies greatly in length and severity. Spring and autumn are both short and highly variable. Edmonton's growing season on average lasts from May 9 to September 22;[84][85] having an average 135–140 frost-free days each year,[84][86] resulting in one of the longest growing seasons on the Canadian Prairies.[87] At the summer solstice, Edmonton receives 17 hours and three minutes of daylight, with an hour and 46 minutes of civil twilight,[88] and on average receives 2,344 hours of bright sunshine[89] per year, making it one of Canada's sunniest cities.[84]

The city is known for having cold winters, though its weather is milder than Regina, Saskatoon or Winnipeg,[90] all of which are on a more southerly latitude than Edmonton. Its average daily temperatures range from a low of −10.3 °C (13.5 °F) in January to a summer peak of 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) in July,[84] with average maximum of 23.5 °C (74.3 °F) in July and minimum of −14.7 °C (5.5 °F) in January.[84] Temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for an average of four to five afternoons anytime from late April to mid-September and fall below −20 °C (−4 °F) for an average of 24.6 days in the winter. The highest temperature recorded in Edmonton was 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) on June 29, 1937[91] and on July 2, 2013, a record high humidex of 44 was recorded due to an unusually humid day with a temperature of 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) and a record high dew point of 23 °C (73 °F).[92][93] The lowest temperature ever recorded in Edmonton was −49.4 °C (−56.9 °F) on January 19 and 21, 1886.[94]

Edmonton has a fairly dry climate, receiving 422.5 mm (16.63 in) of precipitation per year, of which 329.3 mm (12.96 in) is rain and 93.2 mm (3.67 in) is the melt from 123.9 cm (48.8 in) from snowfall.[84] Over 75% of the average annual precipitation falls in the late spring, summer, and early autumn, with the wettest month being July, having a mean precipitation of 93.8 mm (3.69 in),[84] and the driest months being February, March, October, November and December.[84] Significant snowfall accumulation typically begins in late October and tapers off by late March. Dry spells are not uncommon and may occur at any time of the year. Extremes do occur, such as the 114 mm (4.49 in) of rainfall that fell on July 31, 1953.[84] Much of the precipitation that Edmonton receives in the summer comes from late-day thunderstorms,[95][96] which are frequent and occasionally severe enough to produce large hail, damaging winds, funnel clouds, and tornadoes.

The summer of 2006 was particularly warm for Edmonton, as temperatures reached 29 °C (84 °F) or higher more than 20 times from mid-May to early September. Later, the summer of 2021 saw the temperature rise above 29 °C (84 °F) on 23 days between June and August, while nearly breaking the record high temperature on June 30 with a temperature of 37.0 °C (98.6 °F).[97] The winter of 2011–12 was particularly warm: from December 22 through March 20 there were 53 occasions when Edmonton saw temperatures at or above 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) at the City Centre Airport, and even warmer in the city proper.[98][99][100][101]

A massive cluster of thunderstorms swept through Edmonton on July 11, 2004, with large hail and over 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain reported within an hour in many places.[102] This "1-in-200 year event" flooded major intersections and underpasses and damaged both residential and commercial properties. The storm caused extensive damage to West Edmonton Mall; a small glass section of the roof collapsed under the weight of the rainwater, causing water to drain onto the mall's indoor ice rink. As a result, the mall was evacuated as a precautionary measure.[103]

Twelve tornadoes had been recorded in Edmonton between 1890 and 1989,[104] and eight since 1990.[105] An F4 tornado that struck Edmonton on July 31, 1987, killing 27, was unusual in many respects, including severity, duration, damage, and casualties.[106][107] It is commonly referred to as Black Friday due both to its aberrant characteristics and the emotional shock it generated.[108] Then-mayor Laurence Decore cited the community's response to the tornado as evidence that Edmonton was a "city of champions," which later became an unofficial slogan of the city.[1][109]

قالب:Edmonton City Centre weatherbox قالب:Edmonton International weatherbox

المنطقة العمرانية

المقالة الرئيسية: منطقة إدمونتون العمرانية
وسط إدمونتون هو مركز منطقة إدمونتون العمرانية.

تمتد على مساحة 684 كم²، ويجري نهر ساسكاتشوان الشمالية مخترقًا إدمونتون لمسافة 61 كم، وتقع على ضفتي النهر الحدائق وبنايات وسائل الراحة والترويح المرتفعة الشاهقة، وتحتل تلك البنايات معظم الطريق.

تمتد الطرق في إدمونتون شمالاً وجنوبًا كما تمتد الطرقات العريضة المُشجرة شرقًا وغربًا، ومعظم الشوارع والطرقات في مدينة إدمونتون تحمل أرقامًا بدلاً من الأسماء، وتحد منطقة المدينة الرئيسية بمائة وأربعة من الطرقات العريضة شمالاً، ومائة منها جنوبًا، وبخمسة وتسعين شارعًا في الشرق، وبمائة وتسعة شوارع في الغرب.

وتقع مكاتب المدينة الإدارية مع عديد من بنايات المكاتب التجارية في المنطقة الرئيسية للمدينة. وترتفع مباني الحكومة الإقليمية ومبنى الهيئة التشريعية بألبرتا على الضفة الشمالية لنهر ساسكاتشوان الشمالية عند الشارع رقم 109.

Hawrelak Park in the North Saskatchewan River Valley taken from a stream-bed.
قاع الغدير في منتزه هوريلاك.

ويقع متنزه إدمونتون الغربي في الجزء الغربي من المدينة، وهو مركز رئيسي للترويح والتسوق، وفيه أكثر من ثمانمائة متجر، وأكبر حديقة مُغلقة للترويح في العالم، وعشرون مسرحًا للعرض، ومسرح حلبة جليدية.

الثقافة والترويح

معرض ألبرتا الفني.
مباني على أرض متحف ألبرتا الملكي.
المبنى الرئيسي معرض تلوس لعالم العلوم.

يضم متحف إدمونتون الإقليمي وأرشيفها معروضات عن تاريخ ألبرتا، إذ إن أرشيفات إدمونتون تتخصص في تاريخ المدينة. كما أن بالمدينة بناية لإظهار حركات الشمس والقمر والكواكب السيارة، وتُسمى مركز علوم الفضاء، وبالمدينة أيضًا صالة مشاهير الطيران الكندي. وتؤدي فرقة إدمونتون الموسيقية السيمفونية عروضها في صالة استماع يوبيل ألبرتا الشمالية. وتؤدي فرقة أوبرا إدمونتون وفرقة باليه ألبرتا عروضهما في المدينة، كما يعرض كثير من الأعمال المسرحية في مسرح سيتادل.

أما إدمونتون نورث لاندز فهي أرض معارض تبرز معارض الثروة الحيوانية، ومباريات رعاة البقر، والعروض الرياضية، ومعارض التجارة. وهي كذلك تمثل موقعًا للنشاطات التي تحدث خلال أيام كلوندايك، وهو عيد ينعقد في شهر يوليو من كل عام، للاحتفال بأيام تدفق الناس على المنطقة وتهافتهم على الذهب في التسعينيات من القرن التاسع عشر.

وتعرض حديقة حيوانات إدمونتون كثيرًا من أنواع الحيوانات. وفي حديقة جزيرة إلك الوطنية، قرب المدينة، مجموعة من حيوانات الشمال الأمريكي، كذلك يوجد بالقرب من إدمونتون متنزه ألبرتا للحياة الفطرية.

الطقس

أخفClimate data for وسط مدينة إدمونتون (مطار بلاتشفورد)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1) 		14.0
(57.2) 		23.9
(75.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		34.4
(93.9) 		34.4
(93.9) 		34.5
(94.1) 		33.9
(93.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		21.7
(71.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		34.5
(94.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −7.3
(18.9) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		2.1
(35.8) 		11.3
(52.3) 		17.6
(63.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		9.0
(48.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −11.7
(10.9) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		5.5
(41.9) 		11.7
(53.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.5
(63.5) 		16.6
(61.9) 		11.3
(52.3) 		5.6
(42.1) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		3.9
(39.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −16
(3) 		−13.1
(8.4) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		5.7
(42.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		11.1
(52.0) 		5.8
(42.4) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−1.2
(29.8)
Record low °C (°F) −44.4
(−47.9) 		−46.1
(−51.0) 		−36.1
(−33.0) 		−25.6
(−14.1) 		−12.2
(10.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−25
(−13) 		−34.1
(−29.4) 		−48.3
(−54.9) 		−48.3
(−54.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 22.5
(0.89) 		14.6
(0.57) 		16.6
(0.65) 		26.0
(1.02) 		49.0
(1.93) 		87.1
(3.43) 		91.7
(3.61) 		69.0
(2.72) 		43.7
(1.72) 		17.9
(0.70) 		17.9
(0.70) 		20.9
(0.82) 		476.9
(18.78)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.3
(0.05) 		0.9
(0.04) 		2.1
(0.08) 		13.1
(0.52) 		45.1
(1.78) 		87.1
(3.43) 		91.7
(3.61) 		68.9
(2.71) 		42.3
(1.67) 		10.5
(0.41) 		1.9
(0.07) 		0.8
(0.03) 		365.7
(14.40)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 24.5
(9.6) 		15.8
(6.2) 		16.8
(6.6) 		13.4
(5.3) 		3.5
(1.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1.5
(0.6) 		7.8
(3.1) 		17.9
(7.0) 		22.3
(8.8) 		123.5
(48.6)
Average precipitation days 11.9 8.6 8.4 7.8 11.3 14.3 14.4 12.4 9.8 7.0 9.1 10.9 125.9
Average rainy days .93 .97 1.2 5.1 10.8 14.3 14.4 12.4 9.5 5.0 1.7 .83 77.13
Average snowy days 11.7 8.2 7.8 4.0 1.0 0 0 .03 .60 2.5 7.9 10.6 54.33
Mean monthly sunshine hours 95.0 121.2 172.9 237.6 277.5 279.7 305.6 278.5 184.3 166.8 101.3 78.7 2٬299٫1
Source 1: Environment Canada[110]
Source 2: Environment Canada [111]
Panorama of Edmonton's skyline taken on a fall day showing the decommissioned EPCOR's Rossdale Power Plant and the Walterdale Bridge.
بانوراما أفق إدمونتون، مأخوذة من 105 Street بالقرب من Kinsmen Field House.


الديمغرافيا

Edmonton City Hall with CN tower in background, taken form Sir Winston Churchill Square
Edmonton City Hall.
تمثال هولودومور (1983) إدمونتون، كندا
Sacred Heart Church, on "Church Street" (96 Street) in Edmonton's inner city area.


المدن الشقيقة

لإدمونتون أربع مدن شقيقة، as designated by Sister Cities International:

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت "Economic Development Edmonton 'Branding Edmonton' Initiative" (Doc). City of Edmonton. March 28, 2003. Archived from the original on February 11, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  2. ^ أ ب قالب:Cite cgndb
  3. ^ أ ب "Location and History Profile: City of Edmonton" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. June 17, 2016. p. 43. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  4. ^ "City of Edmonton Population, Historical" (PDF). City of Edmonton, Planning and Development Department. August 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  5. ^ "City of Edmonton Leadership List" (PDF). August 9, 2024.
  6. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة 2021censusb
  7. ^ "Alberta Private Sewage Systems 2009 Standard of Practice Handbook: Appendix A.3 Alberta Design Data (A.3.A. Alberta Climate Design Data by Town)" (PDF) (PDF). Safety Codes Council. January 2012. pp. 212–215 (PDF pages 226–229). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  8. ^ "2019 Municipal Census Results". City of Edmonton. September 5, 2019. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
  9. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and population centres". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  10. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة 2021censusCMA
  11. ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA)". December 6, 2023.
  12. ^ Why Calgary? Our Economy in Depth
  13. ^ "Edmonton | History, Facts, Map, & Points of Interest | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  14. ^ Lambert, Tim (March 14, 2021). "A History of Edmonton". Local Histories (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  15. ^ "Population History". City of Edmonton. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012. [Thus Edmonton is said to be a combination of two cities, two towns and two villages.]
  16. ^ History of Annexations (PDF) (Map). City of Edmonton, Planning and Development Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
  17. ^ City of Edmonton. "Leduc County Annexation". Archived from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  18. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  19. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  20. ^ "Statistics Canada. 2022. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released February 9, 2022". Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  21. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  22. ^ "About Edmonton | Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging". www.ualberta.ca. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  23. ^ Aubrey, Merrily (2004). Naming Edmonton: From Ada to Zoie. University of Alberta Press. pp. 17, 25, 34, 138, 214. ISBN 0-88864-423-X.
  24. ^ "City Centre Airport (Gateway to the North)". Aviation Edmonton. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
  25. ^ The Diavik Diamond Mine. "Historical The Diavik Diamond Mine". Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  26. ^ West Edmonton Mall. "Welcome to West Edmonton Mall's Website". West Edmonton Mall. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  27. ^ "American Dream, a mega mall and entertainment complex, to open in N.J.: Who will come?". NBC News. The Associated Press. October 25, 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  28. ^ Porter, David (March 13, 2020). "American Dream mall to close for March due to virus concerns". Rogers Media. The Associated Press. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  29. ^ Marketwire (March 17, 2009). "Edmonton Attractions Make Canada's Festival City a Family Affair". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  30. ^ "Naming Edmonton 1795". edmonton.ca.
  31. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Alberta Source (January 1, 2010). "Fort Edmonton and Fort Augustus". Alberta Source. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  32. ^ Mills, A. D. (2004). A dictionary of London place-names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-19-860957-4. OCLC 56654940.
  33. ^ Edmonton Historical Board, Heritage Sites Committee (2004). Aubrey, Merrily K. (ed.). Naming Edmonton: from Ada to Zoie. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780888644237 – via Google Books.
  34. ^ أ ب Cardinal, Jacquelyn. "Layers of Place". Recover – Urban Wellbeing in Edmonton. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  35. ^ Fromhold, Joachim (2010). 2001 Indian Place Names of the West – Part 1 -. Lulu.com. ISBN 9780557438365 – via Google Books.
  36. ^ "Newcomer's Guide to Edmonton" (PDF). CIty of Edmonton. January 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  37. ^ "Omahkoyis". www.ulethbridge.ca. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
  38. ^ Many Guns, Payne (2019). Siksikawa Otaawahsinnowa = Where the Blackfoot People live (1st ed.). Calgary, Alberta: Durville. ISBN 978-1-9992947-2-4. OCLC 1139336039.
  39. ^ أ ب "Stoney Nakoda Dictionary". dictionary.stoneynakoda.org. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  40. ^ "Taza Development Guidelines" (PDF). April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  41. ^ أ ب "Territorial Acknowledgement". Everyone's Canada. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  42. ^ Frantz, Donald G. (2017). Blackfoot Grammar. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 274. ISBN 9781487500863. OCLC 982378173.
  43. ^ Chipweyan Dictionary, South Slave Divisional Education Council Link Archived يونيو 23, 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Walls, Martha; Mahaffy, Cheryl (2007). Edmonton Book of Everything: Everything You Wanted to Know about Edmonton and Were Going to Ask Anyway. MacIntyre & Purcell. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-9738063-4-2.
  45. ^ "amiskwaciy-wâskahikan (Edmonton) History". Edmonton & Area Land Trust (in الإنجليزية الكندية). February 3, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  46. ^ "Métis in Treaty 6 & Relationship to Fort Edmonton Park". www.fortedmontonpark.ca (in الإنجليزية). January 2022. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  47. ^ James G., MacGregor (1975). Edmonton: A History. Hurtig. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-88830-100-0.
  48. ^ Switzer, Jan (March 4, 2015) [February 7, 2006]. "Fort Edmonton". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014.
  49. ^ Goyette, Edmonton In Our Own Words, xxiii
  50. ^ "Numbered Treaty Overview". Canadiana.org (Formerly Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions). Canada in the Making. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2009. The Numbered Treaties – also called the Land Cession or Post-Confederation Treaties – were signed between 1871 and 1921, and granted the federal government large tracts of land throughout the Prairies, Canadian North and Northwestern Ontario for white settlement and industrial use. In exchange for the land, Canada promised to give the Aboriginal peoples various items: cash, blankets, tools, farming supplies, and so on. The impact of these treaties can be still felt in modern times.
  51. ^ Filice, Michelle (August 2, 2016). "Numbered Treaties". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
  52. ^ "City of Edmonton, Treaty 6 Recognition Day". Edmonton.ca. March 31, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  53. ^ Monto, Tom (2011). Old Strathcona: Edmonton's Southside Roots. Crang. ISBN 978-1-895097-13-9.
  54. ^ City of Edmonton. "Population, Historical" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
  55. ^ أ ب ت Smith, P.J.; Sholdice, Mark (October 24, 2017) [March 24, 2006]. "Edmonton". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014.
  56. ^ "Edmonton, Alberta (2004)". Canadian Railway Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
  57. ^ City of Edmonton. "Ward System (1970 – Present)". City of Edmonton. Archived from the original on September 22, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  58. ^ City of Edmonton. "Population, Historical" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
  59. ^ Monto (2011), pp. 346–349.
  60. ^ Monto (2011), p. 354.
  61. ^ "History and Milestones". City of Edmonton. Archived from the original on September 26, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
  62. ^ Edmonton Airports. "History". Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  63. ^ Canadian Geographical Journal. "Historical". Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  64. ^ CBC News. "City Centre Airport shuts down". Archived from the original on November 10, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  65. ^ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. "Edmonton Tornado". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  66. ^ Environment Canada. "A map of the city of Edmonton showing the path of the tornado". Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  67. ^ Reed Timmer. "20th Anniversary of "Black Friday"—The Edmonton, AB F4 Tornado". TornadoVideos.net. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  68. ^ أ ب Walls, Martha (2007). Edmonton Book of Everything. Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-9738063-4-2.
  69. ^ "Ed Tel Endowment Fund Bylaw" (PDF). edmonton.ca. City of Edmonton. June 18, 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  70. ^ Finkel, Alvin (1985). "The Rise and Fall of the Labour Party in Alberta, 1917-42". Labour/Le Travail (in الإنجليزية). 16: 61–96. ISSN 0700-3862.
  71. ^ Monto (2011), pp. 433, 164.
  72. ^ Monto (2011), p. 326.
  73. ^ Monto, Tom, Protest and Progress, Three Labour Radicals in Early Edmonton, Crang Publishing (available at Alhambra Books, Edmonton), 2012, 71–76
  74. ^ Edmonton election 2021: Amarjeet Sohi elected mayor. Global News Retrieved August 9, 2023
  75. ^ "Recreation and Tourism Map" (PDF). Woodlands County. January 4, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  76. ^ Jim Willet. "Edmonton River Valley". Edmonton River Valley. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  77. ^ The Canadian Heritage Rivers System. "North Saskatchewan". Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  78. ^ Herzog, Lawrence. "Industry on the river". Real Estate Weekly. Archived from the original on September 8, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  79. ^ "Prairies Ecozone". Ecological Framework of Canada. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  80. ^ "Canadian Aspen forests and parklands". WEF. World Wildlife Foundation. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  81. ^ Mining Exploration News. "Project of Gold Copper Mine Exploration Near Edmonton Delay". Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  82. ^ "Plant Hardiness Zone by Municipality". Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
  83. ^ See Szeto, Kit K. (2008). "Variability of Cold-Season Temperatures in the Mackenzie Basin". In Woo, M. (ed.). Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies. The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin. pp. 61–82. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73936-4_4. ISBN 978-3-540-73935-7.
  84. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ECCA
  85. ^ "Frost Chart for Canada". The Old Farmer's Almanac. September 20, 2010. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
  86. ^ Walls, Martha (2007). Edmonton Book of Everything. Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-9738063-4-2.
  87. ^ "Canada Hardiness Zones Frost Dates | Veseys". www.veseys.com. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  88. ^ "Advanced options and sun angles". National Research Council Canada. August 7, 2012. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  89. ^ "Sunniest Year Round". March 14, 2012. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
  90. ^ Liz Osborn. "Coldest Canadian Cities in Winter". Current Results Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on أغسطس 5, 2009. Retrieved أكتوبر 8, 2009. The cities included in these rankings are Canada's largest metropolitan areas. These are the 33 urban regions that had over 100,000 people according to the 2011 census by Statistics Canada. The temperature data are averages of weather measurements made from 1981 to 2010.
  91. ^ "Climate Data for June 1937 for Edmonton". Climate Data Almanac. Environment Canada. February 17, 2016. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  92. ^ "Hourly Data Report for July 02, 2013". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Government of Canada. October 31, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  93. ^ Classen, Josh. "Hot, humid and stormy – July 2, 2013". CTV News Edmonton. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  94. ^ "January 1886". Climate Data Almanac. Environment Canada. سبتمبر 22, 2015. Archived from the original on يونيو 10, 2016. Retrieved مايو 14, 2016.
  95. ^ "Edmonton climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time". www.climatestotravel.com. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  96. ^ "Thunderstorm | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  97. ^ Canada, Environment and Climate Change (October 31, 2011). "Daily Data Report for June 2021 – Climate – Environment and Climate Change Canada". climate.weather.gc.ca (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  98. ^ "Daily Data Report for December 2011". Environment Canada. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  99. ^ "Daily Data Report for January 2012". Environment Canada. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  100. ^ "Daily Data Report for February 2012". Environment Canada. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  101. ^ "Daily Data Report for March 2012". Environment Canada. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  102. ^ "The Edmonton Hailstorm of 2004" (PDF). University of Alberta, Meteorological Service of Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  103. ^ CBC (July 12, 2004). "Adjusters assess storm damage to West Edmonton Mall". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 9, 2007. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  104. ^ "Atlas of the Edmonton Tornado and Hailstorm, 1987". University of Alberta. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
  105. ^ "Canadian National Tornado Database: Verified Events (1980–2009) – Public". Environment Canada Data. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
  106. ^ "Thirty years after deadly Edmonton tornado, storms remain difficult to track". CBC News (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  107. ^ Graney, Juris (July 29, 2016). "All We Have Learned: 29 Years After Black Friday, Alberta's Worst Tornado Disaster". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  108. ^ "1987 Edmonton tornado". CBC Digital Archives. CBC. May 23, 2013. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  109. ^ Elizabeth Withey (July 31, 2007). "Wanted: new slogan for Edmonton". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia Network.
  110. ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000, Edmonton City Centre Airport". Environment Canada. 2004-02-25. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  111. ^ "Daily Data Report for March 2004". Environment Canada. March 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2010.

وصلات خارجية


الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=إدمونتون&oldid=4094201"