ألكسندر هيگ

لمعلومات عن اللورد البريطاني، انظر ألكسندر هيگ، ڤايكونت داويك.

ألكسندر هيگ Alexander Haig
وزير الخارجية الأمريكي رقم 59
في المنصب 22 يناير 1981 – 5 يوليو 1982
الرئيس	رونالد ريگان
نائب	وليام پ. كلارك والتر جون ستوسل، الأصغر
سبقه	إدموند مسكي
خلفه	جورج شولتس
كبير موظفي البيت الأبيض
في المنصب 1973–1974
الرئيس	ريتشارد نيكسون جرالد فورد
سبقه	هـ. ر. هالدمان
خلفه	دونالد رمسفلد
القائد الأعلى لقوات الحلفاء في اوروبا
في المنصب 15 ديسمبر 1974 – 1 يوليو 1979
سبقه	Gen. Andrew Goodpaster
خلفه	Gen. برنارد روجرز
نائب مستشار الأمن القومي
في المنصب 1970–1973
الرئيس	ريتشارد نيكسون
سبقه	روبرت كومر
خلفه	برنت سكوكروفت
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد	2 ديسمبر 1924 فيلادلفيا، پنسلڤانيا
توفي	فبراير 20, 2010(2010-02-20) (aged 85) بلتيمور، مريلاند
الحزب	جمهوري
الزوج	Patricia (nee Fox, 1950-2010)
الجامعة الأم	United States Military Academy Columbia Business School Georgetown University
المهنة	جندي، موظف عمومي
الدين	روم كاثوليك
التوقيع
الخدمة العسكرية
الخدمة/الفرع	الجيش الأمريكي
سنوات الخدمة	1947 - 1979
الرتبة	جنرال
المعارك/الحروب	الحرب الكورية حرب ڤيتنام
الأوسمة	Distinguished Service Cross Defense Distinguished Service Medal النجم الفضي النجم البرونزي Combat Infantryman Badge Purple Heart شارة الخدمة الرئاسية

ألكسندر هيگ (Alexander Haig، و.2 ديسمبر 1924-20 فبراير 2010)، هو وزير خارجية الولايات المتحدة في عهد رونالد ريگان وكبير موظفي البيت الأبيض في عهد رتشارد نيكسون وجيرالد فورد. قبل توليه هذه المناصب الوزارية وفيما بين توليه لها، كان هيگ جنرالًا في الجيش الأمريكي، حيث خدم أولاً كنائب لرئيس أركان الجيش ثم كقائد أعلى لقوات الحلفاء في أوروپا. وفي عام 1973، أصبح هيگ أصغر جنرال بأربع نجوم في تاريخ الجيش.

وُلِد هيگ ونشأ في پنسلڤانيا. تخرج من الأكاديمية العسكرية الأمريكية وخدم في الحرب الكورية، حيث عمل مساعدًا للجنرال ألونسو پاتريك فوكس والجنرال إدوارد ألموند. بعد ذلك، عمل مساعدًا لوزير الدفاع روبرت مكنمارا. أثناء حرب ڤيتنام، تولى هيگ قيادة كتيبة ثم لواء من الفرقة أولى مشاة. ونظير خدمته، حصل هيگ على وسام الصليب للخدمة المتميزة والنجمة الفضية مع مجموعة أوراق البلوط، ووسام القلب الأرجواني.

عام 1969، أصبح هيگ مساعدًا لمستشار الأمن القومي هنري كيسنجر. ثم أصبح عام 1972 نائبًا لرئيس أركان الجيش، وهو ثاني أعلى منصب في الجيش. وبعد استقالة هاري هالدمان عام 1973، أصبح هيگ رئيسًا لهيئة أركان الرئيس نيكسون. وفي أعقاب فضيحة وترگيت، أصبح مؤثرًا بشكل خاص في الأشهر الأخيرة من ولاية نيكسون، حيث لعب دورًا في إقناع نيكسون بالاستقالة عام 1974. استمر هيج في العمل كرئيس للأركان خلال الشهر الأول من ولاية الرئيس فورد. ومن عام 1974 حتى 1979، خدم كقائد أعلى لقوات الحلفاء في أوروپا، حيث قاد جميع قوات الناتو في أوروپا. تقاعد هيگ من الجيش عام 1979 وواصل مسيرته المهنية في مجال الأعمال.

بعد فوز ريگان في الانتخابات الرئاسية 1980، رشح هيگ ليكون وزير خارجيته. بعد محاولة اغتيال ريگان، قال هيگ: "أنا المسيطر هنا، في البيت الأبيض"، على الرغم من أنه ليس التالي في خط الخلافة. أثناء حرب فوكلاندز، سعى هيگ إلى التوسط في السلام بين المملكة المتحدة والأرجنتين. استقال من حكومة ريگان في يوليو 1982. سعى دون جدوى للحصول على ترشيح الرئاسة في الانتخابات التمهيدية الجمهورية 1988. كما عمل رئيسًا لشركة استشارية واستضاف البرنامج التلفزيوني وورلد بيزنس ريڤيو.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 السنوات المبكرة والتعليم

Haig was born in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, the middle of three children of Alexander Meigs Haig, a Republican lawyer of Scottish descent, and his wife, Regina Anne (née Murphy). When Haig was 9, his father, aged 41, died of cancer. His Irish American mother raised her children in the Catholic faith. Haig initially attended Saint Joseph's Preparatory School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on a scholarship; when he was withdrawn due to poor academic performance, he transferred to Lower Merion High School in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1942.

Initially unable to secure his desired appointment to the United States Military Academy, though one of his teachers opined that "Al is definitely not West Point material", Haig studied at the University of Notre Dame, where he earned a "string of A's" in an "intellectual awakening" for two years before securing a congressional appointment to the U.S. Military Academy in 1944 at the behest of his uncle, who served as the Philadelphia municipal government's director of public works.

Haig was enrolled in an accelerated wartime curriculum at West Point that deemphasized the humanities and social sciences, and he graduated in the bottom third of his class (ranked 214 of 310) in 1947. Although a West Point superintendent characterized Haig as "the last man in his class anyone expected to become the first general", other classmates acknowledged his "strong convictions and even stronger ambitions". Haig later earned an MBA from the Columbia Business School in New York City in 1955. As a major, he attended the Naval War College in 1960 and then earned a M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. in 1961. His thesis at Georgetown University examined the role of military officers in making national policy.

 مسيرته العسكرية المبكرة

 الحرب الكورية

As a young officer, Haig served as an aide to Lieutenant General Alonzo Patrick Fox, a deputy chief of staff to General Douglas MacArthur. In 1950 Haig married Fox's daughter, Patricia. In the early days of the Korean War, Haig was responsible for maintaining General MacArthur's situation map and briefing MacArthur each evening on the day's battlefield events. Haig later served (1950–51) with the X Corps, as aide to MacArthur's chief of staff, General Edward Almond, who awarded Haig two Silver Stars and a Bronze Star with Valor device. Haig participated in four Korean War campaigns, including the Battle of Inchon, the Battle of Chosin Reservoir and the evacuation of Hŭngnam, as Almond's aide.

 تعيينات الپنتاگون

Haig served as a staff officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations at the Pentagon (1962–64), and then was appointed military assistant to Secretary of the Army Stephen Ailes in 1964. He then was appointed military assistant to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, continuing in that service until the end of 1965. In 1966, Haig graduated from the United States Army War College.

 حرب ڤيتنام

Major General Haig being presented with the Distinguished Service Medal by President Richard Nixon in the Oval Office in 1973

In 1966, Haig took command of a battalion of the 1st Infantry Division during the Vietnam War. On May 22, 1967, General William Westmoreland rewarded Haig with the Distinguished Service Cross, the U.S. Army's second-highest medal for valor, in recognition of his actions during the Battle of Ap Gu in March 1967. During the battle, Haig, then a member of the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment, became pinned down by a Viet Cong force that outnumbered U.S. forces by three to one. In an attempt to survey the battlefield, Haig boarded a helicopter and flew to the point of contact. His helicopter was subsequently shot down, leading to two days of bloody hand-to-hand combat. An excerpt from Haig's Distinguished Service Cross citation states:

When two of his companies were engaged by a large hostile force, Colonel Haig landed amid a hail of fire, personally took charge of the units, called for artillery and air fire support and succeeded in soundly defeating the insurgent force ... the next day a barrage of 400 rounds was fired by the Viet Cong, but it was ineffective because of the warning and preparations by Colonel Haig. As the barrage subsided, a force three times larger than his began a series of human wave assaults on the camp. Heedless of the danger himself, Colonel Haig repeatedly braved intense hostile fire to survey the battlefield. His personal courage and determination, and his skillful employment of every defense and support tactic possible, inspired his men to fight with previously unimagined power. Although his force was outnumbered three to one, Colonel Haig succeeded in inflicting 592 casualties on the Viet Cong ... HQ US Army, Vietnam, General Orders No. 2318 (May 22, 1967)

Haig was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Purple Heart during his tour in Vietnam and was eventually promoted to colonel as commander of 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam.

 العودة لوست پوينت

Following his one-year tour of Vietnam during the Vietnam War, Haig returned to the United States to become regimental commander of the Third Regiment of the Corps of Cadets at West Point under the newly appointed commandant, Brigadier General Bernard W. Rogers. Both had previously served together in the 1st Infantry Division, Rogers as assistant division commander and Haig as brigade commander.

 المستشار الأمني ونائب كبير الموظفين (1969–1973)

In 1969, he was appointed military assistant to the assistant to the president for national security affairs, Henry Kissinger. A year later, he replaced Richard V. Allen as deputy assistant to the president for national security affairs. During this period, he was promoted to brigadier general (September 1969) and major general (March 1972).

In the spring of 1972, the North Vietnamese armed forces (PAVN) launched a multi-prong attack, known as the Easter Offensive, on every region of South Vietnam. For the first time, the PAVN deployed heavy weaponry such as mobile surface-to-air missile batteries, tanks, and armored vehicles. In the early weeks of the offensive, the PAVN won startling advances, and captured crucial bases, roads, and cities. Nixon and Kissinger——while delicately picking their way through the diplomatic thickets of détente with Moscow and open relations with Peking (Beijing)——decided to respond to North Vietnam’s sweeping assault by mining its principal harbor, and massively bombing targets in every quarter of North Vietnam. Nixon, in his reflexive suspicion, and Kissinger, in his boundless ambition, opted to bypass the Departments of State and Defense, as well as the Joint Chiefs of Staff(JCS), in any advisory or decision-making capacity relating to what would become known as Operation Linebacker.

Haig effectively substituted for the JCS during this time. He developed the core strategy coordinating the mining with the bombing of transportation targets. He was dispatched, to the Pentagon as well as Saigon, to critique field commanders and military procedure, and provide an independent information channel to the White House. He was a member of a national security triumvirate, along with Nixon and Kissinger, that both scapegoated and ignored the military command running the daily operations in Vietnam.

In this position, Haig helped South Vietnamese president Nguyen Van Thieu negotiate the final cease-fire talks in 1972. Haig continued in the role until January 4, 1973, when he became vice chief of staff of the Army. Nixon planned to appoint Haig as chief of staff over Creighton Abrams, whom he personally disliked, but secretary of defense Melvin Laird resisted as Haig lacked the relevant upper-level command experience. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in October 1972, thus skipping the rank of lieutenant general. By appointing him to this billet, Nixon "passed over 240 generals" who were senior to Haig.

 كبير موظفي البيت الأبيض (1973–1974)

 إدارة نيكسون

Henry Kissinger, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Haig meeting on Ford's forthcoming appointment as vice president in 1973

In May 1973, after only four months as VCSA, Haig returned to the Nixon administration at the height of the Watergate affair as White House Chief of Staff. During the Saturday Night Massacre, Haig attempted to make acting-Attorney General William Ruckelshaus to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox. Haig's coercion failed, and Ruckelshaus resigned. Retaining his Army commission, he remained in the position until September 21, 1974, ultimately overseeing the transition to the presidency of Gerald Ford following Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974.

Haig has been largely credited with keeping the government running while President Nixon was preoccupied with Watergate and was essentially seen as the "acting president" during Nixon's last few months in office. During July and early August 1974, Haig played an instrumental role in persuading Nixon to resign. Haig presented several pardon options to Ford a few days before Nixon resigned. In this regard, in his 1999 book Shadow, author Bob Woodward describes Haig's role as the point man between Nixon and Ford during the final days of Nixon's presidency. According to Woodward, Haig played a major behind-the-scenes role in the delicate negotiations of the transfer of power from Nixon to Ford. Indeed, about one month after taking office, Ford did pardon Nixon, resulting in much controversy.

However, Haig denied the allegation that he played a key role in arbitrating Nixon's resignation by offering Ford's pardon to Nixon. One of the most crucial moments occurred a day before Haig's departure to Europe to begin his tenure as NATO Supreme Allied Commander. Haig was telephoned by J. Fred Buzhardt, who once served as special White House counsel for Watergate matters. In the call, Buzhardt discussed with Haig President Ford's upcoming speech to the nation about pardoning Nixon, informing Haig that the speech contained something indicating Haig's role in Nixon's resignation and Ford's pardon of Nixon. According to Haig's autobiography (Inner Circles: How America Changed the World), Haig was furious and immediately drove straight to the White House to determine the veracity of Buzhardt's claims. This was due to his concern that Ford's speech would expose Haig's role in negotiating Nixon's resignation supposedly in exchange for a pardon issued by the new president.

On August 7, 1974, two days before Nixon's resignation, Haig met with Nixon in the Oval Office to discuss the transition. Following their conversation, Nixon told Haig "You fellows, in your business, have a way of handling problems like this. Give them a pistol and leave the room. I don't have a pistol, Al."

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 إدارة فورد

Haig's official chief of staff portrait

Following Nixon's resignation, Haig remained briefly as White House Chief of Staff under Ford. Haig aided in the transition by advising the new president mostly on policy matters on which he had been working under the Nixon presidency and introducing Ford to the White House staff and their daily activities. Haig recommended that Ford retain several of Nixon's White House staff for 30 days to provide an orderly transition. Haig and Kissinger also advised Ford on Nixon's détente policy with the Soviet Union following the SALT I treaty in 1972.

Haig found it difficult to get along with the new administration and wanted to return to the Army for his last command. It had also been rumored that Ford wanted to be his own chief of staff. At first Ford decided to replace Haig with Robert T. Hartmann, Ford's chief of staff during his tenure as vice president. Ford soon replaced Hartmann with United States Permanent Ambassador to NATO Donald Rumsfeld. Author and Haig biographer Roger Morris, a former colleague of Haig's on the National Security Council early in Nixon's first term, wrote that when Ford pardoned Nixon, he in effect pardoned Haig as well.

Haig resigned from his position as White House Chief of Staff and returned to active duty in the United States Army in September 1974.

 القائد الأعلى لقوات الناتو (1974–1979)

General Haig during his tenure as Supreme Allied Commander Europe

In December 1974, Haig was appointed as the next Supreme Allied Commander Europe by President Ford, replacing General Andrew Goodpaster and returning to active duty in the United States Army. Haig also became the front-runner to be the 27th U.S. Army Chief of Staff, following the death of General Creighton Abrams from complications of surgery to remove lung cancer on September 4, 1974. However it was General Frederick C. Weyand who ultimately filled Abrams's position as Chief of Staff. From 1974 to 1979 Haig served as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, the commander of NATO forces in Europe, as well as commander-in-chief of United States European Command. During his tenure as SACEUR, Haig focused on transforming SACEUR in order to face the future global challenge following the end of the Vietnam War and the rise of Soviet influence within Eastern Europe.

Haig focused on strengthening the relationship between the United States and NATO member nations and their allies. As a result, several fleets of United States Air Force aircraft, such as the F-111 Aardvark from the Strategic Air Command, were relocated to US Air Force bases located in Europe. Haig also stressed the importance of increasing the training of US troops deployed in Europe following his tour of the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, on which Haig saw poorly-disciplined and ill-trained troops. As a result, Haig conducted routine inspections during NATO troops' training and often went to the training site and participated in the training itself. Haig also recommended the revitalization of equipment in the US installations in Europe and US troops deployed in Europe, in order to strengthen deterrence from possible attack.

Haig took the same route to SHAPE every day—a pattern of behavior that did not go unnoticed by terrorist organizations. On June 25, 1979, Haig was the target of an assassination attempt in Mons, Belgium. A land mine blew up under the bridge on which Haig's car was traveling, narrowly missing his car and wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car. Authorities later attributed responsibility for the attack to the Red Army Faction (RAF). In 1993 a German court sentenced Rolf Clemens Wagner, a former RAF member, to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt. During Haig's last month as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, he oversaw the talks and negotiation between the United States and NATO member nations of a new policy following the signing of SALT II treaty on June 18, 1979, by President Jimmy Carter and Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev. However Haig also drew concern regarding the treaty, which he believed benefited the Soviet position by giving them a way to build up their military arsenal.

Haig retired from his position as Supreme Allied Commander Europe in July 1979 and was succeeded by General Bernard W. Rogers, who previously served as Army Chief of Staff. Haig's retirement ceremony took place at NATO Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe on July 1, 1979, and was attended by Secretary of Defense Harold Brown, NATO Secretary General Joseph Luns and U.S. Ambassador to NATO William Tapley Bennett Jr.

 مناصب مدنية

In 1979, Haig joined the Philadelphia-based Foreign Policy Research Institute as director of its Western Security Program, and he later served on the organization's board of trustees. Later that year, he was named president and director of United Technologies Corporation under chief executive officer Harry J. Gray, where he remained until 1981.

 وزير الخارجية (1981–1982)

المقالة الرئيسية: السياسة الخارجية لإدارة رونالد ريگان

Secretary of State Haig with President Reagan at the Oval Office, 1981

Haig was the second of three career military officers to become secretary of state (George C. Marshall and Colin Powell were the others). His speeches in this role in particular led to the coining of the neologism "Haigspeak," described in a dictionary of neologisms as "Language characterized by pompous obscurity resulting from redundancy, the semantically strained use of words, and verbosity," leading Ambassador Nicko Henderson to offer a prize for the best rendering of the Gettysburg Address in Haigspeak.

 التحديات الأولية

On December 11, 1980, president-elect Reagan was prepared to publicly announce nearly all of his candidates for the most important cabinet-level posts. Singularly absent from the list of top nominees was his choice for Secretary of State, presumed by many at the time to be Alexander Haig. Haig's prospects for Senate confirmation were clouded when Senate Democrats questioned his role in the Watergate scandal. In Haig's defense, North Carolina Senator Jesse Helms claimed to have phoned former president Nixon personally to inquire whether any material on Nixon's unreleased White House tapes could embarrass Haig. According to Helms, Nixon replied, "Not a thing." Haig was eventually confirmed after hearings he described as an "ordeal," during which he received no encouragement from Reagan or his staff.

Several days earlier, on December 2, 1980, as Haig faced these initial challenges to the next step in his political career, four U.S. Catholic missionary women in El Salvador, two of whom were Maryknoll sisters, were beaten, raped and murdered by five Salvadoran national guardsmen ordered to follow them. Their bodies were exhumed from a remote shallow grave two days later in the presence of then-U.S. ambassador to El Salvador Robert E. White. Despite this diplomatically awkward atrocity, the Carter administration soon approved $5.9 million in lethal military assistance to El Salvador's oppressive right-wing government. The incoming Reagan administration expanded that aid to $25 million less than six weeks later.

In justifying the arms shipments, the new administration claimed that the Salvadoran government of José Napoleón Duarte had taken "positive steps" to investigate the murder of four American nuns, but this was disputed by U.S. Ambassador Robert E. White, who said that he could find no evidence the junta was "conducting a serious investigation." White was dismissed from the Foreign Service by Haig because of his complaints. White later asserted that the Reagan administration was determined to ignore and even conceal the complicity of the Salvadoran government and army in the murders.

Haig welcoming Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin at Andrews Air Force Base, 1982

Throughout the 1980 U.S. presidential campaign, Reagan and his foreign policy advisers faulted the Carter administration's perceived over-emphasis on the human rights abuses committed by authoritarian governments allied to the U.S., labeling it a "double standard" when compared with Carter's treatment of communist-bloc governments. Haig, who described himself as the "vicar" of U.S. foreign policy, believed the human rights violations of a U.S. ally such as El Salvador should be given less attention than the ally's successes against enemies of the U.S., and thus found himself diminishing the murders of the nuns before the House Foreign Affairs Committee in March 1981:

I'd like to suggest to you that some of the investigations would lead one to believe that perhaps the vehicle the nuns were riding in may have tried to run through a roadblock, or may have accidentally been perceived to have been doing so, and there may have been an exchange of fire, and then perhaps those who inflicted the casualties sought to cover it up.

— Alexander Haig، Alexander Haig, House Foreign Affairs committee testimony, quoted by UPI, March 19, 1981

The outcry that immediately followed Haig's insinuation prompted him to emphatically withdraw his speculative suggestions the very next day before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Similar public relations miscalculations, by Haig and others, continued to plague the Reagan administration's attempts to build popular support at home for its Central American policies.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 محاولة اغتيال ريگان

انظر أيضاً: محاولة اغتيال رونالد ريگان and تسلسل التداول الرئاسي في الولايات المتحدة

Haig speaking to the press after the Reagan assassination attempt, 1981

In 1981, following the March 30 assassination attempt on Reagan, Haig asserted before reporters, "I am in control here" as a result of Reagan's hospitalization, indicating that, while Reagan had not "transfer[red] the helm," Haig was in fact directing White House crisis management until Vice President George Bush arrived in Washington to assume that role.

Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the president, the vice president, and the secretary of state in that order, and should the president decide he wants to transfer the helm to the vice president, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the vice president and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course.

— Alexander Haig، "Alexander Haig", autobiographical profile in Time magazine, April 2, 1984

The U.S. Constitution, including both the presidential line of succession and the 25th Amendment, dictates what happens when a president is incapacitated. The Speaker of the House (at the time, Tip O'Neill, Democrat) and the president pro tempore of the Senate (at the time, Strom Thurmond, Republican), precede the secretary of state in the line of succession. Haig later clarified,

I wasn't talking about transition. I was talking about the executive branch, who is running the government. That was the question asked. It was not, "Who is in line should the president die?"

— Alexander Haig, "Alexander Haig" interview with 60 Minutes II April 23, 2001

His reputation never recovered after this episode.

 حرب فوكلاندز

Haig with British prime minister Margaret Thatcher at Andrews Air Force Base, 1982

المقالة الرئيسية: Falklands War and U.S. diplomacy and involvement in the Falklands War

In April 1982, Haig conducted shuttle diplomacy between the governments of Argentina in Buenos Aires and the United Kingdom in London after Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands. Negotiations collapsed and Haig returned to Washington on April 19. The British naval fleet then entered the war zone. In December 2012 documents released under the United Kingdom's 30 Year Rule disclosed that Haig planned to reveal British classified military information to Argentina in advance of the recapture of South Georgia Island. The information, which contained the plans for Operation Paraquet, was intended to show the Argentine military junta in Buenos Aires that the United States was a neutral player and could be trusted to act impartially during negotiations to end the conflict. However, in 2012 it was revealed via documents released from the Reagan Presidential Library that Haig attempted to persuade Reagan to side with Argentina in the war.

 حرب لبنان 1982

المقالة الرئيسية: حرب لبنان 1982

يُظهر تقرير هيگ إلى ريگان في 30 يناير 1982 أن هيگ كان يخشى أن يشن الإسرائيليون حرباً على لبنان. واتهم النقاد هيگ "بإعطاء الضوء الأخضر" للغزو الإسرائيلي للبنان في يونيو 1982. ونفى هيگ هذا وقال إنه حث على ضبط النفس.

 استقالته

Haig caused some alarm with his suggestion that a "nuclear warning shot" in Europe might be effective in deterring the Soviet Union. His tenure as secretary of state was often characterized by his clashes with the defense secretary, Caspar Weinberger. Haig, who repeatedly had difficulty with various members of the Reagan administration during his year-and-a-half in office, decided to resign his post on June 25, 1982. President Reagan accepted his resignation on July 5. Haig was succeeded by George P. Shultz, who was confirmed on July 16.

 الانتخابات التمهيدية الرئاسية للحزب الجمهوري 1988

المقالة الرئيسية: الانتخابات التمهيدية الرئاسية للحزب الجمهوري 1988

Haig ran unsuccessfully for the 1988 Republican Party presidential nomination. Although he enjoyed relatively high name recognition, Haig never broke out of single digits in national public opinion polls. He was a fierce critic of then–Vice President George H. W. Bush, often doubting Bush's leadership abilities, questioning his role in the Iran–Contra affair, and using the word "wimp" in relation to Bush in an October 1987 debate in Texas. Despite extensive personal campaigning and paid advertising in New Hampshire, Haig remained stuck in last place in the polls. After finishing with less than 1 percent of the vote in the Iowa caucuses and trailing badly in the New Hampshire primary polls, Haig withdrew his candidacy and endorsed Senator Bob Dole. Dole, steadily gaining on Bush after beating him handily a week earlier in the Iowa caucus, ended up losing to Bush in the New Hampshire primary by 10 percentage points. With his momentum regained, Bush easily won the nomination.

 حياته اللاحقة، حالته الصحية، ووفاته

هيگ عام 2000.

In 1980 Haig had a double heart bypass operation.

After leaving the Reagan White House, Haig took a seat on the MGM board of directors in an effort to cultivate a film career. He supervised the development of John Milius' Red Dawn (1984) and made significant changes to it. While heading a consulting firm in the 1980s and 1990s, he served as a director for various struggling businesses, including computer manufacturer Commodore International. He also served as a founding corporate director of America Online.

Haig was the host for several years of the television program World Business Review. At the time of his death, he was the host of 21st Century Business, with each program a weekly business education forum that included business solutions, expert interview, commentary, and field reports. Haig was co-chairman of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus, along with Zbigniew Brzezinski and Stephen J. Solarz. He was also member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) board of advisers.

On January 5, 2006, Haig participated in a meeting at the White House of former secretaries of defense and state to discuss U.S. foreign policy with Bush administration officials. On May 12, 2006, Haig participated in a second White House meeting with 10 former secretaries of state and defense. The meeting included briefings by Donald Rumsfeld and Condoleezza Rice and was followed by a discussion with President George W. Bush. Haig's memoirs—Inner Circles: How America Changed The World—were published in 1992.

On February 19, 2010, a hospital spokesman revealed that the 85-year-old Haig had been hospitalized at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore since January 28 and remained in critical condition. On February 20, Haig died at the age of 85, from complications from a staphylococcal infection that he had prior to admission. According to The New York Times, his brother, Frank Haig, said the Army was coordinating a mass at Fort Myer in Washington, D.C., and an interment at Arlington National Cemetery, but both had to be delayed by about two weeks owing to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. A Mass of Christian Burial was held at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., on March 2, 2010. Eulogies were given by Henry Kissinger and Sherwood D. Goldberg.

President Barack Obama said in a statement that "General Haig exemplified our finest warrior–diplomat tradition of those who dedicate their lives to public service." Secretary of State Hillary Clinton described Haig as a man who "served his country in many capacities for many years, earning honor on the battlefield, the confidence of presidents and prime ministers, and the thanks of a grateful nation."

 العائلة

Alexander Haig was married to Patricia (née Fox), with whom he had three children: Alexander Patrick Haig, Barbara Haig, and Brian Haig. Haig's younger brother, Frank Haig, was a Jesuit priest and professor emeritus of physics at Loyola University in Baltimore, Maryland.

 مأثورات

إسرائيل هي أكبر حاملة طائرات أمريكية في العالم لا يمكن إغراقها، ولا تحمل حتى جندياً أمريكياً واحداً، وتقع في منطقة حرجة بالنسبة للأمن القومي الأمريكي.

وقال رئيس الوزراء الإسرائيلي بنيامين نتنياهو:

نحن هنا على متن حاملة طائرات أمريكية عظيمة وعلى بعد أميال قليلة من هنا توجد حاملة طائرات عظيمة أخرى لحضارتنا المشتركة - تسمى دولة إسرائيل.

 منشورات

مقالات

• "Introduction". World Affairs, Vol. 144, No. 4, Statements by Ambassador Max Kampelman before the Madrid Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Spring 1982. JSTOR 20671913 (pp. 299–301)
• "Stalemate: The Public Reaction to Poland". World Affairs, Vol. 144, No. 4, Statements by Ambassador Max Kampelman before the Madrid Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Spring 1982. JSTOR 20671920 (pp. 467–511)
• "U.S. Foreign Policy: A Discussion with Former Secretaries of State Dean Rusk, William P. Rogers, Cyrus R. Vance, and Alexander M. Haig, Jr.". International Studies Notes, Vol. 11, No. 1, Special Edition: The Secretaries of State, Fall 1984. JSTOR 44234902 (pp. 10–20)
• "Reply". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 27, No. 2, Summer 1985. DOI:10.2307/165716 JSTOR 165716 (pp. 23–24)
• "The Challenges to American Leadership". Harvard International Review, Vol. 11, No. 3, Tenth Anniversary Issue – American Foreign Policy: Toward the 1990s, 1989. JSTOR 43648931 (pp. 24–29)
• "Nation Building: A Flawed Approach". The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 1994. JSTOR 24595446 (pp. 7–10)

كتب

• Caveat: Realism, Reagan and Foreign Affairs. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1984. ISBN 978-0025473706. 367 pages.
• Inner Circles: How America Changed the World: A Memoir. New York, NY: Warner Books, 1992. ISBN 978-0446515719 LCCN 91050409-{{{3}}}. 650 pages.

إسهامات في كتب

• "Foreword". Soviet Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev by Thomas Streissguth. Minneapolis, MN: Oliver Press, 1992. ISBN 978-1881508021 LCCN 92019903-{{{3}}} (pp. 7–8)

 جوائز وأوسمة

Combat Infantryman Badge
Distinguished Service Cross	Defense Distinguished Service Medal w/ 1 bronze oak leaf cluster	Army Distinguished Service Medal
Navy Distinguished Service Medal	Air Force Distinguished Service Medal	Silver Star w/ 1 bronze oak leaf cluster
Legion of Merit w/ 2 bronze oak leaf clusters	Distinguished Flying Cross w/ 2 bronze oak leaf clusters	Bronze Star w/ Valor device and 2 bronze oak leaf clusters
Purple Heart	Air Medal w/ bronze award numerals 27	Army Commendation Medal
American Campaign Medal	World War II Victory Medal	Army of Occupation Medal
National Defense Service Medal w/ 1 bronze oak leaf cluster	Korean Service Medal w/ 4 bronze campaign stars	Vietnam Service Medal w/ 2 bronze campaign stars
National Order of Vietnam (Commander)	National Order of Vietnam (Knight)	Vietnam Cross of Gallantry w/ Palm
Grand-Cross of the Portuguese Order of Christ	Order of Leopold (Officer)	Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grand Cross 1st Class)
United Nations Korea Medal	Vietnam Campaign Medal	Republic of Korea War Service Medal

Valorous Unit Award
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation	Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation	Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal Unit Citation

SHAPE Badge

 تكريمات أخرى

In 1976, Haig received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 2009, Haig was recognized for their generous gift in support of academic programs at West Point by being inducted into the Eisenhower Society for Lifetime Giving.

 للاستزادة

• Colodny, Len and Robert Gettlin. Silent Coup: The Removal of a President. New York City: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
• Haig, Alexander. Caveat: Realism, Reagan and Foreign Affairs. New York City: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1984.
• Haig, Alexander and Charles McCarry. Inner Circles: How America Changed the World. Grand Central Publishing, 2 January 1994.
• Hersh, Seymour. The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House. New York City: Summit Books, 1983. ISBN 0-671-50688-9
• Morris, Robert. Haig: The General's Progress. ISBN 0872237532 LCCN 81082835-{{{3}}}. 490 pages.

 وصلات خارجية

• The Day Reagan was Shot article on Haig
• The Falklands: Failure of a Mission critique of Haig's mediation efforts
• Portrait of Alexander Haig by Margaret Holland Sargent
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• ألكسندر هيگ at the Internet Movie Database
• ANC Explorer

مناصب عسكرية
سبقه الجنرال أندرو گودپاستر	القائد الأعلى للحلفاء بأوروبا (ناتو) 1974—1979	تبعه الجنرال برنارد روجرز
مناصب سياسية
سبقه هـ. ر. هالدمان	كبير موظفي البيت الأبيض Served under: ريتشارد نيكسون 1973-1974	تبعه دونالد رمسفلد
سبقه إدموند مسكي	وزير الخارجية بالولايات المتحدة خدم في عهد: رونالد ريگان 1981-1982	تبعه جورج شولتس