إحياء المسيحية

إحياء المسيحية هي حركة في بلاد الغرب تؤكد على الخبرة الدينية الفردية وليس على المبادئ. وانتشرت هذه الحركة في أوروبا، وبخاصة عند الأتباع الألمانيين لهذا المذهب الداعي إلى الورع، وعند إحدى الفرق البروتستانتية الإنجليزية، خلال القرن الثامن عشر.

وفي الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، بدأت أول حركةٍ دينية نصرانية في الثلاثينيات من القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي، وعُرِفت باسم الصحوة الكبرى، وكانت هذه الحركة الأولى في مجال صحوة الإحياء، وكانت ترتبط عادة بالاجتماعات في مخيمات حدودية، وتقديم خدمات دينية. وخلال منتصف القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي، كانت الطائفتان الرئيسيتان الدينيتان، المعمدانية والبروتستانتية، الجماعتين اللتين يُمارس أعضاؤهما طقوس الحركة. وكانت اجتماعاتهم عَلَنية وشائعة بين الطبقة العاملة في ذلك الوقت.

ومع نهاية القرن التاسع عشر وبدايات القرن العشرين الميلاديين، نقل المنصِّرون أفكار الحركة إلى المدن النامية التي شهدت التطور الصناعي. وفي نهاية القرن التاسع عشر، انتشرت الحركة على الصعيد العالمي على يد بيلي جراهام.

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انظر أيضا

قراءات إضافية

الولايات المتحدة

Ahlstrom, Sydney E. A Religious History of the American People (1972) the standard history
Birdsall Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening and the New England Social Order." Church History 39 (1970): 345–64. in JSTOR
Bruce, Dickson D., Jr. And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain Folk Camp-Meeting Religion, 1800–1845 (1974).
Bumsted, J. M. "What Must I Do to Be Saved?": The Great Awakening in Colonial America (1976)
Butler, Jon. "Enthusiasm Described and Decried: The Great Awakening as Interpretative Fiction." Journal of American History 69 (1982): 305–25. in JSTOR, influential article
Butler, Jon. Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People. (1990). excerpt and text search
Carpenter, Joel A. Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism (1999), thorough history 1930-1990s excerpt and text search
Carwardine, Richard J. "The Second Great Awakening in the Urban Centers: An Examination of Methodism and the 'New Measures,'" Journal of American History 59 (1972): 327–340. in JSTOR
Coalter, Milton J. Gilbert Tennent, Son of Thunder: A Case Study of Continental Pietism's Impact on the First Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies 1986) excerpt and text search
Cross, Whitney, R. The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800–1850 (1950).
Dieter, Melvin Easterday. The Holiness Revival of the Nineteenth Century (1980).
Dorsett, Lyle W. Billy Sunday and the Redemption of Urban America (1991).
Dorsett, Lyle W. A Passion for Souls: The Life of D. L. Moody. (1997).
Eslinger, Ellen. Citizens of Zion: The Social Origins of Camp Meeting Revivalism. (1999). 306pp.
Evensen; Bruce J. God's Man for the Gilded Age: D.L. Moody and the Rise of Modern Mass Evangelism (2003) online edition
Finke, Roger, and Rodney Stark. The Churching of America, 1776–1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (1992).
Gaustad, Edwin S. "The Theological Effects of the Great Awakening in New England," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 40, No. 4. (Mar., 1954), pp. 681–706. in JSTOR
Hatch, Nathan O. The Democratization of American Christianity (1989). excerpt and text search
Kidd, Thomas S. The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America (2007) , 412pp exxcerpt and text search
Lambert, Frank. Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals (1994)
McLoughlin William G. Modern Revivalism 1959.
McLoughlin William G. Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607–1977 1978.
McClymond, Michael, ed. Encyclopedia of Religious Revivals in America. (2007. Vol. 1, A–Z: xxxii, 515 pp. Vol. 2, Primary Documents: xx, 663 pp. isbn 0-313-32828-5/set.)
Shiels Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening in Connecticut: Critique of the Traditional Interpretation." Church History 49#4 (1980): 401–15. online edition
Sizer, Sandra. Gospel Hymns and Social Religion: The Rhetoric of Nineteenth-Century Revivalism. (1978).
Stout, Harry. The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (1991).
Weisberger, Bernard A. They Gathered at the River: The Story of the Great Revivalists and Their Impact upon Religion in America (1958).
Wigger, John H. Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America (1998) excerpt and text search

خصوم

Bratt, James D. "Religious Anti-revivalism in Antebellum America." Journal of the Early Republic (2004) 24(1): 65–106. ISSN 0275-1275 Fulltext: in Ebsco. Examines oppositional literature of the antirevivalists, namely, the doubters and critics. The article includes an appendix of selected revivalist critiques.
Reeves, Russ Patrick. "Countering Revivalism and Revitalizing Protestantism: High Church, Confessional, and Romantic Critiques of Second Great Awakening Revivalism, 1835 to 1852." PhD dissertation U. of Iowa 2005. 290 pp. DAI 2005 66(4): 1393-A. DA3172430

أوروبا

Carwardine, Richard. Transatlantic Revivalism: Popular Evangelicalism in Britain and America, 1790–1865 (2008)
Coalter, Milton J. Gilbert Tennent, Son of Thunder: A Case Study of Continental Pietism's Impact on the First Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies 1986) excerpt and text search
Kovács, Zoltán. "Methodism in Hungary," Methodist History, April 2009, Vol. 47 Issue 3, pp 62–178
Lambert, Frank. Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals (1994)
Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A History of Christianity, Volume 2: 1500 to 1975. (1975). ISBN 0–06–064953–4
Luker, David. "Revivalism in Theory and Practice: The Case of Cornish Methodism," Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Oct 1986, Vol. 37 Issue 4, pp 603–619, Cornwall, England, 1780–1870
MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (2010)
Schmidt, Leigh Eric. Holy Fairs: Scotland and the Making of American Revivalism (2001)
Strom, Jonathan et al., eds. Pietism in Germany and North America, 1680–1820 (2009)
Wolffe, John. The Expansion of Evangelicalism: The Age of Wilberforce, More, Chalmers and Finney (2007)

أنحاءالعالم

Freston, Paul, ed.. Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Latin America (2008) excerpt and text search
Lee, Timothy Sanghoon. "Born-Again in Korea: The Rise and Character of Revivalism in (South) Korea, 1885–1988" (PhD dissertation U. of Chicago 1996, 292pp.) Dissertation Abstracts International, 1996, Vol. 57 Issue 5, p 2089
Lumsdaine, David Halloran, ed. Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Asia (2009) excerpt and text search
Ranger, Terence O., ed. Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Africa (2008) excerpt and text search

Primary sources

Bratt, James D., ed. Antirevivalism in Antebellum America: A Collection of Religious Voices (2006) 278 pp. isbn 0-8135-3693-6
Edwards, Jonathan. (C. Goen, editor) The Great-Awakening: A Faithful Narrative Collected contemporary comments and letters; 1972, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-01437-6.
Heimert, Alan, and Perry Miller ed.; The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences (1967)
McClymond, Michael, ed. Encyclopedia of Religious Revivals in America. (2007. Vol. 1, A–Z: xxxii, 515 pp. Vol. 2, Primary Documents: xx, 663 pp. isbn 0-313-32828-5/set.)

المصادر

الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة

قالب:Spirituality-related topics

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