پلويشتي

Coordinates: 44°56′N 26°2′E / 44.933°N 26.033°E / 44.933; 26.033
(تم التحويل من Ploieşti)
پلويشتي
Ploiești
مدينة
Casa Luca Elefterescu, azi Muzeul Ceasului "Nicolae Simache" (2).JPG
Ploiesti-Catedrala-3.JPG
BancaRomaneasca-2.JPG
Casa Ghiță Stoenescu, azi clinica Alfa Medical Center, Bd. Independenței nr. 27, Ploiești (1).JPG
Casa Radu Stanian, fosta Casa Căsătoriilor, Ploiești (2).JPG
Left to right: Nicolae Simache Clock Museum, St. John the Baptist Cathedral, the former Creditul Prahovei, the Ghiță Stoenescu House, the Radu Stanian House.
درع پلويشتي
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
Capitala Aurului Negru
(English: Capital of Black Gold)
الموقع في مقاطعة پراهوڤا
الموقع في مقاطعة پراهوڤا
پلويشتي is located in رومانيا
پلويشتي
پلويشتي
Location of Ploiești within Romania
الإحداثيات: 44°56′N 26°2′E / 44.933°N 26.033°E / 44.933; 26.033
البلدFlag of Romania.svg رومانيا
المقاطعةStema Prahova.svg پراهوڤا
الوضعCounty seat
الحكومة
 • العمدة (2020–2024)Andrei Volosevici[1] (PNL)
المساحة
 • مدينة58٫28 كم² (22٫50 ميل²)
المنسوب
160 m (520 ft)
التعداد
 (2011 census)[2]
 • مدينة209٬945
 • Estimate 
(2016)[3]
233٬663
 • الكثافة3٬394/km2 (8٬790/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
266٬4571
منطقة التوقيتUTC+2 (EET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
100xxx
مفتاح الهاتف(+40) 44
Car platePH
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.ploiesti.ro
1 Ploiești metropolitan area is a proposed project.

پلويشتي (Ploiești ؛ UK /plɔɪˈɛʃti/؛ الأمريكي /plɔːˈjɛʃt(i)/؛[4][5][6][7] رومانية: [ploˈjeʃtʲ]) مدينة تقع على بعد 60 كم شمال عاصمة رومانيا بوخارست، عاصمة مقاطعة پراهوڤا. عدد سكانها 232.452 نسمة (إحصاء 2002).

The area of Ploiești is around 60 km2 (23 sq mi), and it borders the Blejoi commune in the north, Bărcănești and Brazi communes in the south, Târgșoru Vechi commune in the west, and Bucov and Berceni communes in the east. According to the 2021 census, Ploiești is the tenth most populous city in the country with a population of 180,540.[8][9]

The city grew beginning with the 17th century on an estate bought by Michael the Brave from the local landlords, gradually taking the place of the nearby Wallachian fairs of Târgșor, Gherghița and Bucov. Its evolution was accelerated by heavy industrialisation, with the world's first industrial scale petroleum refinery being opened in 1856–1857. Following massive exploitation of the oil deposits in the area, Ploiești earned the nickname of "the Capital of Black Gold". In the present, its economic activity is still based on oil processing, the city having three large refineries and other industries related to this branch.

Ploiești is also an important transport hub, linking the capital with the regions of Transylvania and Moldavia. The city has direct access to the Prahova Valley, one of the most important alpine tourism areas in Romania.

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التاريخ

WWII refineries
(monthly metric tonnes):[10]
  1. Astra Romania (146,000)
  2. Colombia Aquila (45,000)
  3. Concordia Vega (110,000)
  4. Creditul Minier (45,000)
  5. Dacia Romana (15,000)
  6. Phoenix (65,000)
  7. Romana Americana (92,000)
  8. Standard Petrol Block[1] (36,000)
  9. Unirea Sperantza (33,000)
  10. Xenia (22,000)

Though likely settled much earlier,[البحث الأصلي؟] Ploiești first appeared in documents in the 16th century during the reign of Michael the Brave, the Prince of Wallachia (ح. 1593–1601). It flourished as a center for trade and handicraft-manufacturing in the 17th and 18th centuries. The road connecting Ploiești to Brașov was opened in 1864, and the railway arrived in 1882. Many schools and hospitals date from this period.

In the mid-19th century the region of Ploiești became one of the world's leading oil-extraction and -refinery sites. The Mehedințeanu brothers opened the world's first large refinery[11] in Ploiești in 1856–1857. History also remembers the city as the site of the self-styled Republic of Ploiești, a short-lived 1870 revolt against the Romanian monarchy.

During World War I, Ploiești's oil production made it a target when the Central Powers invaded Romania in 1916, a British Army operation commanded by Colonel John Griffiths destroying production and sabotaging much of the infrastructure of the industry.[12]

Columbia Aquila refinery burning after the raid of B-24 Liberator bombers, Operation Tidal Wave

Although badly damaged after the November 1940 earthquake, the city functioned as a significant[2] source of oil for Nazi Germany during much of World War II. The Allies made Ploiești a target of the oil campaign of World War II and bombed it repeatedly,[13] such as during the HALPRO (Halverson Project, June 1942) and Operation Tidal Wave (1 August 1943) at a great loss, without producing any significant delay in operation or production. Soviet Red Army troops captured Ploiești on 24 August 1944.

Following the war, the new Communist régime of Romania nationalised the oil industry, which had largely been privately owned, and made massive investments in the oil- and petroleum-industry in a bid to modernise the country and to repair the war damage.


المناحي التاريخية

Census Ethnic composition
السنة التعداد رومانيون مجر ألمان صرب يهود غجر روس يونان أوكران
1930 79,149 69,139 1,591 1,307
2011 201,226 199,221 109 69 - - 1289 44 - 8

الاقتصاد

A3 motorway يربط پلويشتي ببوخارست، 60 كم إلى الجنوب.

After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Ploiești experienced rapid economic loss. The city is situated at just 60 km (37 mi) north of Bucharest, with promising infrastructure projects currently underway. It is a strong industrial center, focused especially on the oil production and refining industry. Although oil production in the region is declining steadily, there is still a thriving processing industry with four operating oil refineries, linked by pipelines to Bucharest, the Black Sea port of Constanța and the Danube port of Giurgiu. Ploiești also has a long history as a textile manufacturing center.

The city has become a hub of foreign investment. Companies such as OMV-Petrom, Lukoil, Shell Gas, Timken, Yazaki, Coca-Cola, Efes Pilsener, British American Tobacco, Federal-Mogul, and Interbrew have operations there, and retailers like Carrefour, Metro, Selgros, Kaufland, Billa, Bricostore, Lidl, Obi, Auchan, Profi, Mega Image have found in Ploiești a continuously growing market, but the pay rate for employees is lower than expected. There are four McDonald's restaurants in Ploiești and three KFCs.

The German retailer Tengelmann built a depot in Ploiești to support a €200 million regional expansion plan. With its Interex (ro) operation, the French independent retailer Intermarché intends to become a distribution leader in the Balkans. In Romania the first Interex store was opened in June 2002 in Ploiești. The Interex depot and facilities were bought by Penny Market XXL in 2014.[14]

Unilever has a detergent plant in Ploiești. By transferring their food production to Ploiești, the company will concentrate all its activities in Romania at the same location. At the beginning of March 2006, Unilever announced they would invest money to build one production center in Romania, and the construction of the new food plant is part of this plan.[15]

In 1950, as a milestone in the development of the petroleum, hydrocarbon processing, and petrochemical industries, the Engineering and Design Institute for Oil Refineries and Petrochemical Plants, SC IPIP SA, a Romanian company with a large range of capabilities and experience, was established at Ploiești.

In Ploiești there are four local television channels: Ploiești TV, Valea Prahovei TV, Wyll TV and Prahova TV.


الديمغرافيا

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1810 2٬024—    
1859 26٬468+1207.7%
1899 45٬107+70.4%
1912 56٬460+25.2%
1930 79٬149+40.2%
1948 95٬632+20.8%
1956 114٬544+19.8%
1966 146٬922+28.3%
1977 199٬699+35.9%
1992 252٬715+26.5%
2002 232٬527−8.0%
2011 209٬945−9.7%
Source: Census data

أقرب البلدات

Town Direction Distance
straight line distance road distance rail distance
București S 56 km 60 km 59 km
Brăila E 155 km 170 km 176 km
Pitești W 91 km 111 km 149 km
Brașov NW 86 km 114 km 110 km
Târgoviște V 46 km 51 km 52 km
Buzău NE 66 km 71 km 69 km
Urziceni SE 55 km 60 km 55 km

الجيولوجيا

The Mio-Pliocene Zone in the Ploiești region has been exploited for hydrocarbons and coal since the 19th Century.[16] The zone extends from the flysch on the north to the Moesian Platform on the south.[17] The zone is marked by alternating deposits of Clay, Marl, Shale and Sand, conglomerate, Salt and Limestone.[18] Structural traps and stratigraphic traps are formed from Salt Diapirism which gave rise to anticline folds and faulting.[18] There are four major alignments of the anticlines, all parallel to the Carpathian Range.[18] Pliocene sands are the main oil and gas producers, in particular the Meotian (60%) and Dacian (29%), followed by the Miocene Sarmatian (5%) but some oil exists in Miocene Helvetian and Oligocene sandstones.[19] Major producing structures include Moreni-Gura Ocnitei, Baicoi-Tintea and Boldesti.[18]

  • Stratigraphic column of Eastern Carpathians and Moesian Platform[20]

    Stratigraphic column of Eastern Carpathians and Moesian Platform[20]

  • Cross Section of Carpathian Bend[21]

    Cross Section of Carpathian Bend[21]

  • Geologic features of the Carpathians[22]

    Geologic features of the Carpathians[22]

الجغرافيا

Teleajen River in Prahova County

أقرب البلدات

البلدة الاتجاه المسافة
straight line distance road distance rail distance
București S 56 كم 60 كم 59 كم
Brăila E 155 km 170 km 176 km
Pitești W 91 km 111 km 149 km
Brașov NW 86 km 114 km 110 km
Târgoviște V 46 km 51 km 52 km
Buzău NE 66 km 71 km 69 km
Urziceni SE 55 km 60 km 55 km


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المناخ

بيانات مناخ پلويشتي
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 1
(34) 		4
(39) 		10
(50) 		18
(64) 		23
(73) 		27
(81) 		28
(82) 		28
(82) 		24
(75) 		18
(64) 		10
(50) 		3
(37) 		16٫2
(61٫2)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -6
(21) 		-3
(27) 		0
(32) 		6
(43) 		10
(50) 		14
(57) 		16
(61) 		15
(59) 		11
(52) 		6
(43) 		1
(34) 		-3
(27) 		5٫6
(42٫1)
هطول mm (inches) 40.6
(1.598) 		35.6
(1.402) 		38.1
(1.5) 		45.7
(1.799) 		71.1
(2.799) 		76.2
(3) 		63.5
(2.5) 		58.4
(2.299) 		43.2
(1.701) 		33
(1.3) 		48.3
(1.902) 		43.2
(1.701) 		596٫9
(23٫5)
Source: Weather Channel

السياسة

The Ploiești Municipal Council, elected in the 2012 local elections, is made up of 27 councillors, with the following party composition:

    الحزب المقاعد المجلس الحالي
51.9% Social Liberal Union 14                            
37% Democratic Liberal Party 10                    
11.1% People's Party – Dan Diaconescu 3      

العلاقات الدولية

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

البلدات التوأم - المدن الشقيقة

پلويشتي متوأمة مع:

سكان البلدة

لمعلومات عن a list of notable people from Ploesti، انظر Category:People from Ploiești.

معرض الصور

  • Synagogue

    Synagogue

  • School of Arts and Crafts

    School of Arts and Crafts

  • St. George belfry

    St. George belfry

  • St. John the Baptist Cathedral

    St. John the Baptist Cathedral

  • Museum of History and Archaeology

    Museum of History and Archaeology

  • Nicolae Simache Clock Museum

    Nicolae Simache Clock Museum

  • Central Market Hall

    Central Market Hall

  • Holy Voivodes Church

    Holy Voivodes Church

  • Ilie Oana Stadium - Official Training - June 2014.png

    Ilie Oană Stadium


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انظر أيضاً

الملاحظات والمراجع

^1 Sources provide differing estimates regarding Romanian production:
  • 1942: The Axis Oil Position in Europe, November 1942 by the Hartley Committee estimated that "Romanian oil fields" contributed 33% of Axis supplies.[25]
  • 1944: "Ploiești, thirty-five miles (8.0 km) from Bucharest, supplied one-third of all the oil fuel Germany required for war purposes."[26]
  • 1999: The fragile, concentrated Bucharest facilities provided "60% of Germany's crude oil supply"[27]
  1. ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 9 يونيو 2021.
  2. ^ "2011 Census press release" (PDF) (in الرومانية). INSSE Prahova. February 2, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  3. ^ "Populaţia României pe localitati la 1 ianuarie 2016" (in الرومانية). INSSE. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-10-27. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  4. ^ قالب:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
  5. ^ "Ploeşti". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  6. ^ "Ploiești" (US) and قالب:Cite Oxford Dictionaries
  7. ^ قالب:Cite Merriam-Webster
  8. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة RPL2021
  9. ^ "Populația României în fiecare localitate din țară – Recensământul 2021 vs. 2011" [Romania's population for each city in the country – 2021 vs. 2011 Censuses] (in الرومانية). Hotnews.ro. 2 February 2023.
  10. ^ "U.S. Air Force photo" [ك‍] [diagram] in Gurney, Gene (Major, USAF) (1962). "The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat". New York: Bonanza Books: 121. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "WORLD EVENTS: 1844–1856". PBS.org. Archived from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2009-04-22. world's first oil refinery
  12. ^ Burg, David F. (2010). Almanac of World War I. L. Edward Purcell. University Press of Kentucky. p. 336. ISBN 9780813137711. Retrieved 2012-10-29. 7 December 1916 [...] Falkenhayn's Ninth Army turns to the north in hopes of capturing the oil fields and refineries at Ploesti, but Falkenhayn is too late: John Norton-Griffiths has done his work. The oil fields at Ploesti, Targoviste, and elsewhere are aflame and their refining facilities in ruins – a severe loss to the German war effort, as it will be months before production can be restored.
  13. ^ Video: American Bombers Smash Axis Oil Fields In Romania Etc. (1943). Universal Newsreel. 1943. Archived from the original on September 22, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  14. ^ "Penny Market XXL, pe locul fostului magazin Interex Ploiești". Adevarul.ro. Archived from the original on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
  15. ^ Bucharest Business Week, Unilever builds factory in Ploiești Archived 2009-01-10 at the Wayback Machine, March 10, 2006
  16. ^ Paraschiv, P., and Olteau, G., Oil Fields of Ploiești District, Romania, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, AAPG Memoir 14, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1970, p. 401.
  17. ^ Paraschiv, P., and Olteau, G., Oil Fields of Ploiești District, Romania, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, AAPG Memoir 14, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1970, p. 399.
  18. ^ أ ب ت ث Paraschiv, P., and Olteau, G., Oil Fields of Ploiești District, Romania, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, AAPG Memoir 14, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1970, p. 425.
  19. ^ Paraschiv, P., and Olteau, G., Oil Fields of Ploieşti District, Romania, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, AAPG Memoir 14, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1970, p. 415.
  20. ^ Pawlewicz, M., Total Petroleum Systems of the Carpathian-Balkanian Basin Province of Romania and Bulgaria, US Dept. Interior USGS Bulletin 2204-F, 2007, p. 9
  21. ^ Pawlewicz, M., Total Petroleum Systems of the Carpathian-Balkanian Basin Province of Romania and Bulgaria, US Dept. Interior USGS Bulletin 2204-F, 2007, p. 6
  22. ^ Pawlewicz, M., Total Petroleum Systems of the Carpathian-Balkanian Basin Province of Romania and Bulgaria, US Dept. Interior USGS Bulletin 2204-F, 2007, p. 5
  23. ^ "Radom - Miasta partnerskie". Miasto Radom [City of Radom] (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-08-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  24. ^ "Radom - miasta partnerskie" (in Polish). radom.naszestrony.pl. Retrieved 2013-08-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  25. ^ US Secretary (January 1943). Casablanca Conference: Papers and Minutes of Meetings. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library; COMBINED CHIEFS OF STAFF: Conference proceedings, 1941–1945; Box 1: Office of the Combined Chiefs of Staff. pp. 40–43, 88, 256. Brehon Somervell[inside front cover] … DECLASSIFIED … 10/29/73 … U.S. SECRET … BRITISH MOST SECRET … COPY NO. 32[inside back cover]{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  26. ^ Turner, S.J., F. R. G. S -- maps (1944). Vol. 2 [September 3, 1941—August 15, 1943]. Wm. H. Wise & Co., Inc. pp. 519–1020 [986]. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Modrovsky, Robert J. (April 1999). 1 August 1943 -- Today's Target is Ploesti: A Departure from Doctrine (pdf). p. 4. {{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help)

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Prahova County

قالب:بذرة جغرافيا رومانيا

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