ميلاد المسيح في الفن

Georges de La Tour ca. 1644

يعتبر ميلاد المسيح من الموضوعات الرئيسية في الفن المسيحي منذ القرن الرابع الميلادي. والرسومات الفنية التي تصور ميلاد المسيح، والتي تحتفل بعيد الميلاد، تعتمد على القصص الواردة في الكتاب المقدس، in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, and further elaborated by written, oral and artistic tradition. Christian art includes a great many representations of the Virgin Mary and the Christ Child. Such works are generally referred to as the "Madonna and Child" or "Virgin and Child". They are not usually representations of the Nativity specifically, but are often devotional objects representing a particular aspect or attribute of the Virgin Mary, or Jesus. Nativity pictures, on the other hand, are specifically illustrative, and include many narrative details; they are a normal component of the sequences illustrating both the Life of Christ and the Life of the Virgin.

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 قصة الميلاد

The stable is just outside the city walls, with the shepherds on the hill behind; Slovakia, c.1490

Hendrik ter Brugghen, 1619.

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  Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, the Magi presenting their gifts (mosaic detail), late 6th century, wearing Persian dress

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  Sassetta, the Journey of the Magi

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  The Magi before Herod, French 15th century stained glass

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  Albrecht Altdorfer, ca. 1530, the Adoration of the Magi

Massacre of the Innocents, Codex Egberti, late 10th century.

Gothic toppling idol on the flight

 تاريخ التصوير

 المسيحية المبكرة

Magi bearing gifts, 4th century sarcophagus, Rome

In the first centuries of Christianity the feast of the [[Epiphany (Christian)|Epiphan Emperor.

4th century sarcophagus, Milan; one of the earliest Nativity images

 رسوم بيزنطية

Modern Orthodox mural from Israel using a depiction little changed in over a millennium.

 التراث البيزنطي والأرثوذكسي

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  Scenes from the life of Jesus Christ, triptych. Constantinople, late 10th c., ivory. Musée du Louvre

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  Byzantine fresco from Mistra, Greece, mid-14th century

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  Andrey Rublev, 1405, in the Moscow Kremlin.

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  Modern Romanian icon, with very similar iconography to Rublev, but a few Western elements, like the kneeling Virgin.

 التراث البيزنطي المتأخر في اوروپا الغربية

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  The Virgin and Child in Majesty and the Adoration of the Magi, Romanesque fresco, Spain, c. 1100

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  Mosaic in Byzantine style, Palermo, 1150

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  Medieval mosaics of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome, are more classicising in style.

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  Nativity from Duccio’s Maestá, 13th century, a compromise shed-within-a-cave

 رسوم غربية

Nativity at Night by Geertgen tot Sint Jans, c. 1490, after a composition by Hugo van der Goes of c. 1470, influenced by the visions of Saint Bridget of Sweden. Sources of light are the infant Jesus, the shepherds' fire on the hill behind, and the angel who appears to them.

This Nativity by Rogier van der Weyden, follows Bridget's vision, with donor portrait and ruins

 العصور الوسطى

 مناظر غربية في العصور الوسطى

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  The earliest Western Madonna and Child, from the Book of Kells, at the beginning of the Gospel of Matthew. ca. 800

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  Nativity and Annunciation to the Shepherds from the Bamberg Apocalypse 1000-20, Ottonian

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  Romanesque capital from Saint-Pierre, Chauvigny, 12th century.

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  German illuminated manuscript with two scenes of the Magi, ca. 1220

 الفن القوطي

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  12th century glass from Basilica of Saint Denis, Paris, with a proper bed for Mary

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  13th century French glass at Canterbury Cathedral with the full story of the Magi and typologically related scenes.

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  English alabaster with Mary in a bed, attended by a midwife.

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  14th century French ivory triptych showing the Annunciation, Visitation, Nativity with, unusually, Joseph holding the baby, while Mary sleeps; Presentation and Magi.

 الفن القوطي العالمي

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  Presentation at the Temple and Flight, with legends of the idol and spring, Melchior Broederlam, Burgundy, c. 1400

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  The miracles of the palm tree and corn on the Flight, from a book of hours, ca. 1400

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  In this panel by Conrad von Soest 1403, St Joseph makes himself useful.

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  A greater degree of sentimental elaboration is in this German miniature of 1420.

 Proto-Renaissance in Italy

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  Pulpit Relief from the Pisa Baptistry by Nicola Pisano, 1260, is based in style on the reliefs of Roman sarcophagi.

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  The Nativity in the Scrovegni Chapel by Giotto is very close in composition and style to the sculpture at Pisa.

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  Bernardo Daddi was influenced towards realism by the paintings of Giotto.

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  Taddeo Gaddi painted the first large night scene in this "Annunciation to the Shepherds".

 النهضة وما بعدها

The Magi, stained glass by John Hardman and Co in St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney.

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 النهضة المبكرة

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  Adoration of the Magiby Fra Angelico and Fra Filippo Lippi

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  Piero della Francesca (unfinished)

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  Domenico Ghirlandaio, with classical ruins

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  Botticelli; his patrons, the Medici family, are depicted as the Magi and their retinue.

 النهضة الحديثة

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  This terracotta relief by Giovanni della Robbia shows the Christ Child as part of the Holy Trinity, adored by Mary, Joseph and Franciscan saints.

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  This complex Adoration of the Magi by Leonardo da Vinci was never completed.

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  The Doni Tondo represents the Holy Family resting on the way to Egypt; Michelangelo.

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  The meeting of the Infant Christ and John the Baptist was a popular subject of Raphael.

 النهضة في شمال ايطاليا

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  Adoration of the Shepherds, Mantegna

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  Giorgione, Nativity, ca. 1507

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  Giorgione, Adoration of the Magi, ca. 1505

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  Lorenzo Lotto, 1523

 النهضة الشمالية

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  Ellhofen Altarpiece, Germany, following St Bridget's vision.

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  Bartholomäus Bruyn Altarpiece, St. Johann Baptist Essen

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  Joachim Patinir, Flight into Egypt. At right the miracle of the corn, at top left the falling idol

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  Pieter Bruegel

 Mannerism

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  Adoration of the Shepherds, Bronzino

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  Dirck Barendsz, 1565, Janskerk (Gouda)

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  Jacopo Bassano, the Adoration of the Magi.

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  Andrea Sabbatini

 الباروك والروكوكو

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  El Greco, Adoration of the Shepherds lit by the Christ Child

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  Adoration of the Magi, Rubens, 1634

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  مشهد ميلاد المسيح، تصوير جرارد ڤان هونتهورست.

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  Adoration of the Shepherds, Charles Le Brun

 1800 بعد

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  Romantic Rest on the Flight by Philipp Otto Runge, 1806

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  Another by Adrian Ludwig Richter, 1873

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  Flight by Carl Spitzweg, 1875-9

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  British Orientalist artist Edwin Long, Anno Domini, 1883, shows the arrival in Egypt; the idols seem intact.

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  Late 19th century stained glass of The Adoration of the Shepherds and the Magi, Cologne Cathedral.

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  The Journey of the Magi by James Tissot, 1894. Like most of his Biblical illustrations, treated largely as Orientalism

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  Paul Gauguin, 1896, with a Tahitan setting.

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  Adolf Hölzel, 1912

 الفن الشعبي

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  Folk painting, 17th century, by Mikael Toppelius

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  Presepe by Francesco Landonio around 1750

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  Bible illustration c.1900

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  A Nativity Creche made by Bill Egan of Florida, 21st century.

 انظر أيضا

• Roman Catholic Marian art
• ميلاد المسيح في الثقافة المتأخرة في مجالات أخرى من الفن مثل (الموسيقى، الاوبرا، الروايات، ...)
• مشهد الميلاد.

 الهوامش

Modern stained glass from the Taufkapelle, Koblenz-Arenberg

 المصادر

G Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I,1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, pp. 58-124 & figs 140-338, ISBN 853312702