شعاب ميس‌تشيف

Coordinates: 9°55′N 115°32′E / 9.917°N 115.533°E / 9.917; 115.533
(تم التحويل من Mischief Reef)
Mischief Reef
atoll موضع نزاع
Da Vanh Khan.jpg
Mischief Reef in 2022
Mischief Reef is located in [جزر سپراتلي]
Mischief Reef
Mischief Reef
أسماء أخرى
美濟礁 / 美济礁 Měijì Jiāo (Chinese)
Panganiban Reef (Philippine English)
Bahura ng Panganiban (Filipino)
Đá Vành Khăn (Vietnamese)
الجغرافيا
الموقعSouth China Sea
الإحداثيات9°55′N 115°32′E / 9.917°N 115.533°E / 9.917; 115.533
الأرخبيلSpratly Islands
الإدارة
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg الصين (de facto since 1995)
ProvinceHainan
prefecture-level citySansha
تطالب بها
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg الصين
Flag of Philippines.svg الفلبين
 تايوان
Flag of Vietnam.svg ڤيتنام

شعاب ميس‌تشيف Mischief Reef، وتـُعرف أيضاً بإسم Panganiban Reef[1] (فيليپينو: Bahura ng Panganiban; ڤيتنامية: Đá Vành Khăn; Mandarin صينية: 美濟礁/美济礁؛ پن‌ين: Měijì Jiāo؛ حرفياً: 'Meiji Reef'�), is a low tide elevation (LTE) reef/atoll surrounding a large lagoon in the SE of Dangerous Ground in the east of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. It is located 250 kilometres (130 nmi) west of Palawan Island of the Philippines. Administratively, it belonged to the Kalayaan Islands municipality of the province of Palawan.[2] It is also under the de facto jurisdiction of Nansha islands, Sansha City, Hainan province, China. Activities by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the mid-2010s have created a large artificial island on the atoll including an approximately 2,700-metre (8,900 ft) runway and associated airfield.

Although the reef is well within the Philippines' exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and traditional fishing grounds[بحاجة لمصدر], Mischief Reef has been controlled by the PRC since 1995, and is also claimed by the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Vietnam. The PRC performed various reclamation activities in at least two locations on the rim of the atoll in the period from 1995 to 2013. However, from the end of 2013 to the end of 2016 a large artificial island of 1,379 acres (558 ha) was created around the majority of the lagoon's perimeter.[3]

The reef was the subject of a 2016 tribunal ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, where the landmark ruling the nine-dash line as moot and without basis. Mischief Reef was also ruled as a low tide elevation (LTE) meaning it cannot possess a territorial 12 mile-boundary regardless of the reclamation and a military base installation by the PRC. Their moves only heightened the tension with the Philippines, resulting in a massive defence acquisition of this archipelagic nation.

The area is said[4] to be rich in as of yet unexplored oil and gas fields.[5]

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التاريخ وأصل الاسم

شعاب ميس‌تشيف في 2018، بعد الاستصلاح الكبير للأراضي الذي قامت به الصين في 2014–2016

One source says that Mischief Reef was discovered by Henry Spratly in 1791 and was named after the clipper Mischief that sailed regularly in the South China Sea in the 1850s.[6]


الموقع والوصف

Mischief Reef is located at 9°55′N 115°32′E / 9.917°N 115.533°E / 9.917; 115.533.[7] It lies 50 nautical miles east of Union Banks.[8] Mischief Reef consists of a large lagoon and rocks that lie above water at low tide.[9]

Territorial disputes

Mischief Reef in 2001, prior to the major PRC land reclamations of 2014–2016

In 1994 and 1995,[10] China built initial structures on stilts in the area. The Philippine government protested these actions. However, the Chinese government rejected the protest and said that the structures were shelter for fishermen. In 1999, another wave of protests from Manila occurred when China added more structures to Mischief Reef.[11]

China was also reported to have planted buoys in nearby Sabina Shoal. The Philippines claimed that China had a well-rehearsed routine when laying claim to a new reef: first put down buoys, then build concrete markers. Temporary wooden or bamboo shelters followed, and then permanent structures went up. The Philippines therefore would try to destroy the buoys or markers before China has time to build larger structures.[11] The Philippines' decision not to destroy the Chinese structures on Mischief Reef has prevented an escalation of the dispute. The Philippines claims that China has always been prepared for armed conflict when challenged, as is evident in China's taking over reefs from Vietnam in the 1988 Johnson South Reef Skirmish which resulted in more than 70 Vietnamese deaths.[11]

On 11 July 2012, the Chinese Type 053 frigate Dongguan ran aground on the reef, sparking embarrassment for the Chinese government and causing an awkward diplomatic situation. The ship was later towed back to base.[12]

On 12 July 2016, the tribunal of the Permanent Court of Arbitration concluded that Mischief Reef is, or in their natural condition was, exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide and are, accordingly low-tide elevations that do not generate entitlement to a territorial sea, exclusive economic zone or continental shelf.[13] The tribunal concluded that Mischief Reef forms part of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Philippines.[14]

Military development

In 2014, land reclamation started inside the rims.[15] The Philippines filed a diplomatic protest against China after the discovery of their reclamation activities.[16] By January 2016, work was well advanced on developing a military base with a large harbour and a 2,644 metres (8,675 ft) runway, with the reclaimed land covering 558 hectares (1,380 acres).[17] A civilian test flight to the runway was conducted by a China Southern Airlines passenger jet on 13 July 2016.[18]

In late 2016, photographs emerged which suggested that Mischief Reef was armed with anti-aircraft weapons and a CIWS missile-defence system.[19]

In early 2021, satellite imagery and third party geointelligence analysis confirmed a radome and possible antenna mount, among other construction preparations underway on Mischief Reef.[20]

مطار مـِيْ‌جي

Meiji Airport
الملخص
نوع المطارMilitary
المالكFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg الصين
المشغلPeople's Liberation Army Navy
الموقعMischief Reef
الإحداثيات90°55′N 115°32′E / 90.917°N 115.533°E / 90.917; 115.533{{#coordinates:}}: خط العرض غير صالح
Map
Meiji Airport is located in بحر الصين الجنوبي
Meiji Airport
Meiji Airport
موقع المطار في بحر الصين الجنوبي
Runways
Direction الطول السطح
قدم متر
03/21 8٬900 2٬700 Concrete

Mischief Community

Mischief Community (美济社区, Měijì Shèqū) is affiliated to Nansha District, Sansha City, Hainan Province, the People's Republic of China, and is located on Meiji Reef, Nansha Islands, South China Sea. It is the southernmost settlement in the territory of the People's Republic of China.

On December 5, 2012, the Mischief Village Committee in Nansha District, Sansha City was formally established. The 53 fishermen who guarded the reef became the first batch of villagers. The villagers' homes and village committees were located in "Qiongfuhua No. 01" in the lagoon. On a fishing boat.

According to reports, the Hainan Provincial People's Government had planned to build a cement platform in Sanya. Once completed, it would be transported to Mischief Reef and then fixed on the atoll through pre-embedded pile foundations to form a cement platform. The platform is planned to have hundreds of rooms with toilets, air conditioners and special bathrooms for villagers to live in.[21] The plan ended with land reclamation of Mischief Reef.

In 2013, the Mischief Village Committee was renamed the Mischief Community Residents Committee.

In June 2015, after the People's Republic of China completed land reclamation on Mischief Reef, it built the office building of the Mischief Community Residents Committee on the artificial island and built bungalows for villagers to live in.

See also


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References

  1. ^ "The battle for Mischief Reef". Warfighter.org. Archived from the original on 20 أغسطس 2016. Retrieved 27 نوفمبر 2013.
  2. ^ "Map of Mischief reef". Wikimapia. Retrieved 17 مارس 2014.
  3. ^ Mischief Reef Tracker, amti.csis.org
  4. ^ Raman, B (1999). Chinese Territorial Assertions: The Case of the Mischief Reef. Chennai, India: Institute For Topical Studies. Archived from the original on 20 أغسطس 2016. Retrieved 27 نوفمبر 2013.
  5. ^ Meyer, Lt Col. Stanley E (1996). Incident at Mischief reef : Implications for The Philippines, China and The United States (PDF). Pennsylvania, USA: US Army war college, Carlisle barracks. Archived from the original on 3 ديسمبر 2013.
  6. ^ Forbes, Robert (1885). Notes on the ships of the past (1st ed.). Boston: J.F.Cotter and Co. p. 48.
  7. ^ Hancox, David; Prescott, Victor (1995). A Geographical Description of the Spratly Islands and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys amongst Those Islands. Maritime Briefings. Vol. 1. University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit. p. 29. ISBN 978-1897643181.
  8. ^ Campbell, Eric (20 مايو 2014). "Reef madness". Foreign Correspondent. ABC News. Retrieved 22 مايو 2014.
  9. ^ Cire Sarr (19 أغسطس 2001). "Digital Gazetteer of Spratly Islands". www.southchinasea.org. Retrieved 7 أكتوبر 2014.
  10. ^ Ian Storey; Herbert Yee (2004). The China threat : Perceptions and myths. Routledge. ISBN 0415347106.
  11. ^ أ ب ت McCarthy, Terry (8 مارس 1999). "Reef Wars". Time Asia. Puerto Princessa, Palawan. 153 (9). Archived from the original on 14 فبراير 2001. Retrieved 22 مارس 2008.
  12. ^ Tania Branigan (13 يوليو 2012). "Chinese frigate runs aground in disputed part of South China Sea". The Guardian.
  13. ^ "Award" (PDF). Permanent Court of Arbitration. 12 يوليو 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 يناير 2019. Retrieved 17 يوليو 2016. p.174
  14. ^ "Award" (PDF). Permanent Court of Arbitration. 12 يوليو 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 يناير 2019. Retrieved 17 يوليو 2016. p.260
  15. ^ David E. Sanger and Rick Gladstone, "Piling Sand in a Disputed Sea, China Literally Gains Ground", The New York Times, 8 April 2015.
  16. ^ Del Callar, Michaela (10 فبراير 2015). "PHL files new diplomatic protest over China's reclamation in Mischief Reef". GMA News. Retrieved 24 مايو 2016.
  17. ^ "Airstrips near Completion". Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative. يناير 2016. Retrieved 30 يناير 2016.
  18. ^ "China conducts test flights on two new airports on Nansha Islands". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 14 يوليو 2016. Retrieved 14 يوليو 2016.
  19. ^ "China's New Spratly Island Defenses". Center for Strategic and International Studies. 13 ديسمبر 2016. Retrieved 17 ديسمبر 2016.
  20. ^ "Feb 2021: New Construction on Mischief Reef". Simularity. Retrieved 17 فبراير 2021.
  21. ^ "中国最靠近赤道的城市旅游五一开通". 新华网. 7 أبريل 2013. Archived from the original on 21 مايو 2013. Retrieved 7 أبريل 2013.

Further reading

External links

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