أبلاست إركوتسك
أبلاست إركوتسك | |
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Иркутская область | |
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النشيد: none[1] | |
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الإحداثيات: 57°22′N 106°00′E / 57.367°N 106.000°E | |
البلد | روسيا |
المنطقة الاتحادية | سيبيريا[2] |
المنطقة الاقتصادية | شرق سيبيريا[3] |
تأسست | 26 سبتمبر 1937[4] |
المركز الإداري | إركوتسك |
الحكومة | |
• الكيان | Legislative Assembly[5] |
• الحاكم[5] | Igor Kobzev[6] |
المساحة | |
• Total | 767٬900 كم² (296٬500 ميل²) |
ترتيب المساحة | الخامس |
التعداد | |
• Estimate (2018) | 2٬404٬195 |
منطقة التوقيت | UTC+8 (توقيت إركوتسك ![]() |
ISO 3166 code | RU-IRK |
لوحات السيارات | 38 |
OKTMO ID | 25000000 |
اللغات الرسمية | الروسية[9] |
الموقع الإلكتروني | http://www.irkobl.ru |
أوبلاست إركوتسك (روسية: Ирку́тская о́бласть, Irkutskaya oblast) هي إحدى الكيانات الفدرالية في روسيا، يقع في جنوب شرق سيبيريا في أحواض أنهار أنگارا ولينا ونيژنيايا تونگوسكا. المركز الاداري هو مدينة إركوتسك. وبلغ عدد سكانها 2,330,537 في تقدير 2024.[10]
الجغرافيا


أوبلاست إركوتسك يحده جمهورية بورياتيا و جمهورية توڤا من الجنوب والجنوب الغربي، و كراي كراسنويارسك من الغرب، وجمهورية ساخا من الشمال الشرقي، و كراي زابايكالسكي من الشرق.
يتكون أبلاست إركوتسك، في معظمه، من تلال ووديان فسيحة في الهضبة السيبيرية الوسطى وامتدادها الشرقي، هضبة پاتوم.
The unique and world-famous Lake Baikal is located in the southeast of the region. It is drained by the Angara, which flows north across the province; the outflow rate is controlled by the Irkutsk Dam. The two other major dams on the Irkutsk Oblast's section of the Angara are at Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk; both forming large reservoirs. The Lena has its source in Irkutsk Oblast as well, and flows north-east into the neighboring Sakha Republic.
Irkutsk Oblast consists mostly of the hills and broad valleys of the Central Siberian Plateau, with the Lena-Angara Plateau. The Primorsky Range and the Baikal Mountains stretch along Lake Baikal, and in the northeast rise the North Baikal Highlands and the Patom Plateau. Pik Tofalariya is the highest point of the oblast.
المناخ
The climate varies from warm summer continental in the south to continental-subarctic in the northern part (Köppen climate classification: Dwc). For almost half the year, from mid-October until the beginning of April, the average temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F).[11] Winters are very cold, with average high temperatures in Irkutsk of −14.9 °C (5.2 °F) and average lows of −25.3 °C (−13.5 °F) in January. Summers are warm but short: the average high in July is +24.5 °C (76.1 °F) and the average low is +11.2 °C (52.2 °F). However, by September, the weather cools down significantly to an average daily high of +15.3 °C (59.5 °F) and an average daily low of +2.5 °C (36.5 °F).[12][13] More than half of all precipitation falls in the summer months, with the wettest month being July, with 96.2 millimeters (3.79 in) of rain. January is the driest month, with only 11 millimeters (0.43 in) of precipitation. Annual precipitation averages 419.8 millimeters (16.53 in).[14]
خلال فترة الشتاء، من الممكن حدوث موجات برد شديدة من أكتوبر إلى مارس..
التاريخ
قبل التاريخ
Mongolic-related Slab Grave cultural monuments survive in Baikal territory.[15][need quotation to verify] The territory of Buryatia came under the control of the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – 93 CE), of the Mongolian Xianbei state (93–234), of the Rouran Khaganate (330–555), of the Göktürk Khaganate (555-603), of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (603-744), of the Uyghur Khaganate (744-847), of the Yenisei Kyrgyz (847-1219), of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368) and of the Northern Yuan (1368–1691).[16] Medieval Mongol tribes like the Merkit, Bayads, Barga Mongols and Tümeds inhabited Buryatia.[16] Today Buryat-Mongols remain in the territory of the oblast.
Russian presence in the area dates from the 17th century: the Russian Tsardom expanded eastward following the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582. By the end of the 17th century, Irkutsk had become a small town, monasteries were being built, and suburbs and agricultural settlements had started to form.
القرن الثامن عشر
From the 18th century trades and crafts began to develop, and gold- and silver-smiths appeared. As the Russian state expanded to the east of Irkutsk, the city became the capital of enormous territories from the Yenisey River to the Pacific Ocean, and played an important role in the exploration and securing of vast Eastern-Siberian and Far-Eastern territories for Russia. Gradually, Irkutsk gained more importance as the main transportation- and trade-center of Eastern Siberia; it became a center of trade routes from Kamchatka, Chukotka, Yakutia to Mongolia, and China. The administrative importance of the city also increased, and it became a center of a fifth of the provinces of Siberia; in 1764 it became the center of an independent province, the Irkutsk Governorate.
For Irkutsk the 18th century was a time of research expeditions. Some of the organization of Vitus Bering's first (1725–1730) and second (1733-1743) expeditions to the shores of Kamchatka took place in Irkutsk.
A merchant class developed in the city of Irkutsk. In the second half of the eighteenth century, the Irkutsk industrial and merchant companies of Golikov, Trapeznikov, Ivan Stepanovich Bechevin , Nikolai Prokofevich Mylnikov , Sibirakovy began to explore the Aleutian Islands and later Alaska. In 1799 the merchant companies came together in a Russian-American Company "for the trades on the territory of the Aleutian and Kuril islands and the rest of the North-Eastern sea, belonging to Russia by the right of discovery". Grigorii Ivanovich Shelikhov, an outstanding seafarer, played an important role in controlling enormous spaces of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. He founded the first colonies of Russian America through the Shelikhov-Golikov Company. In 1727 the Russian Orthodox Church established the Irkutsk Eparchy.
During the 18th century, schools, professional-technical education colleges, science museums, libraries, theaters, and book-printers developed in Irkutsk. Educational and cultural organizations opened. In 1725 the first school in Eastern Siberia, attached to the Voznesensky monastery (founded in 1672), opened, and in 1754 sea (navigation) schools and secondary schools opened throughout the Irkutsk area. The 1780s saw the opening of the second public library in provincial towns in Russia, as well as a regional museum and an amateur theater. In Irkutsk outstanding citizens appeared, still remembered today. These included the architect, geographer and historian Anton ivanovich Losev (1765–1829), the writer Ivan Timofeevich Kalashnikov (1797–1863), and the teacher Semyon Semyonovich Schukin (1789—1863). Siberian science buildings opened. A.G. Laxman, Lomonosov's apprentice, one of the first Siberian mineralogists, worked in Irkutsk.
The city landscape of Irkutsk was changing. The Irkutsk Spassky church of 1706 (one of the oldest stone buildings in Eastern Siberia), the unique Irkutsk Krestovozdvizhenskaya church (1747), the "Prikaznaya izba" (order house), the first stone construction, and the Triumph gate were built.
القرن التاسع عشر

In the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, Irkutsk Province gradually increased in importance as a center of trade, craft, and culture. It became the center of Russian trade with China and, from the 1830s, a gold-manufacturing center of Eastern Siberia. In 1803 Irkutsk became the center of the Siberian Governorate-General, and in 1822 it became the center of the Eastern Siberian Governorate-General. The Governors-General of Eastern Siberia greatly influenced the development of the city.
Irkutsk merchants explored the Yeniseysky and Leno-Vitimsky gold regions and substantially increased their capital, which made them the richest merchants in Siberia. The Irkutsk merchant class began to play a major role in the city's development. Intensive city construction took place. Private residences, hospitals, orphanages, and schools were built, while significant funds went towards education and the development of science in the region.
The architecture of the city of Irkutsk underwent change. The Irkutsk White House , done in Russian classic style in 1800–1804, and the Moscow Triumphal Gates of Irkutsk – a monument of the nineteenth century, were built in honor of the tenth anniversary of Alexander I's reign.
In the second half of the nineteenth century the printing art developed in Irkutsk, the first newspapers being, “Irkutsk province news” and “Amur”. The names of A.P.Schapov, M.B.Zagoskin, V.I.Vagin were connected with the newspaper “Siberia”. In 1851, the first scientific organization in Eastern Siberia – the Siberian branch of Russian geographical society, was opened. In 1877, it was called the Eastern-Siberian branch. V.I.Dybovskii, A.L.Chekanovskii, I.D.Cherskii, V.A.Obruchev, geologists, geographers and researchers of Siberia, worked in Irkutsk Oblast on exploring Lake Baikal and the Lena River.
The summer of 1879 could be considered to be a dramatic period in the city of Irkutsk's history. During a July 22–24 fire almost all the central parts of the city were burnt, and more than two thirds of city buildings and 75 city districts were destroyed. The city began to revive, getting a new look. Stone and wooden constructions built after the fire have been preserved up to the present day. In 1898 the arrival of the first train via the Trans-Siberian Railway to Irkutsk Oblast was a major event. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to further city development.
Several politically exiled figures were connected with Irkutsk city. Among the first of the exiled was A.N. Radischev, who lived in Irkutsk for more than 3 months. Since the 1830s, the Decembrists lived in settlements and in colonies in the Irkutsk Oblast. The exiled houses of Volkonsky and Trubetskoy later became house-museums. N. A. Panov, I. V. Podzhio, A. Z. Muravyov, P. A. Mukhanov, A. P. Yushnevsky, V. A. Bechasnov, the wife of Trubetskoy and their children stayed in Irkutsk for the rest of their lives. In the late 1850s, the Petrashevtzy appeared in Irkutsk. The exiled historian-democrat, A.P. Schapov, lived here until his last days, and the Polish rebels and revolutionaries (including the narodnik) also lived here.
A well-known Russian publicist of the nineteenth century, N. Shelgunov, wrote about Irkutsk: “Irkutsk is the only Siberian city, which has the city character. ...As England created London, France - Paris, Siberia – created Irkutsk. Siberia is proud of Irkutsk, “not to see this city” means “not to see Siberia”.
In the early nineteenth century the city was considerably changed, especially its center. Large buildings were being built, mason streets were being made, cab drivers and street lights appeared. The water supply and the first electrification stations were built. The Irkutsk Regional museum was stamped with the names of Siberian researchers on its walls (1883), the building of the first public community, city theater (1897), Kazan' cathedral, made in new Byzantine style (1893), and the Roman Catholic cathedral (1895) completed an architectural style of the city. In 1908 a monument to Alexander III was opened on the Angara embankment.
القرن العشرون
The city was damaged and influenced by the political events of the twentieth century – the Russian revolution, the 1917 October Revolution, the Civil war and the Great Patriotic War (as the Soviet Union's part in WW2 is commonly referred to in Russia. This is distinct from WW2, in that it began with 1941 Operation Barbarossa, whereas WW2 began with the September 1939 invasion of Poland).
Since the 1930s the industrial construction of the city had begun. Mechanical engineering plants, the air plant, brick and concrete plants, tea fabric, and food industry plants were being built. Economic development of the city contributed to scientific, educational and cultural development. The first Higher education in Eastern Siberia, Irkutsk State University was founded in 1918. Its departments were developing as independent institutes: medical, pedagogical, finance-economical. In 1930 the metallurgic institute was opened, in 1934 the agricultural institute was organized.
The early Soviets educated women in traditional professions like nursing and primary education. At right is the Irkutsk orphanage named for E. Medvednikova, which served both as an eleemosynary institution and educational facility.
Since the 1950s a rapid development of the city of Irkutsk took place. In 1947 streetcar routes were opened in the city and trolleybus routes were opened in 1972. In 1958 a TV center was established. The city's larger districts and micro regions construction period began. New districts such as Baykalsky, Solnechny, Yubileyny, Primorsky, Akademgorodok and others were created.[17]
السكان
Population: 2,428,750 (تعداد 2010);[10] 2,581,705 (تعداد 2002);[18] 2,830,641 (تعداد 1989).[19]
District in 2007 | Type | Birth Rate[20] | Death Rate | NGR |
---|---|---|---|---|
Irkutsk Oblast | Obl | 13.8 | 14.0 | -0.02% |
Bratsk | Urb | 11.8 | 13.0 | -0.12% |
Zima | Urb | 17.4 | 17.2 | 0.02% |
Irkutsk | Urb | 13.5 | 12.6 | 0.09% |
Sayansk | Urb | 12.9 | 11.8 | 0.11% |
Svirsk | Urb | 14.3 | 21.7 | -0.74% |
Tulun | Urb | 13.9 | 15.3 | -0.14% |
Usolye-Sibirskoye | Urb | 13.1 | 16.3 | -0.32% |
Ust-Ilimsk | Urb | 10.5 | 9.4 | 0.11% |
Cheremkhovo | Urb | 15.1 | 20.6 | -0.55% |
Angarsky | Rur | 11.0 | 13.5 | -0.25% |
Balagansky | Rur | 15.9 | 14.1 | 0.18% |
Bodaybinsky | Rur | 13.6 | 13.9 | -0.03% |
Bratsky | Rur | 13.5 | 14.7 | -0.12% |
Zhigalovsky | Rur | 18.8 | 16.7 | 0.21% |
Zalarinsky | Rur | 16.0 | 15.9 | 0.01% |
Ziminsky | Rur | 14.7 | 16.4 | -0.17% |
Irkutsky | Rur | 16.1 | 13.1 | 0.30% |
Kazachinsko-Lensky | Rur | 15.3 | 11.8 | 0.35% |
Katangsky | Rur | 12.8 | 14.6 | -0.18% |
Kachugsky | Rur | 17.3 | 15.4 | 0.19% |
Kirensky | Rur | 13.6 | 14.7 | -0.11% |
Kuytunsky | Rur | 16.0 | 17.0 | -0.10% |
Mamsko-Chuysky | Rur | 9.9 | 19.3 | -0.94% |
Nizhneilimsky | Rur | 14.3 | 15.0 | -0.07% |
Nizhneudinsky | Rur | 14.2 | 19.9 | -0.57% |
Olkhonsky | Rur | 18.6 | 13.0 | 0.56% |
Slyudyansky | Rur | 16.4 | 15.6 | 0.08% |
Tayshetsky | Rur | 13.6 | 16.4 | -0.28% |
Tulunsky | Rur | 15.8 | 15.9 | -0.01% |
Usolsky | Rur | 14.1 | 14.0 | 0.01% |
Ust-Ilimsky | Rur | 14.4 | 12.3 | 0.21% |
Ust-Kutsky | Rur | 16.5 | 14.5 | 0.20% |
Ust-Udinsky | Rur | 19.0 | 15.4 | 0.36% |
Cheremkhovsky | Rur | 18.1 | 16.1 | 0.20% |
Chunsky | Rur | 14.4 | 16.4 | -0.20% |
Shelekhovsky | Rur | 13.7 | 12.3 | 0.14% |
Alarsky | OAO | 15.5 | 11.7 | 0.38% |
Bayandayevsky | OAO | 18.2 | 14.0 | 0.42% |
Bokhansky | OAO | 16.1 | 12.9 | 0.32% |
Nukutsky | OAO | 21.2 | 12.6 | 0.86% |
Osinsky | OAO | 17.9 | 12.3 | 0.56% |
Ekhirit-Bulagatsky | OAO | 20.8 | 11.5 | 0.93% |
الدين
Religion in Irkutsk Oblast (2012)[21][22]
According to a 2012 survey[23] 28.1% of the population of Irkutsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 7% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 6% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 1% to Islam. In addition, 37% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 17% is atheist, and 1.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[23]
الاقتصاد

أبلاست إركوتسك هو جزء من المنطقة الاقتصادية في شرق سيبيريا؛ تتمتع إركوتسك بأهمية اقتصادية كبيرة، وتتمثل فروع التخصص الرئيسية في المنطقة في الغابات، والنجارة، واللب والورق، والتعدين، والهندسة الميكانيكية، وما إلى ذلك. من حيث نصيب الفرد من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، تحتل منطقة إركوتسك المرتبة 20 بين 85 كيانًا في الاتحاد، ومن حيث نصيب الفرد من الدخل - المرتبة 21.
المجمعات الصناعية الإقليمية
تنقسم منطقة إركوتسك إلى 6 مجمعات صناعية إقليمية (TIC):
- المنطقة الصناعية إيركوتسك-شيريمخوفو
- محطة براتسكو-أوست-إيليمسك للصرف الصحي
- Ziminsko-Tulunsky TPK
- منطقة مامسكو-بودايبو للتعدين والصناعة
- منطقة تايشيت الصناعية
- فيرخنيلينسكي TPK
الصناعة
أبلاست إركوتسك هو منطقة صناعية كبيرة. في الإنتاج الروسي بالكامل، توفر 6.5% من إنتاج الكهرباء، و15% من صادرات الأخشاب التجارية، و6% من إنتاج الفحم، ونحو 20% من إنتاج اللب في عموم روسيا، وأكثر من 10% من الورق المقوى، ويتم معالجة حوالي 9% من النفط. وفي نهاية عام 2019، انخفض مؤشر الإنتاج الصناعي بنسبة 2,6 نقطة مئوية. مقارنة بالفترة نفسها من العام الماضي. وهذا المؤشر أقل من المتوسط الروسي بنحو 3,7 نقطة مئوية. وبنسبة 2.1 نقطة مئوية. القيمة المتوسطة للمنطقة الفيدرالية السيبيرية[24].
الصناعات الأكثر تطوراً في المنطقة هي الغابات، والنجارة، واللب والورق، والتعدين، والوقود، والمعادن غير الحديدية، والطاقة، والهندسة الميكانيكية، والصناعات الغذائية والكيميائية والبتروكيماوية، والمعادن الحديدية. إن العامل المهم في تطوير الصناعة هو الموارد المعدنية التي تتمتع بها المنطقة. ومن المتوقع بالتالي تطوير منجم سوخوي لوغ الكبير الذي يمثل 28% من احتياطيات الذهب في روسيا.
تتركز الصناعة في مدينة إركوتسك وعدد من المراكز الإقليمية.
المؤسسات الصناعية الكبرى في المنطقة:
- مجمع صناعة الأخشاب في براتسك؛
- مصنع براتسك للألمنيوم؛
- ZAO "تقنيات البطاريات";
- شركة أنجارسك للبتروكيماويات؛
- مصنع إركوتسك للطيران؛
- مصنع إركوتسك للمعدات الثقيلة؛
- ايركوتسكابيل؛
- شركة إيركوتسكينيرجو؛
- مصنع كورشونوفسكي للتعدين والمعالجة؛
- ميناء نهر أوستروفسكي؛
- سايانسكهيمبلاست؛
- سوك؛
- فوستسيبوجول؛
- أوسولماش؛
- مجمع صناعة الغابات أوست-إيليمسك؛
- مصنع إركوتسك للألمنيوم؛
- شركة مساهمة عامة؛
- شركة إركوتسك للنفط.
الزراعة
يبلغ عدد سكان الريف 524.3 ألف نسمة، أي ما يعادل 22% من سكان منطقة إيركوتسك. وتبلغ مساحة الأراضي الزراعية 2.38 مليون هكتار، والأراضي الصالحة للزراعة 1.6 مليون هكتار. يتم تزويد المنطقة بنصف المنتجات الزراعية؛ يتم استيراد المنتجات الغذائية من مناطق أخرى. في عام 2019، بلغ إنتاج المجمع الزراعي الصناعي 61.9 مليار روبل، وبلغت الصادرات (منتجات الدهون والزيوت والبيض ولحوم الدواجن ومياه الشرب وغيرها) 42.5 مليون دولار أمريكي.
؛ تربية الحيوانات تشكل تربية الماشية 46% من الإنتاج الزراعي. يقومون بتربية الأبقار (أبقار اللحوم والأبقار الحلوب (كالميك، هيريفورد))، الخنازير، الأغنام، الماعز، الخيول، الغزلان، الأرانب، الدواجن (الدجاج (هايسكس وايت)، البط، الأوز، الديك الرومي، دجاج غينيا، السمان، الدراج، النعام)، النحل، الحيوانات ذات الفراء (المنك، الثعلب الأزرق)، الأسماك (التروت، الشبوط، المقشر). صيد الأسماك وتجارة الفراء.
اعتبارًا من 1 يونيو 2021، بلغ عدد الماشية في جميع فئات المزارع 382.1 ألف رأس، بما في ذلك 150.5 ألف بقرة، و219.5 ألف خنزير، و113.9 ألف خروف وماعز، و6481.7 ألف دجاجة في المنظمات الزراعية[25].
في عام 2019 بلغ عدد الماشية في جميع فئات المزارع 290.8 ألف رأس، منها 132.7 ألف رأس من الأبقار، و181.7 ألف رأس من الخنازير، و104.4 ألف رأس من الأغنام والماعز.
تتمثل تربية الماشية الحلوب في منطقة إركوتسك في الماشية من السلالات ذات اللونين الأبيض والأسود، والسيمنتال، والهولشتاين ذات اللونين الأبيض والأسود، والأحمر والأبيض. بلغ متوسط إنتاجية الأبقار حسب النسل 6449 كجم حليب، وللسلالة البيضاء والسوداء 6514 كجم، وللسلالة السمينتال — 5488 كجم، للأحمر والأبيض — 5360 كجم. ماشية اللحوم
السياحة
يحتفل بيوم أبلاست إركوتسك (27 سبتمبر، عادةً في الأحد الأول أو الثاني من شهر أكتوبر، ويتم تحديده سنويًا من قبل اللجنة المنظمة)[26].
متحف العمارة والإثنوغرافيا "Taltsy»
التقسيم الاداري
وتحوي المدن والقرى التالية:
أنگارسك، بايكالسك، بيريوسينسك، بودايبو، براتسك، تشيريمخوفو، إيركوتسك، كيرينسك، نيجنيوديسك، سايانسك، شيلخوڤ، سلايوديانكا، سفيرسك، تايشت، تولون، أوسوليي-سيبيرسكويي، أوست-إيليمسك، أوست-كوت، فيخوريفكا، جيليزنوگورسك-إيليمسكي، زيما،
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
الهامش
- ^ Article 4 of the Charter of Irkutsk Oblast states that the oblast may have an anthem, providing a law is adopted to that effect. As of 2015, no such law is in place.
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (گوستاندارت of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER).
- ^ Resolution of September 26, 1937
- ^ أ ب Charter of Irkutsk Oblast, Article 9
- ^ Official website of the Government of Irkutsk Oblast. Sergey Levchenko، حاكم أوبلاست إركوتسك (بالروسية)
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in الروسية). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in الروسية). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ الرسمية في جميع أرجاء روسيا الاتحادية حسب الفقرة 68.1 من دستور روسيا.
- ^ أ ب Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "WWW Irkutsk: The climate of Irkutsk". Archived from the original on أغسطس 27, 2006. Retrieved سبتمبر 5, 2006.
- ^ "IRKUTSK, Weather History and Climate Data". Archived from the original on مارس 4, 2016. Retrieved ديسمبر 5, 2015.
- ^ "IRKUTSK, Weather History and Climate Data". Archived from the original on مارس 4, 2016. Retrieved ديسمبر 5, 2015.
- ^ "IRKUTSK, FORMER UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Weather History and Climate Data". Archived from the original on مارس 4, 2016. Retrieved ديسمبر 5, 2015.
- ^ History of Mongolia, Volume I, 2003
- ^ أ ب History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003
- ^ "Essay about Irkutsk". Archived from the original on مارس 3, 2016. Retrieved ديسمبر 5, 2015.
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров.[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]] (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
{{cite web}}
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(help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ http://irkutskstat.gks.ru/digital/region1/default.aspx
- ^ Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
- ^ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), August 27, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
- ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة2012ArenaAtlas
- ^ "Созно-экономическое дело". Правитство Иркутской область. Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
- ^ "Livestock and poultry as of June 1, 2021". Retrieved 2021-07-01.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Устав Иркутской области". Archived from the original on 2009-07-27.
المصادر
- قالب:RussiaBasicLawRef/irk
- Центральный исполнительный комитет СССР. Постановление от 26 сентября 1937 г. «О разделении Восточно-Сибирской области на Иркутскую и Читинскую области». (Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Resolution of September 26, 1937 On Splitting East Siberian Oblast into Irkutsk and Chita Oblasts. ).
للاستزادة
- Brumfield, William. Irkutsk: Architectural Heritage in Photographs (Moscow: Tri Kvadrata Publishing, 2006) ISBN 978-5-94607-061-4
وصلات خارجية
- Official website of Irkutsk Oblast (بالروسية)
- Kommersant.com. Information about Irkutsk Oblast.
- Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
- Articles containing روسية-language text
- CS1 الروسية-language sources (ru)
- CS1 errors: unsupported parameter
- CS1 errors: URL–wikilink conflict
- CS1 errors: markup
- CS1 errors: archive-url
- CS1 maint: url-status
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Coordinates on Wikidata
- Pages using Lang-xx templates
- Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2019
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- Pages using panorama with unknown parameters
- اوبلاست إركوتسك
- دول وأقاليم تأسست في 1937
- اوبلاستات روسيا