نويڤو ليون

Coordinates: 25°34′N 99°58′W / 25.567°N 99.967°W / 25.567; -99.967
(تم التحويل من ولاية نويڤو ليون)
لمعلومات عن the Mexico City Metrobús stations، انظر Nuevo León (Mexico City Metrobús, Line 1) وNuevo León (Mexico City Metrobús, Line 2).
Nuevo León
State of Mexico
Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León
Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León (Spanish)
De arriba a abajo, izquierda y derecha; Vista panorámica de Monterrey, Catedral de Monterrey, Edificios en San Pedro Garza García, Parroquia de Santiago Apóstol en Villa de Santiago, Grutas de Bustamante, Palacio de gobierno del estado de Nuevo León, Edificios en la zona metropolitana de Monterrey y Museo del Obispado
درع Nuevo León
Coat of arms
الشعار: 
Semper Ascendens
(Always Ascending)
النشيد: Himno de Nuevo León
State of Nuevo León within Mexico
State of Nuevo León within Mexico
الإحداثيات: 25°34′N 99°58′W / 25.567°N 99.967°W / 25.567; -99.967
CountryMexico
العاصمةمونتري
Largest CityMonterrey
Largest Metropolitan AreaGreater Monterrey
AdmissionMay 7, 1824[1]
Order15th
أسسهاDiego de Montemayor
الحكومة
 • GovernorLogo Partido Movimiento Ciudadano (México).svg Samuel Alejandro García Sepúlveda
 • Senators[2]Logo Partido Movimiento Ciudadano (México).svg Luis David Ortíz Salinas
Logo Partido Movimiento Ciudadano (México).svg Indira Kempis Martínez
PAN Party (Mexico).svg Víctor Oswaldo Fuentes Solís
 • Deputies[3]
المساحة
[4]
 • الإجمالي64٬156 كم² (24٬771 ميل²)
 Ranked 13th
أعلى منسوب
[5] (Cerro Potosí)
3٬710 m (12٬208 ft)
التعداد
 (2020)[6]
 • الإجمالي5٬784٬442
 • الترتيب8th
 • الكثافة90/km2 (230/sq mi)
 • ترتيب الكثافة14th
صفة المواطنNeoleonés
GDP
 (nominal; 2018)[7]
 • Total$179.6 billion MXN
 • Per capita$35,081 MXN
GDP
 (PPP; 2018)[8]
 • Total$197 billion
 • Per capita$36,140
منطقة التوقيتUTC−6 (CST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−5 (CDT)
Postal code
64–67
Area code
ISO 3166 codeMX-NLE
HDI▲ 0.808 Very High Ranked 3rd of 32
الموقع الإلكترونيOfficial Web Site

Nuevo León (English: New León) (النطق الإسپاني: [ˈnweβo leˈon]) is a state in Mexico. The state was named after the New Kingdom of León, an administrative territory from the Viceroyalty of New Spain, itself was named after the historic Spanish Kingdom of León. With a total land area of 64,555 square kilometers (24,771 square miles), Nuevo León is the 13th largest federal entity in Mexico.[9] The state is located in the northeastern part of Mexico and is bordered by Tamaulipas to the east, Coahuila to the west, and both Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi to the south. To the north, it shares an extremely narrow international border with the U.S. state of Texas. The Laredo-Colombia Solidarity International Bridge is the only vehicular bridge that connects the United States with the state of Nuevo León. It crosses over the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo) between the city of Colombia, Nuevo León, and Laredo, Texas.[10]

Nuevo Léon is the seventh largest state in terms of population with an estimated population of 5.78 million people in 2020.[11] The state's most populous city is Monterrey with 1.42 million people; the Monterrey metropolitan area is the second largest metropolitan area in Mexico with an estimated population of 5.3 million people in 2020.[12] Monterrey is known for being an important industrial, intellectual and financial city in Mexico.[13]

Nuevo León's geography is known for englobing three of the most important physiographic provinces of the northeast region. The south end of the Great Plains is considered to start in the northernmost regions of Nuevo León. The region is characterized by the soft hills that dominates the lands neighboring the banks of the Rio Grande. The south and west of the state consists of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range, which dominates most of the western scenery. Due to the abrupt shape of the mountains, there are vast valleys in between the mountains. Within these valleys is where the city of Monterrey and its metropolitan area is situated. The Northern Gulf Coastal Plains are located to the east and include low altitude lands; it is classified as an "inclined plain" due to the alluvial land.[14]

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التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ نويڤو ليون
للمزيد من المعلومات: مملكة ليون الجديدة
The original Government Palace (State House) of Nuevo León in Monterrey.

Nuevo León was founded by conqueror Alberto del Canto, although frequent raids by Chichimecas, the natives of the north given the name Indios Bárbaros, prevented the establishment of almost any permanent settlements. Subsequent to the failure of del Canto to populate the area, Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, at the head of a group of Portuguese and Spanish settlers who were of Jewish descent, requested permission from the Spanish King to attempt to settle the area which would be called the New Kingdom of León and would fail as well. It wasn't until 1596 under the leadership of Diego de Montemayor the colony became permanent. Nuevo Leon eventually became (along with the provinces of Coahuila, Nuevo Santander and Texas) one of the Eastern Internal Provinces in Northern New Spain.[15][16]

The capital of Nuevo León is Monterrey, the second largest city in Mexico with over five million residents. Monterrey is a modern and affluent city, and Nuevo León has long been one of Mexico's most industrialized states.


الجغرافيا

La Huasteca State Park
Trace of petroglyphs engraved on rocks at Boca de Potrerillos.

Nuevo León has an extreme climate, and there is very little rainfall throughout the year. The territory covers 64,220 square kilometres (24,800 sq mi), and can be divided into three regions: a hot, dry region in the north, a temperate region in the mountains, and a semi-arid region in the south. The Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range affects in an important way the lay of the land forming the Galeana and Doctor Arroyo plateaus, the Iguana, Picachos, Papagayos, and Santa Clara mountain ranges, and the Pilón, Ascensión, and Río Blanco valleys. As for hydrography, the San Juan River supplies the El Cuchillo dam, which provides water for Monterrey and the metropolitan area. There are also the Cerro Prieto, La Boca, Vaquerías, Nogalitos, and Agualeguas dams. Laguna de Labradores is a major lake in Nuevo León, and Pozo del Gavilán is a natural well. Both are located in the Galeana municipality. The flora of the region includes brush and pastures in the low regions, and pine and oak trees in the mountains. The fauna includes black bears, mountain lions, javelinas, prairie dogs, foxes, coyotes, and white-tailed deer, along with smaller species.

المناخ

Nuevo León has many biomes, which is why it has different climates. Some areas in the mountains are very cold in winter and temperate in summer. In the northern part of the state the climate is arid as a result of the proximity to the Chihuahuan desert. Extreme high temperatures of 47 °C or more occur on the desert areas while winters are short and mild. In Monterrey the climate is hot semi-arid with extreme hot summers and mild winters. There is very little rainfall throughout the year, usually about 500 mm or less. February 2021 North American ice storm sent temperatures in Monterrey below zero celsius.

مونتري
جدول طقس (التفسير)
يفمأمييأسأند
 
 
15
 
20
10
 
 
16
 
22
12
 
 
18
 
27
15
 
 
29
 
30
18
 
 
43
 
32
22
 
 
64
 
34
23
 
 
54
 
35
24
 
 
62
 
35
24
 
 
133
 
32
22
 
 
72
 
28
18
 
 
26
 
24
14
 
 
16
 
21
11
متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س
إجمالي الهطل - مم
المصدر: MSN Weather UK (2009-01-07), INEGI, 2006 report
Anáhuac
جدول طقس (التفسير)
يفمأمييأسأند
 
 
27
 
18
5
 
 
21
 
22
7
 
 
14
 
26
10
 
 
50
 
29
15
 
 
76
 
33
20
 
 
46
 
36
23
 
 
43
 
38
25
 
 
34
 
37
25
 
 
54
 
33
22
 
 
61
 
29
15
 
 
23
 
23
10
 
 
22
 
19
6
متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س
إجمالي الهطل - مم
المصدر: MSN Weather UK (2009-01-07), INEGI, 2006 report


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النبيت والوحيش

السكان

أكبر المدن

 
أكبر المدن أو البلدات في نويڤو ليون
Source:[18]
الترتيب Municipality التعداد
Monterrey
Monterrey
Guadalupe
Guadalupe 		1 Monterrey Monterrey 1,135,512 Apodaca
Apodaca
San Nicolás
San Nicolás
2 Guadalupe Guadalupe 673,616
3 Apodaca Apodaca 465,157
4 San Nicolás San Nicolás de los Garza 443,273
5 Escobedo General Escobedo 352,444
6 Santa Catarina Santa Catarina 268,347
7 Ciudad Juárez Juárez 151,893
8 San Pedro San Pedro Garza García 122,627
9 García García 93,641
10 Cadereyta Cadereyta Jiménez 68,111
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1895[19] 311٬665—    
1900 327٬937+5.2%
1910 365٬150+11.3%
1921 336٬412−7.9%
1930 417٬491+24.1%
1940 541٬147+29.6%
1950 740٬191+36.8%
1960 1٬078٬848+45.8%
1970 1٬694٬689+57.1%
1980 2٬513٬044+48.3%
1990 3٬098٬736+23.3%
1995 3٬550٬114+14.6%
2000 3٬834٬141+8.0%
2005 4٬199٬292+9.5%
2010 4٬653٬458+10.8%
2015 5٬119٬504+10.0%
2020[6] 5٬784٬442+13.0%

Nuevo's León's demographics are overwhelmingly dominated by the metropolitan area of Monterrey. As of 2020, Nuevo León's population was about 5.784 million, and of this over 90% of that population resides within the Monterrey Metropolitan area, making it the second largest metropolitan area in the country. Life expectancy in the state is higher than average for Mexico, being 73 years for men and 79 years for women. People with disabilities are found clustered in the central areas of Monterrey.[20]

Ninety-four percent of the total population occupies urban areas, one million of which are homeowners, and 98% have all utilities (running water, sewer systems and electric power). The remaining 2% are mostly the small indigenous population which is isolated and lives in the mountainous regions.

The majority of the population identifies as being Roman Catholic, similar to the rest of Mexico.


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التعليم

Biotechnology center of the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey.

The high quality of life that prevails across the state is reflected on statistical rates such as education, as the entity reports an almost perfect record for finished secondary education, and 13 in 100 inhabitants earn a professional degree. In the same line, illiteracy rates for the state are within the lowest in the nation at 2.8%, just behind the Distrito Federal which still leads the country in this regard.

Institutions of higher education include:

Wind turbines at the Parques Eólicos Ventika located in General Bravo. The wind-power complex has the capacity to produce 252 megawatts and can meet the electricity demand of some 630,000 homes.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الاقتصاد

Highly industrialized, with key industries including computing, electronic and transport equipment, food products, basic metallic industries, and oil derivatives and coal,[21] Nuevo León possesses a standard of living similar to that of countries such as Croatia, Slovakia or Poland. In 2007, the per capita GDP of the state was similar to that of the Asian Tiger of South Korea and even higher than that of some European Union states such as Slovakia and Hungary. At about $27,000, it was the highest GDP per capita (PPP) of any Mexican state (not counting the Federal District, which also has a very high per capita), and was therefore higher than the Mexican national average (2013 GDP per capita (PPP) national average was $15,700).[22][23]

One of its municipalities, San Pedro Garza García, is among the richest in the country in terms of per capita income. It is also home of powerful conglomerates, such as Cemex (one of the largest construction materials firms in the world), Bimbo (bakery and pastry), Maseca (food and grains), Banorte (the only high-street bank in Mexico wholly owned by Mexicans), ALFA (Sigma, Alestra, Nemak, Alpek and Hylsa (recently bought by Ternium), i-service (HelpDesk), Vitro SA (glass), FEMSA (Coca-Cola in Latin America), and Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma (brewers of Sol, Tecate, XX, Bohemia, Indio and Nochebuena).

The facilities of the Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma brewery in Nuevo Leon are the single largest producer of alcoholic beverages in the world.

Nuevo León also boasts a rich agricultural core, called the "orange belt", which comprises the municipalities of Allende, Montemorelos, Hualahuises, General Terán and Linares. Small but productive investments have been transforming traditional harvests (mainly based on orange and cereals) into agroindustrial developments that are producing increasing revenues for the local economy.

In contrast with the relative wealth of industrial Nuevo León and the orange belt, the Southern part of the state (municipalities of Galeana, Aramberri, Zaragoza, Doctor Arroyo and Mier y Noriega) remains rural and less productive. Most of The South of the state is at the mercy of a very dry weather that represents a major hurdle for agriculture and livestock.

As of 2010, Nuevo León's economy represents 11.4% of Mexico's total gross domestic product or US$165 billion.[24] Nuevo León's economy has a strong focus on export oriented manufacturing (i.e. maquiladora / INMEX). As of 2005, 431,551 people are employed in the manufacturing sector.[25] Foreign direct investment in Nuevo León was 1,213.1 million USD for 2005.[بحاجة لمصدر] In recent years, the state government has been making efforts in attracting significant investments in aeronautics, biotechnology, mechatronics, information and communication technologies fields with the creation of the Research and Technology Innovation Park PIIT (Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica [es]), a technology park oriented in the development, innovation and research of sciences. The project is one of the key strategies within the Monterrey, City of Knowledge program. The park is located in the municipality of Apodaca, part of Greater Monterrey at the 10 km of the highway to Monterrey's International Airport. It consists of a total surface area of 70 Ha (172 acres), half of it already committed to R&D centers. The other 35 Ha (86 acres) are available for research and development centers, and for businesses that meet the Park's objectives.[26][27]

الحكومة

المقالة الرئيسية: سياسة وحكومة نويڤو ليون
نويڤو ليون
انتخابات الحاكم 2021[28]
MC 786 808
PRI/PRD 598 052
PAN 392 901
MORENA/PT/PVEM/NA 300 588
Other candidates 27 534
See also: List of political parties in Mexico
الاسم الرسمي
Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León (Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León).
Official motto
Latin: Semper Ascendens (Always Ascending).
نوع الحكومة
Republican and representative according to 30th article of the local constitution.
Executive
In the June 6, 2021 gubernatorial election, Citizens' Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano or MC) – founded as a "national political grouping" in 1997 that describes itself as social-democratic – gained control of the state from Enrique Peña Nieto's Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The new governor, Samuel García Sepúlveda of the MC, was sworn in on 4 October 2021 for a period of six years.
مجلس الوزراء الولائي
Chosen directly by the Governor except for the General Comptroller and the State General Attorney, which are elected by Congress from a list of names provided by the Governor.
التشريع
The State has a unicameral chamber. The LXXVI Congress of Nuevo León is composed of 42 deputies, 26 of them chosen by first-past-the-post electoral districts and 16 of them by proportional representation on a party-list basis. The parties represented are the National Action Party with 14 deputies (PAN), the PRI with 13 deputies, the MC with 11 deputies, MORENA with 2 deputies, the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico with 1 deputy (PVEM), and 1 independent deputy.
القضاء
Judicial power rests in the Superior Court of Justice of Nuevo León, led by Minister José Arturo Salinas Garza.
Political parties
Official recognition is given by the State Electoral Commission to those parties getting more than 1.5% of the votes in the last election (Art.40 of the State Electoral Law), which are the ones represented in Congress.
الاتجاه الحالي للسياسة
There has been a shift in the politics of Nuevo Leon. The shift has been from a hegemonic system into a two party system, and it is currently evolving from a two party system into a multiparty system.[29]

البلديات

Nuevo León is divided into 51 municipalities (municipios). See municipalities of Nuevo León.

منطقة مونتري العمرانية

المنطقة العمرانية

المدينة City
Population[30][31]		 Metropolitan
Population[30]		 Metropolitan
area type
Monterrey 1,142,994 4,899,119 Municipality
Apodaca 656,464 Part of Greater Monterrey
Guadalupe 643,143
General Escobedo 481,213
Juarez 471,523
San Nicolás de los Garza 412,199
García 397,205
Santa Catarina 306,322
San Pedro Garza García 132,169
Cadereyta 122,337
Salinas Victoria 86,766
Santiago 46,784

الإعلام

Newspapers and news websites of Nuevo León include: ABC Noticias, El Gráfico de Nuevo León, El Norte, El Porvenir, La Última Palabra, Milenio, Publimetro edición Monterrey, Reporte Índigo, Distrito Regio, Solo Ofertas, El Horizonte, Regio.com, Red Crucero, Noticias Nuevo León.[32][33][34]

التوأمة والمعاهدات

The state has agreements with other states, provinces, regions and autonomous communities.[35]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

المراجع

  1. ^ "Las Diputaciones Provinciales" (PDF) (in الإسبانية). p. 15.
  2. ^ "Senadores por Nuevo León LXI Legislatura". Senado de la Republica. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  3. ^ "Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Estado de Nuevo León". Camara de Diputados. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  4. ^ "Resumen". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  5. ^ "Relieve". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
  6. ^ أ ب "México en cifras". January 2016.
  7. ^ Rodríguez, Guillermina (May 2019). "México - Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2019" (PDF). Banamex (in الإسبانية). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2019.
  8. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  9. ^ "Medio Físico - Nuevo León". www.inafed.gob.mx. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  10. ^ "DATA NUEVO LEÓN | N.L. Aspectos Geográficos de Nuevo León" (in الإسبانية). Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  11. ^ "Número de habitantes. Nuevo León". cuentame.inegi.org.mx. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  12. ^ Flores, Lourdes. "Zona Metropolitana de Monterrey es la segunda más poblada de México: Inegi". El Economista. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  13. ^ Monterrey :international city of knowledge. Monterrey: Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León. 2009.
  14. ^ INEGI (1986). "Síntesis Geográfica del Estado de Nuevo León" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ Gerhard, Peter. The North Frontier of New Spain. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1982.
  16. ^ En los albores de la independencia: Las Provincias Internas de Oriente durante la insurrección de don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, 1810–1811. by Isidro Vizcaya Canales
  17. ^ Estrada-Castillón, Eduardo; Villarreal-Quintanilla, José Ángel; Cuéllar-Rodríguez, Luis Gerardo; March-Salas, Martí; Encina-Domínguez, Juan Antonio; Himmeslbach, Wibke; Salinas-Rodríguez, María Magdalena; Guerra, Jacqueline; Cotera-Correa, Mauricio; Scott-Morales, Laura Magdalena; Friesen, Rebecca Jane; Garza-Zambrano, Patricio; Arévalo-Sierra, José Ramón; Garate-Escamilla, Homero; Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Maritza (6 October 2022). "Ethnobotany in Iturbide, Nuevo León: The Traditional Knowledge on Plants Used in the Semiarid Mountains of Northeastern Mexico". Sustainability. 14 (19): 12751. doi:10.3390/su141912751.
  18. ^ "Censo Nuevo León 2020". {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
  19. ^ "Mexico: extended population list". GeoHive. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  20. ^ Nikolova, Silviya P.; Small, Eusebius; Campillo, Claudia (2015-07-01). "Geo-social and health disparities among persons with disabilities living in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon and Dallas, Texas". Disability and Health Journal (in الإنجليزية). 8 (3): 434–442. doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.03.004. ISSN 1936-6574. PMID 25908017.
  21. ^ "Nuevo Leon looking to support areas beyond manufacturing". Oxford Business Group. 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  22. ^ INEGI, Población total por entidad federativa según sexo, 2000 y 2005 and PIB estatal
  23. ^ https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090325115719/http://sg.nl.gob.mx/DataNL/files%5CDNL00000431.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  24. ^ Industrial Costs in Mexico – A Guide for Foreign Investors 2007. Mexico City: Bancomext. 2007. p. 96.
  25. ^ Industrial Costs in Mexico – A Guide for Foreign Investors 2007. Mexico City: Bancomext. 2007. p. 92.
  26. ^ "Research and Technology Innovation Park PIIT". Archived from the original on 2009-03-07.
  27. ^ "Monterrey, city of knowledge". Mtycic.org. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  28. ^ "Elecciones Nuevo León 2021". computos2021.ceenl.mx (in الإسبانية). Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  29. ^ Garza Castillo, Mario Alberto; Trak, Juan Manuel (November 2021). "Continuities and transformations in the democratization process of the political system in Nuevo Leon". Latin American Policy (in الإنجليزية). 12 (2): 534–553. doi:10.1111/lamp.12239. ISSN 2041-7365. S2CID 240488354.
  30. ^ أ ب "Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI)". INEGI - Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "DATA NUEVO LEÓN | N.L. Población Total y por Municipio" (in الإسبانية). Retrieved 2022-12-26.
  32. ^ "Publicaciones periódicas en Nuevo León". Sistema de Información Cultural (in الإسبانية). Gobierno de Mexico. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
  33. ^ "Latin American & Mexican Online News". Research Guides. US: University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020.
  34. ^ "Prensa Escrita: Periódicos de Nuevo León". Prensa Escrita (in الإسبانية). Prensaescrita.com - Todos los periódicos diarios. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  35. ^ "Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores - Gobierno - gob.mx". Sre.gob.mx. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  36. ^ "La Jornada: Los gobiernos de Nuevo León y Texas pactan impulsar la economía". Jornada.unam.mx. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  37. ^ "Firman acuerdo de colaboración gobierno de NL y Cataluña, España - INFO7". Info7.com.mx. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  38. ^ "Firman NL y Cataluña intercambio estratégico - INFO7". Info7.com.mx. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  39. ^ "Nuevo León y Cataluña, ¿tierras hermanas?". Publimetro México. Retrieved 31 May 2018.

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع نويڤو ليون.

قالب:Nuevo León

الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=نويڤو_ليون&oldid=2949997"