أراضي تابعة للولايات المتحدة
الأرض التابعة غير المدمجة unincorporated territory في القانون الأمريكي هي منطقة تسيطر عليها حكومة الولايات المتحدة "where fundamental rights apply as a matter of law, but other constitutional rights are not available".[1] Selected constitutional provisions variously apply depending on Congressional Organic Acts and judicial rulings according to U.S. constitutional practice, local tradition and law. All five modern inhabited territories are organized[2] but unincorporated. There are nine uninhabited US possessions; only Palmyra Atoll among them is incorporated. See Territories of the United States and Unorganized territory.[3]
All modern inhabited territories under the control of the federal government can be considered as part of the "United States" for purposes of law as defined in specific legislation;[4] but, the judicial term "unincorporated" was coined to legitimize the U.S. late 19th-century territorial acquisition without citizenship and their administration without constitutional protections temporarily until Congress made other provisions. The case law allowed Congress to impose discriminatory tax regimes with the effect of a protective tariff upon territorial regions which were not domestic states.[5]
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قائمة الأراضي التابعة للولايات المتحدة
الحالية
| الأرض | التعداد | المساحة (كم²) | المساحة (ميل²) | المنطقة |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ساموا الأمريكية | 55,519 | 197.1 كم² | 75.1 ميل² | الهادي |
| گوام | 159,358[6] | 541.3 كم² | 209.0 ميل² | الهادي |
| جزر ماريانا الشمالية | 53,883 | 463.63 كم² | 179.01 ميل² | الهادي |
| پورتو ريكو | 3,706,690 | 9,104 كم² | 3,515 ميل² | الكاريبي |
| الجزر العذراء الأمريكية | 109,750 | 346.36 كم² | 133.73 ميل² | الكاريبي |
| جزيرة بيكر | غير مأهولة | 2.1 كم² | 0.8 ميل² | الهادي |
| جزيرة هاولاند | غير مأهولة | 1.8 كم² | 0.7 ميل² | الهادي |
| جزيرة جارڤس | غير مأهولة | 4.5 كم² | 1.7 ميل² | الهادي |
| Johnston Atoll | غير مأهولة | 2.67 كم² | 1.03 ميل² | الهادي |
| Kingman Reef | غير مأهولة | 76 كم² | 29 ميل² | الهادي |
| Midway Atoll | غير مأهولة | 6.2 كم² | 2.4 ميل² | الهادي |
| Navassa Island | غير مأهولة | 5.2 كم² | 2.0 ميل² | الكاريبي |
| جزيرة ويك | 120 | 7.38 كم² | 2.85 ميل² | الهادي |
| الإجمالي | 4,085,320 | 12,272.24 كم² | 4,738.34 ميل² | |
| الأرض | التعداد | المساحة | المساحة | المنطقة |
مأهولة
غير مأهولة
- جزيرة بيكر
- جزيرة هاولاند
- جزيرة جارڤس
- Johnston Atoll
- Kingman Reef
- Midway Atoll (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
- Navassa Island (متنازع عليها مع هيتي)
سابقة
- منطقة قناة پنما — jointly controlled with Panama 1979–1999; exclusively in Panama منذ 31 ديسمبر 1999.
- الفلپين — مستقلة منذ 1946
- أرض الوصاية في جزر الهادي
- جزر مارشال — مستقلة منذ 1986
- Federated States of Micronesia — مستقلة منذ 1986
- پالاو — مستقلة منذ 1994
التاريخ
Notes
- ^1 Scholars agreed as of 2009 in the Boston College Law Review, "Regardless of how Puerto Rico looked in 1901 when the Insular Cases were decided, or in 1922, today, Puerto Rico seems to be the paradigm of an incorporated territory as modern jurisprudence understands that legal term of art".[7] In November 2008 a district court judge ruled that a sequence of prior Congressional actions had had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico's status to incorporated.[8]
الهامش
- ^ U.S. Insular Areas Application of the U.S. Constitution, GAO Nov 1997 Report, p.24. viewed June 14, 2013.
- ^ American Samoa remains technically unorganized since the U.S. Congress has not passed an Organic Act for the territory, but American Samoa is self-governing under a constitution that became effective on July 1, 1967.
- ^ Definitions of insular area political organizations, "Unincorporated territory". viewed June 14, 2013, and Government Accountability Office (GAO) Nov 1997 Report, U.S. Insular Areas Application of the U.S. Constitution, p.35. viewed June 14, 2013.
- ^ See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(36) and 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(38) Providing the term "State" and "United States" definitions on the U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. 8 U.S.C. § 1101a
- ^ Vignarajah, Krishanti. Political roots of judicial legitimacy: explaining the enduring validity of the ‘Insular Cases’., University of Chicago Law Review, 2010, p.790. viewed June 13, 2013.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for Guam". 2010 Census. US Census. August 24, 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
- ^ Lawson, Gary, and Sloane, Robert. Puerto Rico’s legal status reconsidered, p.53. Viewed June 21, 2013.
- ^ Consejo de Salud Playa Ponce v. Johnny Rullan, p.28: "The Congressional incorporation of Puerto Rico throughout the past century has extended the entire Constitution to the island ...."