نظام أسلحة عن قرب

نظام الأسلحة عن قرب (CIWS) ، هو نظام تسليح دفاعي يوجد على سطج السفن البحرية لكشف وتدمير الصواريخ المضادة للسفن وطائرات العدو على مدى قصير (يمكن تدمير التهديدات بعد إختراقها مجال دفاع الأسطول).

عادة ما يتكون هذا النظام من مجموعة من الرادرات, الحواسب, ومدافع سريعة الطلقات من العيار المتوسط مثبتة على منصة تتحرك دائرا. أمثلة لأنظمة الأسلحة عن قرب العاملة:

German - Rheinmetall Millennium 35 mm Naval Revolver Gun System [1]
الولايات المتحدة Raytheon Phalanx system
Dutch Goalkeeper
Swiss Sea Zenith
Spanish Meroka CIWS
Russian AK-630 or Kashtan
Italian DARDO or Myriad
Chinese Type 730
Israeli Typhoon
South African Denel 35DPG [2]
الهندn DRDO BC-350 Chanakya ^{^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}}

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أنظمة الصواريخ

Some platforms use missile systems instead of guns, because guns have certain limitations:

Short range: The maximum effective range of 30-mm gun systems is about 4500 m; systems with lighter projectiles have even shorter range. The expected real-world kill-distance of an incoming anti-ship missile is about 500 m or less, ^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} still close enough to possibly cause damage on the ship's sensor or communication arrays. Also the timeframe for interception is relatively short; for supersonic missiles moving at 1500 m/s it is approximately one-third of a second.
Limited kill probability: Even if the missile is hit and damaged, it may not be enough to destroy it or change its course enough, to prevent it or fragments of it from hitting its intended target (short interception distance, see above). This is especially true if the gun fires kinetic-energy-only projectiles).
Guns can only fire at one target at a time and switching targets may take up to one second for training the gun.
For a gun hitting a target traveling at high speed, it has to predict its course and aim ahead of it since mid-course corrections of projectiles are not possible. Modern anti-ship missiles make erratic moves before impact, reducing the probability of being hit.

Because of their greater range, a missile-CIWS can also be dual-used as a short-ranged area-defense anti-air weapon, eliminating the need of a second mount for this role.

A RAM launcher of the German Navy

After an inertial guidance phase CIWS missile relies on infra-red, passive radar/ESM or semi-active radar terminal guidance or a combination of these. The ESM-mode is particularly useful since most long-range anti-ship missiles use radar to home in on their targets. Some systems allow the launch platform to send course-correction commands to the missile in the inertial guidance phase.

جدول مقارنة

**المقارنة**
	DARDO^[1]	Goalkeeper	Kashtan^[2]	Millennium^[3]	Phalanx^[4]	Type 730^[5]	Gökdeniz^[6]^[7]
Image
الوزن	5,500 kg (12,100 lb)	9,902 kg (21,830 lb)	15,500 kg (34,200 lb)	3,300 kg (7,300 lb)	6,200 kg (13,700 lb)	9,800 kg (21,600 lb)	?
التسليح	40 mm (1.6 in) 2 barreled Bofors 40 mm	30 mm (1.2 in) 7 barreled GAU-8 Gatling Gun	30 mm (1.2 in) 6 barreled GSh-6-30 Gatling Gun 8 × 9M311K + 32 missiles	35 mm (1.4 in) 1 barreled Oerlikon Millennium 35 mm Naval Revolver Gun System	20 mm (0.79 in) 6 barreled M61 Vulcan Gatling Gun	30 mm (1.2 in) 7 barreled Gatling Gun	35 mm (1.4 in) 2 barreled Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon
معدل إطلاق النار	600/900 rounds per minute	4,200 rounds per minute	10,000 rounds/min (5,000 per gun) 1–2 (salvo) missiles per 3–4 sec	200/1000 rounds per minute	4,500 rounds per minute	7,000 rounds per minute	1,100 rounds per minute
(effective/ flat-trajectory) Range	4,000 m (13,000 ft)	3,600 m (11,800 ft)	Missiles: 1,500–10,000 m (4,900–32,800 ft) Guns: 300–5,000 m (980–16,400 ft)	3,500 m (11,500 ft)	2,000 m (6,600 ft)	3,000 m (9,800 ft)	ATOM 35mm:^[8] 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) HEI-T: 1,175 m/s (3,850 ft/s)
Ammunition storage	736 rounds	1,190 rounds	2 x 2,000 rounds	252 rounds	1,550 rounds	640 or 2 x 500 rounds (depending on model)	?
Muzzle velocity	1,000 m (3,300 ft) per second	1,109 m (3,638 ft) per second	960-1100 m/s (3,150-3,610 ft/s)	1,050 m (3,440 ft) per second / 1,175 m (3,855 ft) per second	1,100 m (3,600 ft) per second	1,100 m (3,600 ft) per second	1,020 m/s (3,300 ft/s)
Elevation	−13 to +85 degrees	−25 to +85 degrees	?	−15 to +85 degrees	−25 to +85 degrees	−25 to +85 degrees	?
Speed in elevation	60 degrees per second	100 degrees per second	50 degrees per second	70 degrees per second	115 degrees per second	100 degrees per second	?
Traverse	360 °	360 °	360 °	360 °	360 °	360 °	360 °
Speed in Traverse	90 degrees per second	100 degrees per second	70 degrees per second	120 degrees per second	115 degrees per second	100 degrees per second	?
In service	?	1980	1989	2003	1980	2007	2019