هكسان
الأسماء | |
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اسم أيوپاك المفضل
Hexane[2] | |
أسماء أخرى
Sextane,[1] hexacarbane
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Identifiers | |
رقم CAS | |
3D model (JSmol)
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مرجع بايلستاين | 1730733 |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
DrugBank | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.435 |
رقم EC |
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مرجع Gmelin | 1985 |
KEGG | |
عناوين مواضيع طبية MeSH | |
PubChem CID
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رقم RTECS |
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UNII | |
UN number | 1208 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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InChI | InChI={{{value}}} |
SMILES | |
الخصائص | |
الصيغة الجزيئية | C6H14 |
كتلة مولية | 86.18 g mol-1 |
المظهر | Colorless liquid |
الرائحة | Petrolic |
الكثافة | 0.6606 g mL−1[3] |
نقطة الانصهار | |
نقطة الغليان | |
قابلية الذوبان في الماء | 9.5 mg L−1 |
log P | 3.764 |
ضغط البخار | 17.60 kPa (at 20.0 °C) |
kH | 7.6 nmol Pa−1 kg−1 |
λmax | 200 nm |
القابلية المغناطيسية | −74.6·10−6 cm3/mol |
معامل الانكسار (nD) | 1.375 |
اللزوجة | 0.3 mPa·s |
Dipole moment | 0.08 D |
الكيمياء الحرارية | |
الإنتالپية المعيارية للتشكل ΔfH |
−199.4–−198.0 kJ mol−1 |
الانتالبية المعيارية للاحتراق ΔcH |
−4180–−4140 kJ mol−1 |
Standard molar entropy S |
296.06 J K−1 mol−1 |
سعة الحرارة النوعية، C | 265.2 J K−1 mol−1 |
المخاطر | |
خطر رئيسي | Reproductive toxicity – After aspiration, pulmonary oedema, pneumonitis[4] |
ن.م.ع. مخطط تصويري | |
ن.م.ع. كلمة الاشارة | DANGER |
H225, H302, H305, H315, H336, H361fd, H373, H411 | |
P201, P202, P210, P233, P235, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P271, P273, P280, P281, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P308+P313, P310, P312, P314, P332+P313, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501 | |
NFPA 704 (معيـَّن النار) | |
نقطة الوميض | −26.0 °C (−14.8 °F; 247.2 K) |
234.0 °C (453.2 °F; 507.1 K) | |
حدود الانفجار | 1.2–7.7% |
الجرعة أو التركيز القاتل (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (الجرعة الوسطى)
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25 g kg−1 (oral, rat) 28710 mg/kg (rat, oral)[6] |
LDLo (المنشورة الأقل)
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56137 mg/kg (rat, oral)[6] |
حدود التعرض الصحية بالولايات المتحدة (NIOSH): | |
PEL (المسموح)
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TWA 500 ppm (1800 mg/m3)[5] |
REL (الموصى به)
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TWA 50 ppm (180 mg/m3)[5] |
IDLH (خطر عاجل)
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1100 ppm[5] |
مركبات ذا علاقة | |
alkanes ذات العلاقة
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ما لم يُذكر غير ذلك، البيانات المعطاة للمواد في حالاتهم العيارية (عند 25 °س [77 °ف]، 100 kPa). | |
verify (what is ?) | |
مراجع الجدول | |
الهكسان هو من الهيدروكربونات. كما أن الهكسان ألكان له الصيغة الكيميائية CH3(CH2)4CH3. البادئة "هكس" ترجع إلى وجود 6 ذرات كربون, بينما اللاحقة "ان" تدل على أن الرابطة أحادية بين ذرات الكربون. متزامرات (isomer) الهكسان غير نشطة, ولذا غالبا ما تستخدم كمذيب خامل في التفاعلات العضوية لأنها غير قطبية. كما أنهم من المركبات الشائعة في الالجازولين.
The term hexanes refers to a mixture, composed largely (>60%) of n-hexane, with varying amounts of the isomeric compounds 2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane, and possibly, smaller amounts of nonisomeric C5, C6, and C7 (cyclo)alkanes. These "hexanes" mixtures are cheaper than pure hexane and are often used in large-scale operations not requiring a single isomer (e.g., as cleaning solvent or for chromatography).
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المتزامرات
Common name | IUPAC name | Text formula | Skeletal formula |
---|---|---|---|
Normal hexane, n-Hexane |
Hexane | CH3(CH2)4CH3 | |
Isohexane | 2-Methylpentane | (CH3)2CH(CH2)2CH3 | |
3-Methylpentane | CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3 | ||
2,3-Dimethylbutane | (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2 | ||
Neohexane | 2,2-Dimethylbutane | (CH3)3CCH2CH3 |
الاستخدامات
In industry, hexanes are used in the formulation of glues for shoes, leather products, and roofing. They are also used to extract cooking oils (such as canola oil or soy oil) from seeds, for cleansing and degreasing a variety of items, and in textile manufacturing. They are commonly used in food based soybean oil extraction in the United States, and are potentially present as contaminants in all soy food products in which the technique is used[بحاجة لمصدر]; the lack of regulation by the FDA of this contaminant is a matter of some controversy.[7][8]
A typical laboratory use of hexanes is to extract oil and grease contaminants from water and soil for analysis.[9] Since hexane cannot be easily deprotonated, it is used in the laboratory for reactions that involve very strong bases, such as the preparation of organolithiums. For example, butyllithiums are typically supplied as a hexane solution.[10]
Hexanes are commonly used in chromatography as a non-polar solvent. Higher alkanes present as impurities in hexanes have similar retention times as the solvent, meaning that fractions containing hexane will also contain these impurities. In preparative chromatography, concentration of a large volume of hexanes can result in a sample that is appreciably contaminated by alkanes. This may result in a solid compound being obtained as an oil and the alkanes may interfere with analysis.[11]
الانتاج
Hexanes are chiefly obtained by refining crude oil. The exact composition of the fraction depends largely on the source of the oil (crude or reformed) and the constraints of the refining. The industrial product (usually around 50% by weight of the straight-chain isomer) is the fraction boiling at 65–70 °C (149–158 °F).
الخصائص الفيزيائية
All alkanes are colorless.[12][13] The boiling points of the various hexanes are somewhat similar and, as for other alkanes, are generally lower for the more branched forms. The melting points are quite different and the trend is not apparent.[14]
Isomer | M.P. (°C) | M.P. (°F) | B.P. (°C) | B.P. (°F) |
---|---|---|---|---|
n-hexane | −95.3 | −139.5 | 68.7 | 155.7 |
3-methylpentane | −118.0 | −180.4 | 63.3 | 145.9 |
2-methylpentane (isohexane) | −153.7 | −244.7 | 60.3 | 140.5 |
2,3-dimethylbutane | −128.6 | −199.5 | 58.0 | 136.4 |
2,2-dimethylbutane (neohexane) | −99.8 | −147.6 | 49.7 | 121.5 |
Hexane has considerable vapor pressure at room temperature:
درجة الحرارة (°C) | درجة الحرارة (°F) | Vapor pressure (mmHg) | Vapor pressure (kPa) |
---|---|---|---|
−40 | −40 | 3.36 | 0.448 |
−30 | −22 | 7.12 | 0.949 |
−20 | −4 | 14.01 | 1.868 |
−10 | 14 | 25.91 | 3.454 |
0 | 32 | 45.37 | 6.049 |
10 | 50 | 75.74 | 10.098 |
20 | 68 | 121.26 | 16.167 |
25 | 77 | 151.28 | 20.169 |
30 | 86 | 187.11 | 24.946 |
40 | 104 | 279.42 | 37.253 |
50 | 122 | 405.31 | 54.037 |
60 | 140 | 572.76 | 76.362 |
التفاعل
Like most alkanes, hexane characteristically exhibits low reactivity and are suitable solvents for reactive compounds. Commercial samples of n-hexane however often contains methylcyclopentane, which features tertiary C-H bonds, which are incompatible with some radical reactions.[15]
Safety
Inhalation of n-hexane at 5000 ppm for 10 minutes produces marked vertigo; 2500-1000 ppm for 12 hours produces drowsiness, fatigue, loss of appetite, and paresthesia in the distal extremities; 2500–5000 ppm produces muscle weakness, cold pulsation in the extremities, blurred vision, headache and anorexia.[16] Chronic occupational exposure to elevated levels of n-hexane has been demonstrated to be associated with peripheral neuropathy in auto mechanics in the US, and neurotoxicity in workers in printing presses, and shoe and furniture factories in Asia, Europe, and North America.[17]
The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) for hexane isomers (not n-hexane) of 100 ppm (350 mg/m3 (0.15 gr/cu ft)) over an 8-hour workday.[18] However, for n-hexane, the current NIOSH REL is 50 ppm (180 mg/m3 (0.079 gr/cu ft)) over an 8-hour workday.[19] This limit was proposed as a permissible exposure limit (PEL) by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in 1989; however, this PEL was overruled in US courts in 1992.[20] The current n-hexane PEL in the US is 500 ppm (1,800 mg/m3 (0.79 gr/cu ft)).[19]
Hexane and other volatile hydrocarbons (petroleum ether) present an aspiration risk.[21] n-Hexane is sometimes used as a denaturant for alcohol, and as a cleaning agent in the textile, furniture, and leather industries. It is slowly being replaced with other solvents.[22]
Like gasoline, hexane is highly volatile and is an explosion risk. Ignition of hexane vapors which had been illegally discharged in the sewers of Louisville (Kentucky) from a soybean processing plant owned by Ralston-Purina caused a series of explosions which destroyed over 21 km of sewer lines and streets in that city.
حوادث
Occupational hexane poisoning has occurred with Japanese sandal workers, Italian shoe workers,[23] Taiwan press proofing workers, and others.[24] Analysis of Taiwanese workers has shown occupational exposure to substances including n-hexane.[25] In 2010–2011, Chinese workers manufacturing iPhones were reported to have suffered hexane poisoning.[26][27]
Hexane was identified as being the cause of the Louisville sewer explosions on 13 February 1981, that destroyed more than 13 miles (21 km) of sewer lines and streets in the center of Louisville in Kentucky, United States.
التحولات الحيوية
n-Hexane is biotransformed to 2-hexanol and further to 2,5-hexanediol in the body. The conversion is catalyzed by the enzyme cytochrome P450 utilizing oxygen from air. 2,5-Hexanediol may be further oxidized to 2,5-hexanedione, which is neurotoxic and produces a polyneuropathy.[22] In view of this behavior, replacement of n-hexane as a solvent has been discussed. n-Heptane is a possible alternative.[28]
شاهد أيضا
وصلات خارجية
- ^ Hofmann, August Wilhelm Von (1 January 1867). "I. On the action of trichloride of phosphorus on the salts of the aromatic monamines". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 15: 54–62. doi:10.1098/rspl.1866.0018. S2CID 98496840.
- ^ "n-hexane – Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 16 September 2004. Identification and Related Records. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
- ^ William M. Haynes (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 3–298. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3.
- ^ GHS Classification on [PubChem]
- ^ أ ب ت NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0322
- ^ أ ب "n-Hexane". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ "The Tofurky Company : Our Ingredients". Tofurky.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
- ^ Palmer, Brian (2010-04-26). "A study found hexane in soy protein. Should you stop eating veggie burgers?". Slate.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
- ^ Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories. Kbh: Nordisk Ministerråd. 2003. ISBN 92-893-0884-2. OCLC 474188215. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012.
- ^ Schwindeman, James A.; Woltermann, Chris J.; Letchford, Robert J. (2002-05-01). "Safe handling of organolithium compounds in the laboratory". Chemical Health & Safety. 9 (3): 6–11. doi:10.1016/s1074-9098(02)00295-2. ISSN 1074-9098.
- ^ "The Hexane Molecule". www.worldofmolecules.com. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
- ^ "Organic Chemistry-I" (PDF). Nsdl.niscair.res.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
- ^ "13. Hydrocarbons | Textbooks". Textbook.s-anand.net. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
- ^ William D. McCain (1990). The properties of petroleum fluids. PennWell. ISBN 978-0-87814-335-1.
- ^ قالب:OrgSynth
- ^ "N-HEXANE". Toxicology data network Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015.
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2001-11-16). "n-Hexane-related peripheral neuropathy among automotive technicians--California, 1999-2000". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 50 (45): 1011–1013. ISSN 0149-2195. PMID 11724159.
- ^ "CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Hexane isomers (excluding n-Hexane)". cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
- ^ أ ب CDC (2018-03-28). "n-Hexane". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2020-05-03.
- ^ "Appendix G: 1989 Air Contaminants Update Project - Exposure Limits NOT in Effect". www.cdc.gov (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2020-02-20. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
- ^ Gad, Shayne C (2005), "Petroleum Hydrocarbons", Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3 (2nd ed.), Elsevier, pp. 377–379
- ^ أ ب Clough, Stephen R; Mulholland, Leyna (2005). "Hexane". Encyclopedia of Toxicology. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 522–525.
- ^ Rizzuto, N; De Grandis, D; Di Trapani, G; Pasinato, E (1980). "N-hexane polyneuropathy. An occupational disease of shoemakers". European Neurology. 19 (5): 308–15. doi:10.1159/000115166. PMID 6249607.
- ^ n-Hexane, Environmental Health Criteria, World Health Organization, 1991, http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc122.htm
- ^ Liu, C. H.; Huang, C. Y.; Huang, C. C. (2012). "Occupational Neurotoxic Diseases in Taiwan". Safety and Health at Work. 3 (4): 257–67. doi:10.5491/SHAW.2012.3.4.257. PMC 3521924. PMID 23251841.
- ^ "Workers poisoned while making iPhones – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2010-10-26. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
- ^ David Barboza (22 February 2011). "Workers Sickened at Apple Supplier in China". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
- ^ Filser JG, Csanády GA, Dietz W, Kessler W, Kreuzer PE, Richter M, Störmer A (1996). "Comparative estimation of the neurotoxic risks of n-hexane and n-heptane in rats and humans based on the formation of the metabolites 2,5-hexanedione and 2,5-heptanedione". Adv Exp Med Biol. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 387: 411–427. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9480-9_50. ISBN 978-1-4757-9482-3. PMID 8794236.
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