536
► | قرن 5 | << قرن 6 >> | قرن 7 | ◄
► | عقد 500 | عقد 510 | عقد 520 | << عقد 530 >> | عقد 540 | عقد 550 | عقد 560 | ◄
تحويل 1-1-536م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) | تحويل 31-12-536م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) | ابحث في الموسوعة عن مواضيع متعلقة بسنة 536
| الألفية: | الألفية 1 |
|---|---|
| القرون: | القرن 5 - القرن 6 - القرن 7 |
| العقود: | عقد 500 عقد 510 عقد 520 - عقد 530 - عقد 540 عقد 550 عقد 560 |
| السنوات: | 533 534 535 - 536 - 537 538 539 |
| 536 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفات المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفات التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| تأسيسات – انحلالات | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 536 DXXXVI |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 1289 |
| التقويم الأرمني | N/A |
| التقويم الآشوري | 5286 |
| التقويم البهائي | −1308 – −1307 |
| التقويم البنغالي | −57 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 1486 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | N/A |
| التقويم البوذي | 1080 |
| التقويم البورمي | −102 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6044–6045 |
| التقويم الصيني | 乙卯年 (الخشب الأرنب) 3232 أو 3172 — إلى — 丙辰年 (النار التنين) 3233 أو 3173 |
| التقويم القبطي | 252–253 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 1702 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 528–529 |
| التقويم العبري | 4296–4297 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 592–593 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 458–459 |
| - كالي يوگا | 3637–3638 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 10536 |
| تقويم الإگبو | −464 – −463 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 86 ق.ر. – 85 ق.ر. |
| التقويم الهجري | 89 ق.هـ. – 88 ق.هـ. |
| التقويم الياباني | N/A |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 536 DXXXVI |
| التقويم الكوري | 2869 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 1376 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前1376年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1079 |
Year 536 (Roman numerals: DXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year after the Consulship of Belisarius (or, less frequently, year 1289 Ab Urbe Condita). The denomination 536 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
In 2018, medieval scholar Michael McCormick nominated 536 as "the worst year to be alive" because of the extreme weather events probably caused by a volcanic eruption early in the year, causing average temperatures in Europe and China to decline and resulting in crop failures and famine for well over a year.[1][2] Other researchers have noted additional adverse events during the year, including a mysterious fog, possibly due to the volcanic eruption.[3]
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أحداث
حسب المكان
الامبراطورية البيزنطية
- Spring – Emperor Justinian I appoints his cousin Germanus as magister militum to deal with the crisis in Africa. He sends a mobile force of comitatenses (mostly cavalry) and an elite guard. Solomon, the previous magister militum, returns to Constantinople.[4]
- الصيف – الحرب القوطية (535–554): بليزاريوس يعبر مضيق مسينا ويغزو إيطاليا. ويهزم مدينة Rhegium ويتقدم إلى ناپولي.
- نوفمبر – حصار ناپولي: Belisarius captures Naples after a month's siege, by sending troops into the city through an abandoned Roman aqueduct.[5]
- 9 ديسمبر - الحرب القوطية: الجنرال البيزنطي بليزاريوس يدخل روما بعد جلاء الحامية المكونة من 4000 من القوط الشرقيين عنها بدون قتال لتعود العاصمة القديمة إلى الامبراطورية.[6]
- Winter – Belisarius sets up his headquarters on the Pincian Hill, and repairs the neglected city walls of Rome. He stations a 5,000-man garrison, of whom half are his personal bodyguard (bucellarii). To hold parts of the city, he recruits 20,000 young Romans to man the walls.
أوروپا
- Early in 536 (possible) – Volcanic winter of 536: A volcano erupts in Iceland.[1] Famine is described in the Annals of Ulster.[7]
- مارس – Ostrogothic King Theodahad cedes Provence and upper Alamannia to the Franks, gaining their support in the war. He sends a large Gothic army into Dalmatia. They defeat the Byzantines, Mundus is killed during the fighting at Salona, and the Byzantine army withdraws.[6]
- Summer – Constantinianus, magister militum per Illyricum, retakes Dalmatia. The Goths abandon Salona and withdraw to the north. The Byzantines rebuild its walls and reclaim the province.[8]
- December – Vitiges deposes his rival Theodahad at Ravenna, and marries Matasuntha (daughter of queen Amalasuntha). He becomes king of the Ostrogoths and assembles an army to fight against Belisarius.[5]
أفريقيا
- مارس - أبريل – Belisarius sails to Carthage with 1,000 men, to suppress a mutiny against Solomon. Meanwhile, the capitalقالب:Which? is besieged by 9,000 rebels, including many Vandals, under Stotzas.
- Battle of the River Bagradas: Belisarius defeats the mutineers, and hurries back to Sicily.[9]
آسيا
- January 26 – Senka succeeds his brother Ankan, as the 28th emperor of Japan.
- August – Volcanic winter of 536: Snow falls in China, which causes the harvest to be delayed.[10]
حسب الموضوع
الدين
- Before March 13 – Anthimus I is deposed as patriarch of Constantinople in favour of Menas.
- April 22 – Pope Agapetus I dies in Constantinople, after a reign of just ten months. He is succeeded by Silverius as the 58th pope.
- May 2–June 4 – Council of Constantinople.
- September 19 – Council of Jerusalem.
- The Little Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (begun in 527) is completed as the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus.
المناخ
- Extreme weather events of 535–536, thought to have been caused by an extensive veil of dust in the atmosphere, begin in the Northern Hemisphere. They continue until the following year, causing unseasonal weather and crop failure worldwide. It is possible this is caused by the eruption of a volcano: Krakatoa, Ilopango in El Salvador (Central America); in North America; or in Iceland.[1]
مواليد
- مجهولة التاريخ – Li Ezi, Chinese empress dowager of Northern Zhou (ت. 588)
- محتمل
- Evagrius Scholasticus, Syrian church historian (or 537) (ت. 594)[11]
- Venantius Fortunatus, Merovingian bishop and poet (ت. c. 600/609)
وفيات
- January 25 – Ankan, emperor of Japan (و. c. 466)
- April 22 – Pope Agapetus I[12]
- December – Theodahad, king of the Ostrogoths (assassinated) (و. c. 480)
- unknown date – Mundus, Gepid Byzantine general (killed in action)[13]
الملاحظات والمراجع
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ملاحظات
المراجع
- ^ أ ب ت Gibbons, Ann (2018-11-15). "Why 536 was 'the worst year to be alive". Science. AAAS. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
- ^ Walsh, Bryan. "Despite the coronavirus pandemic, 2020 wasn't the worst year ever – by a long shot". Axios.
- ^ Ciaccia, Chris (2020-01-21). "Vikings may have predicted climate change on ancient stone carving". Fox News – via New York Post.
- ^ Bury (1958). pp. 143–144.
- ^ أ ب Massimiliano Vitiello (1 January 2014). Theodahad: A Platonic King at the Collapse of Ostrogothic Italy. University of Toronto Press. pp. 157–160. ISBN 978-1-4426-4783-1.
- ^ أ ب Bury (1923). Vol. II, Ch. XVIII. pp. 174-180.
- ^ Bambury, Pádraig; Beechinor, Stephen (2000). "The Annals of Ulster" (Electronic ed.). Cork, Ireland: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College Cork. pp. U536.3n.
Failure of bread.
- ^ Procopius, De Bello Gothico I.VII.
- ^ Earl Philip Henry Stanhope Stanhope (1848). The Life of Belisarius. J. Murray. pp. 154–158.
- ^ Ochoa, George; Hoffman, Jennifer; Tin, Tina (2005). Climate: the force that shapes our world and the future of life on earth. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-59486-288-5.
- ^ Pauline Allen (1981). Evagrius Scholasticus, the Church Historian. Peeters Publishers & Booksellers. p. 1.
- ^ J. B. Bury (1 January 1958). History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I. to the Death of Justinian. Courier Corporation. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-486-20399-7.
- ^ T. F. Lindsay (1949). Saint Benedict: His Life and Work. Burns, Oates. p. 102.