أرتڤين

Coordinates: 41°11′00″N 41°49′05″E / 41.18333°N 41.81806°E / 41.18333; 41.81806
(تم التحويل من Artvin)
هذا المقال هو عن المدينة. إذا كنت تريد المحافظة، انظر محافظة أرتڤين.
أرتڤين
Artvin
بلدية
Artvin Çoruh University City Campus
Artvin Çoruh University City Campus
أرتڤين is located in تركيا
أرتڤين
أرتڤين
أرتڤين is located in جبال القوقاز
أرتڤين
أرتڤين
الإحداثيات: 41°11′00″N 41°49′05″E / 41.18333°N 41.81806°E / 41.18333; 41.81806
البلدTurkey
المحافظةأرتڤين
الحكومة
 • MayorDemirhan Elçin (CHP)
المساحة
[1]
 • District1٬084٫74 كم² (418٫82 ميل²)
المنسوب
345 m (1٬132 ft)
التعداد
 (2012)[2]
 • Urban
25٬771
 • District
33٬692
 • كثافة District31/km2 (80/sq mi)
Post code
0800
المناخCfb
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.artvin.bel.tr

مدينة أرتفين (Laz و بالجورجية: ართვინი؛ بالأرمينية: Արտուին) هي عاصمة محافظة أرتڤين تقع في شمال شرق تركيا قرب الحدود الجورجية يبلغ عدد سكانها 25,841 نسمة (في 2021).[3]

It is located on a hill overlooking the Çoruh River near the Deriner Dam. It is a former bishopric and (vacant) Armenian Catholic titular see and the home of Artvin Çoruh University.

View of Artvin from Deriner Dam.

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التاريخ

Artifacts dating back to the Bronze Age and even earlier have been found. The area was part of the kingdom of Colchis and part of the Greater Armenia but was always vulnerable to invasions, first the Scythians from across the Caucasus, then the Muslim armies led by Habib, son of Caliph Uthman who controlled the area from 853 AD to 1023 when it was conquered by the Byzantines from the Sac Emirate linked to the Abbasids.

The Principalities of Tao-Klarjeti arose out of the turmoils of the Muslim conquests in the Caucasus in the 7th and 8th centuries, succeeding the early medieval Kingdom of Iberia and latter leading unification of Georgian Kingdom. For a long time the region became a cultural safe-house and one of the most important religious centers of Georgia.

The Seljuk Turks of Alp Arslan conquered the area in 1064 AD; but soon, it was briefly recaptured by the Georgians with the help of the Byzantines. But in 1081 Turkish forces led by Saltukoğlu Beylik managed to take it back with the aid of Melikşah. With the collapse of the Seljuks, the Artvin area came under the control of the Ildeniz tribe of the Anatolian Turkish beyliks.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

The Kingdom of Georgia regained control over the region through Georgian-Seljuk wars. Taking advantage of Georgia's weakness through Mongol invasions, Turkmens started their incursions into south-western Georgia. The largely Georgian population of the region called on lord of Samtskhe, to assist them against the Turkmens. By the mid-13th century, the Jaqelis realm thus incorporated most of the mountainous areas of north eastern Anatolia. Various Turkmen clans fought for control over the area and this continued until the Safavids ultimately took advantage of the infighting and conquered the area in 1502.

The Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II defeated the Empire of Trebizond to bring the eastern Black Sea coast and the mountainous hinterland under their control. Subsequent expeditions into the mountains by Selim I and Mehmed Han Yusufeli gave them control of a number of castles and thus the whole district. Kara Ahmed Pasha, the vizier of Suleiman I formed the first Livane Sanjak with the name Pert-Eğekte. On 13 July 1551, with Skender Pasha's Ardanuç castle, the Ottoman control of Artvin was secure. Ahmed III's vizer Hasan Pasha founded the city of Batumi in the newly acquired lands of Ajaria and it became the hub of the area.

Double Bridge in Artvin Province.

This lasted 250 years until the area was ceded to the Russians by the Ottoman Empire following the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829), and recovered and again ceded at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. Artvin was in a war zone and continuously changing hands between Russia and Turkey with the Treaties of Brest-Litovsk, Moscow and Kars. The conflict and uncertainty between Russia and Turkey in the late 19th century brought terrible suffering to the people of Artvin (Muslim Georgians), with much of the population moving westwards away from the Russian-controlled areas. The town was the administrative center of the Artvin Okrug of the Batum Oblast.

The Russians withdrew from Artvin following the Russian Revolution of 1917; but when the First World War ended with the Ottomans on the losing side, British troops moved into the area in 1918, followed by Democratic Republic of Georgia. As a result of Red Army invasion of Georgia, Artvin was ceded to newly established Turkey under the Treaty of Kars in 1921.[12]

Above the strategically placed town and road is the fortress, which was once within the medieval Georgian district of Nigali. The site consists of a single circuit wall surrounding the summit of the outcrop, several impressive rooms, an outwork protecting the south entrance, and a large donjon at the west. There are also embrasures and windows suitable for archers. In 1983 the fortress was surveyed and three years later an accurate scaled plan and description were published.[13]

Sahara Mountain


Ecclesiastical history

An old building in Artvin city center.
Artvin general view.

On 30 April 1850, the papal bulla Universi Dominici gregis from Pius IX established the Armenian Catholic eparchy (Eastern Catholic diocese) of Artvin of the Armenians, with jurisdiction over the extreme northeast of Turkey and in the (Russian) Transcaucasus. It has had only three incumbents:

  • Timoteus Astargi (or Astorgi) (30 April 1850 - death 26 March 1851)
  • Antonius Halagi (5 May 1859 - resigned 1878)
  • Johannes (John) Zakarian (1 October 1878 - death 1888), who was never allowed to take possession of his see by the Czarist Russian Empire, which had taken control of the whole province of Artvin [14][15][16][17] after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

In 1890 about 12,000 Armenian Catholics were reported, entrusted to the care of 13 Armenian priests in 2 churches and 5 chapels.[18]

Under an agreement between Russia and the Holy See in 1904, Catholic Armenians throughout the Caucasus and interior Russia were entrusted to an apostolic administrator resident in Tbilisi (Georgia), but the Soviet authorities imprisoned him, and he died some time before 1937.[19] The diocese had already lost most of its faithful in the Armenian genocide at the end of the First World War.

The Holy See continued to list the eparchy of Artvin as a vacant residential see until 1971,[20] but in 1972, suppressing it as such, began to list Artvin as the Armenian Catholic titular bishopric of Artvin (Curiate Italian) / Artwin / Artuinen(sis) Armenorum (Latin).[21]

However it never has had a titular incumbent, who should be of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank.

Çağliyan, a village in Şavşat.

الديمغرافيا

السنة الإجمالي الجماعات العرقية
1886[22] 6,442 Georgians, Armenians, Turks, Laz
1897[23] 17,091 Georgians, Armenians, Turks, Laz
1985[24] 18,720 Turks, Laz, Georgian
1990[24] 20,306 Turks, Laz, Georgian
2000[24] 23,157 Turks, Laz, Georgian
2010[25] 164,759 Turks, Laz, Georgian
2018[25] 174,010 Turks, Laz, Georgian


الأحداث

تشتهر أرتڤين بمهرجان ثقافة وفنون القوقاز (قفقاس)، وهو احتفال يقام كل عام على هضبة قفقاسور.[26] وأشهر حدث فيه هو مصارعة الثيران التي تجتذب العديد من الزوار المحليين والأجانب.[27]

المناخ

Climate data for أرتڤين (1949–2017)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.9
(66.0) 		21.5
(70.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		34.4
(93.9) 		36.4
(97.5) 		39.0
(102.2) 		42.0
(107.6) 		43.0
(109.4) 		38.4
(101.1) 		33.9
(93.0) 		27.9
(82.2) 		20.9
(69.6) 		43.0
(109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2) 		8.1
(46.6) 		12.3
(54.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		25.7
(78.3) 		26.3
(79.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		19.5
(67.1) 		13.3
(55.9) 		7.7
(45.9) 		17.2
(63.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.8
(37.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		20.8
(69.4) 		21.0
(69.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.1
(48.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		12.3
(54.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.2
(52.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		16.8
(62.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.6
(42.1) 		1.5
(34.7) 		8.4
(47.1)
Record low °C (°F) −16.1
(3.0) 		−11.9
(10.6) 		−9.8
(14.4) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		9.5
(49.1) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.6
(40.3) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−10.8
(12.6) 		−16.1
(3.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 85.2
(3.35) 		72.0
(2.83) 		60.3
(2.37) 		53.8
(2.12) 		53.1
(2.09) 		49.8
(1.96) 		30.7
(1.21) 		29.3
(1.15) 		36.6
(1.44) 		61.6
(2.43) 		76.3
(3.00) 		87.9
(3.46) 		696.6
(27.43)
Average precipitation days 12.9 12.8 13.2 13.0 14.1 12.6 8.2 8.0 8.4 11.0 10.8 11.7 136.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 71.3 93.2 136.4 156.0 198.4 213.0 207.7 213.9 192.0 145.7 93.0 65.1 1٬785٫7
Mean daily sunshine hours 2.3 3.3 4.4 5.2 6.4 7.1 6.7 6.9 6.4 4.7 3.1 2.1 4.9
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[28]


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مدن توأم

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
  2. ^ "Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
  3. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in التركية). TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  4. ^ The Turks: Middle ages, Hasan Celāl Güzel, Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay, 2002
  5. ^ Les Origines de l'Empire ottoman, Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser, 1992, page 82
  6. ^ European and Islamic trade in the early Ottoman state: the merchants of Genoa and Turkey, Kate Fleet, 1999, page 49
  7. ^ Turkey, Verity Campbell, 2007, page 35
  8. ^ Turkey, James Bainbridge, 2009, page 33
  9. ^ Eastern Turkey: The Bradt Travel Guide, Diana Darke, 2011, page 77
  10. ^ The Turks: Early ages, Hasan Celāl Güzel, Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay, 2002
  11. ^ The sons of Bayezid: empire building and representation in the Ottoman civil war of 1402-1413, Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 2007, page 2
  12. ^ Artvin Valiliği Resmi Web Sayfası <<! HOŞGELDİNİZ !>>
  13. ^ Robert W. Edwards, “The Fortifications of Artvin: A Second Preliminary Report on the Marchlands of Northeast Turkey,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 40, 1986, pp.165-70, pls. 2-10.
  14. ^ Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 456
  15. ^ Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Supplement, Leipzig 1931, p. 93
  16. ^ Joseph Lins, "Artvin" in The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1907)
  17. ^ Christopher Lawrence Zugger, The Forgotten (Syracuse University Press 2001 ISBN 978-0-81560679-6), p. 60
  18. ^ O. Werner, Orbis terrarum catholicus, Friburgo 1890, p. 149.
  19. ^ Chronology of Catholic Dioceses:Notes on the Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Artvin
  20. ^ Annuario Pontificio 1971 (Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana0, p. 41
  21. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 840
  22. ^ Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, извлечённых из посемейных списков 1886 года, г. Тифлис, 1893. Available online here
  23. ^ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России (in الروسية). Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  24. ^ أ ب ت "Artvin: Nüfus Bilgileri" (in التركية). Belediyeler Konuşuyor. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  25. ^ أ ب "Artvin Nüfusu". www.nufusu.com (in التركية). Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  26. ^ Kafkasör Bull Wrestling Festival
  27. ^ Bullwrestling in Artvin, Turkey Archived 2011-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri" (in التركية). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.

المصادر والوصلات الخارجية

ببليوگرافيا - كنسية
  • Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 456 & Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Complementi, Leipzig 1931, p. 93
  • Notizie storiche sull'eparchia di Artvin, katolsk.no.
  • Papal Bulla 'Universi Dominici gregis', in Giovanni Domenico Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio, vol. XL, coll. 779-780
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