وشق

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جنس الوشق

نوع data غير معروف. 
المرتبة التصنيفية جنس[1]  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P105) في ويكي بيانات
التصنيف العلمي
النطاق:
حقيقيات النوى
المملكة:
الحيوانات
الشعبة:
حبليات
الشعيبة:
فقاريات
الطائفة:
ثدييات
الرتبة العليا:
وحشيات
الرتبة:
لواحم
الفصيلة:
سنوريات
الأسرة:
سنوراوات
الجنس:
الوشق
الاسم العلمي
Lynx [1]
Kerr، 1792
معرض صور وشق  - ويكيميديا كومنز  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P935) في ويكي بيانات
تعديل طالع توثيق القالب


الوشق (الاسم العلمي:Lynx) هو جنس من الحيوانات يتبع فصيلة السنوريات من رتبة اللواحم[2] .

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أنواع الوشق

هذا المقال هو عن the genus of wild cat. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر Lynx (disambiguation).

Lynx[3]
Lynx heads collage.jpg
The four species of lynx. From top-left, clockwise: Eurasian lynx (L. lynx), Iberian lynx (L. pardinus), bobcat (L. rufus), Canada lynx (L. canadensis)
التصنيف العلمي e
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): الحياة
مملكة: الحيوانية
Phylum: حبليات
Class: الثدييات
تحت فصيلة: قطية
الجنس: وشق
Kerr, 1792
Type species
Felis lynx[5]
Species
Lynx range.png
Lynx ranges:
  Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)
  Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis)
  Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)
  Bobcat (Lynx rufus)

A lynx ( /lɪŋks/ links;[6] قالب:Plural form: lynx or lynxes[7]) is any of the four extant species (the Canada lynx, Iberian lynx, Eurasian lynx and the bobcat) within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx. The name originated in Middle English via Latin from the Greek word lynx (λύγξ),[6] derived from the Indo-European root leuk- ("light", "brightness"),[8] in reference to the luminescence of its reflective eyes.[8]


Appearance

Profile view of a lynx

Lynx have a short tail, characteristic tufts of black hair on the tips of their ears, large, padded paws for walking on snow and long whiskers on the face. Under their neck, they have a ruff, which has black bars resembling a bow tie, although this is often not visible.

Body colour varies from medium brown to goldish to beige-white, and is occasionally marked with dark brown spots, especially on the limbs. All species of lynx have white fur on their chests, bellies and on the insides of their legs, fur which is an extension of the chest and belly fur. The lynx's colouring, fur length and paw size vary according to the climate in their range. In the Southwestern United States, they are short-haired, dark in colour and their paws are smaller and less padded. As climates get colder and more northerly, lynx have progressively thicker fur, lighter colour, and their paws are larger and more padded to adapt to the snow.

The smallest species are the bobcat and the Canada lynx, while the largest is the Eurasian lynx, with considerable variations within species.

Physical characteristics of Lynx species
Species Sex Weight Length Height (standing at shoulders)
Eurasian lynx
Winter im Wildpark Bad Mergentheim, Luchs.jpg 		males 18 to 30 kg (40 to 66 lb) 81 to 129 cm (32 to 51 in) 70 cm (27+1⁄2 in)[9]
females 18 kg (40 lb)
Canada lynx
Lynx Canadensis.jpg		 Both 8 to 14 kg (18 to 31 lb) 90 cm (35+1⁄2 in) 48 to 56 cm (19 to 22 in)[10]
Iberian lynx
Iberian Lynx full body.JPG 		males 12.9 kg (28 lb) 85 to 110 cm (33+1⁄2 to 43+1⁄2 in) 60 to 70 cm (23+1⁄2 to 27+1⁄2 in)[11][12]
females 9.4 kg (20+3⁄4 lb)
Bobcat
Calero Creek Trail Bobcat.jpg 		males 7.3 to 14 kg (16 to 30+3⁄4 lb)[13] 71 to 100 cm (28 to 39+1⁄2 in)[13] 51 to 61 cm (20 to 24 in)[14]
females 9.1 kg (20 lb)

Species

The four living species of the genus Lynx are believed to have evolved from Lynx issiodorensis, which lived in Europe and Africa during the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. The Pliocene felid Felis rexroadensis from North America has been proposed as an even earlier ancestor; however, this was larger than any living species, and is not currently classified as a true lynx.[15][16] Another extinct species of Lynx, L. shansiensis, inhabited what is now northern China during the Early Pleistocene.[17]

Eurasian lynx

Eurasian lynx
المقالة الرئيسية: Eurasian lynx

Of the four lynx species, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is the largest in size. It is native to European, Central Asian, and Siberian forests. While its conservation status has been classified as "least concern", populations of Eurasian lynx have been reduced or extirpated from much of Europe, where it is now being reintroduced. During the summer, the Eurasian lynx has a relatively short, reddish or brown coat which is replaced by a much thicker silver-grey to greyish-brown coat during winter. The lynx hunts by stalking and jumping on its prey, helped by the rugged, forested country in which it resides. A favorite prey for the lynx in its woodland habitat is roe deer. It will feed however on whatever animal appears easiest, as it is an opportunistic predator much like its cousins.[15]

Canada lynx

Canada lynx
المقالة الرئيسية: Canada lynx

The Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), or Canadian lynx, is a North American felid that ranges in forest and tundra regions[18] across Canada and into Alaska, as well as some parts of the northern United States. Historically, the Canadian lynx ranged from Alaska across Canada and into many of the northern U.S. states. In the eastern states, it resided in the transition zone in which boreal coniferous forests yielded to deciduous forests.[19] By 2010, after an 11-year effort, it had been successfully reintroduced into Colorado, where it had become extirpated in the 1970s.[20][21][22] In 2000, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designated the Canada lynx a threatened species in the lower 48 states.[23]

The Canada lynx is a good climber and swimmer; it constructs rough shelters under fallen trees or rock ledges. It has a thick coat and broad paws, and is twice as effective as the bobcat at supporting its weight on the snow. The Canada lynx feeds almost exclusively on snowshoe hares; its population is highly dependent on the population of this prey animal. It will also hunt medium-sized mammals and birds if hare numbers fall.[18]

Iberian lynx

Iberian lynx
المقالة الرئيسية: Iberian lynx

The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is an endangered species native to the Iberian Peninsula in Southern Europe. It was the most endangered cat species in the world,[24] but conservation efforts have changed its status from critical to endangered. According to the Portuguese conservation group SOS Lynx, if this species dies out, it will be the first feline extinction since the Smilodon 10,000 years ago.[25] The species used to be classified as a subspecies of the Eurasian lynx, but is now considered a separate species. Both species occurred together in central Europe in the Pleistocene epoch, being separated by habitat choice.[26] The Iberian lynx is believed to have evolved from Lynx issiodorensis.[27]

Bobcat

Bobcat
المقالة الرئيسية: Bobcat

The bobcat (Lynx rufus) is a North American wild cat. With 13 recognized subspecies, the bobcat is common throughout southern Canada, the continental United States, and northern Mexico.[28] Like the Eurasian lynx, its conservation status is "least concern."[29] The bobcat is an adaptable predator that inhabits deciduous, coniferous, or mixed woodlands, but unlike other Lynx, does not depend exclusively on the deep forest, and ranges from swamps and desert lands to mountainous and agricultural areas, its spotted coat serving as camouflage.[30] The population of the bobcat depends primarily on the population of its prey.[31] Nonetheless, the bobcat is often killed by larger predators such as coyotes.[32]

The bobcat resembles other species of the genus Lynx, but is on average the smallest of the four. Its coat is variable, though generally tan to grayish brown, with black streaks on the body and dark bars on the forelegs and tail. The ears are black-tipped and pointed, with short, black tufts. There is generally an off-white color on the lips, chin, and underparts. Bobcats in the desert regions of the southwest have the lightest-colored coats, while those in the northern, forested regions have the darkest.[14]


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Behavior and diet

The lynx is usually solitary, although a small group of lynx may travel and hunt together occasionally. Mating takes place in the late winter and once a year the female gives birth to between one and four kittens. The gestation time of the lynx is about 70 days. The young stay with the mother for one more winter, a total of around nine months, before moving out to live on their own as young adults. The lynx creates its den in crevices or under ledges. It feeds on a wide range of animals from white-tailed deer, reindeer, roe deer, small red deer, and chamois, to smaller, more usual prey: snowshoe hares, fish, foxes, sheep, squirrels, mice, turkeys and other birds, and goats. It also eats ptarmigans, voles, and grouse.

Distribution and habitat

A lynx stalking prey

The lynx inhabits high altitude forests with dense cover of shrubs, reeds, and tall grass. Although this cat hunts on the ground, it can climb trees and can swim swiftly, catching fish.

Europe and Asia

The Eurasian lynx ranges from central and northern Europe across Asia up to Northern Pakistan and India. In Iran, they live in Mount Damavand area.[33] Since the beginning of the 20th century, the Eurasian lynx was considered extinct in the wild in Slovenia and Croatia. A resettlement project, begun in 1973, has successfully reintroduced lynx to the Slovenian Alps and the Croatian regions of Gorski Kotar and Velebit, including Croatia's Plitvice Lakes National Park and Risnjak National Park. In both countries, the lynx is listed as an endangered species and protected by law. The lynx was distributed throughout Japan during Jōmon period; with no paleontological evidence thereafter suggesting extinction at that time.[34]

Several lynx resettlement projects begun in the 1970s have been successful in various regions of Switzerland. Since the 1990s, there have been numerous efforts to resettle the Eurasian lynx in Germany, and since 2000, a small population can now be found in the Harz mountains near Bad Lauterberg.

The lynx is found in the Białowieża Forest in northeastern Poland, and in the northern and western parts of China, particularly the Tibetan Plateau. In Romania, the numbers exceed 2,000, the largest population in Europe outside of Russia, although most experts consider the official population numbers to be overestimated.[35]

The lynx is more common in northern Europe, especially in Norway, Sweden, Estonia, Finland, and the northern parts of Russia. The Swedish population is estimated to be 1200–1500 individuals, spread all over the country, but more common in middle Sweden and in the mountain range. The lynx population in Finland was 1900–2100 individuals in 2008, and the numbers have been increasing every year since 1992. The lynx population in Finland is estimated currently to be larger than ever before.[36] Lynx in Britain were wiped out in the 17th century, but there have been calls to reintroduce them to curb the numbers of deer.[37]

The endangered Iberian lynx lives in southern Spain and formerly in eastern Portugal.[needs update] There is an Iberian lynx reproduction center outside Silves in the Algarve in southern Portugal.

North America

A mother and cub, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska

The two Lynx species in North America, Canada lynx and bobcats, are both found in the temperate zone. While the bobcat is common throughout southern Canada, the continental United States and northern Mexico, the Canada lynx is present mainly in boreal forests of Canada and Alaska.[28]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د Imported from Wikidata item: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677014
  2. ^ أنواع الثدييات في العالم (بالإنكليزية) Mammal Species of the World جنس الوشق تاريخ الولوج 30 كانون ثاني 2015
  3. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (16 November 2005). Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds) (ed.). Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 541–542. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); |editor= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  4. ^ Geraads, Denis Date=1980 (1980). "Un nouveau felide (Fissipeda, mammalia) du pleistocene moyen du Maroc: Lynx thomasi N. sp". Geobios. 13 (3): 441–444. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(80)80079-9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  34. ^ Hasegawa, Y.; Kaneko, H.; Tachibana, M.; Tanaka, G. (2011). 日本における後期更新世～前期完新世産のオオヤマネコLynxについて [A study of the extinct Japanese Lynx from the Late Pleistocene to the Early Holocene] (PDF). Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History (in اليابانية and الإنجليزية). 15: 43–80. ISSN 1342-4092. {{cite journal}}: Check |author-link1= value (help)
  35. ^ "Status and conservation of the Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) in Europe in 2001" (PDF). Coordinated research projects for the conservation and management of carnivores in Switzerland (KORA). Archived from the original (PDF [17.09 Mb]) on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
  36. ^ "Ilves" (in الفنلندية). Finland: Riista- ja kalatalouden tutkimuslaitos. October 14, 2010. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  37. ^ Moore, Matthew (February 13, 2009). "Lynx 'should be reintroduced to Britain to cull deer'". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved November 14, 2010.

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Feliformia

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