موندوروكو

Mundurucu

إجمالي التعداد
13,755 (2014)
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará)
اللغات
Munduruku, Portuguese

موندروكو أو موندوروكو هي قبائل هندية في أمريكا الجنوبية وهي من إحدى أقوى قبائل الأمازون، وفي سنة 1788 هزموا بشكل كامل من قبل أعدائهم القدماء قبيلة مورا ، وبعد عام 1803 عاشوا بسلام مع البرازيليين.

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 التاريخ

Traditionally the Munduruku's territory, called Mundurukânia in the 19th century, was the Tapajós river valley. In 1788, they completely defeated their ancient enemies the Muras. After 1803 they lived at peace with the Brazilians.

The Munduruku live in southwest of the state of Pará along the Tapajós river and its tributaries in the municipalities of Santarém, Itaituba and Jacareacanga, in the east of the state of Amazonas along the Canumã River in the municipality of Nova Olinda and the municipality of Borba, and in the north of the state of Mato Grosso in the Peixes River region in the municipality of Juara. They usually inhabit forest regions on the margins of navigable rivers, and their traditional villages are in "Tapajós fields", patches of savannah within the Amazon rainforest. The largest numbers live in the Munduruku Indigenous Territory, with most of the villages along the Cururu River, a tributary of the Tapajós.

Today the Munduruku face threats to their homelands from the dams of the Tapajós hydroelectric complex, illegal gold-panning, and a new waterway construction on the Tapajós River. The reservoir of the proposed Chacorão Dam on the Tapajós river would flood 18,700 hectares (46,000 acres) of the Munduruku Indigenous Territory. The reservoir of the proposed São Luiz do Tapajós Dam on the Tapajós would flood about 7% of the Sawré Muybu Indigenous Territory.

 الاسم

ڤيديو خارجي

Mundurukú Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest, Smarthistory at Khan Academy

Also known as the Mundurucu, Maytapu, and Cara Preta, the Munduruku call themselves Wuy Jugu. Oral history says the name "Muduruku" comes from their enemies the Parintintin people and means "red ants," based on the historical Munduruku tactic of attacking en masse.

 الثقافة

The Munduruku have a distinctive residence pattern. Rather than a pattern based on conjugal or affinal bonds, in the Munduruku villages, all males over the age of thirteen live in one household, and all of the females live with all of the males under thirteen in another.

 اللغة

The Munduruku language is part of the Tupi language family.

According to Gomes (2006), "widely known by Mundurukú, the historically famous 'head cutters' call themselves wuyjuyu 'people.' Considered in the past 'one of the most warlike, powerful and intelligent tribes of Brazil (...)' (Hartt, 1884), this Brazilian indigenous community seeks today to 'cut off the head 'of enemies through dialogue, not only territorial disputes are part of this 'war', but also disputes over health, linguistic, social and cultural education and self-preservation."

They are also notable for their linguistic separation of "us" (their tribe) from "them" (everyone else), the pariwat. Whereas they refer to themselves as the wuujuyû, or "our people", everyone else is spoken of as the equivalent of "prey".

Munduruku Indians, painted by Hercules Florence

Unlike the Pirahã, the Munduruku have a numeracy system, albeit limited (similar to that found in some Aboriginal Australian cultures). Pierre Pica was instrumental (in a work done in collaboration with Stanislas Dehaene and Elizabeth Spelke) in revealing the psychophysics and linguistic properties of the Munduruku counting system to the Western world. The Munduruku have number words up to only five, although each word is not as definite in meaning as number words in English, and the lexical limitation is no obstacle to their making calculations involving larger numbers. Furthermore, the Munduruku use logarithmic mapping of numbers to assess scales, a point cited as possible evidence for the notion that this kind of numbering is innate, whereas the linear mode has to be acquired by study.

 موندوروكو بارزون

• Daniel Munduruku, educator, author, museum director

 المصادر

• Bossomaier, Terry (2014). "Language Networks". In Stocker, Robert; Bossomaier, Terry (eds.). Networks in Society: Links and Language. CRC Press. pp. 49–79. ISBN 978-9-814-36482-9.
• Farias, Elaíze (19 April 2016) (in pt), Funai reconhece território tradicional Sawré Muybu dos Munduruku, http://amazoniareal.com.br/funai-reconhece-territorio-tradicional-sawre-muybu-dos-munduruku/, retrieved on 16 February 2017 
• Fearnside, Philip M. (2015), "Amazon dams and waterways: Brazil's Tapajo's Basin plans", Ambio 44 (5): 426–39, doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0642-z, PMID 25794814 
• Munduruku: Localização e população, ISA: Instituto Socioambeintal, https://pib.socioambiental.org/pt/povo/munduruku/795, retrieved on 14 February 2017 
• Varshney, Lav R.; Sun, John Z. (2015). "Why Do We Perceive Logarithmically?". In Pitici, Mircea (ed.). The Best Writing on Mathematics 2014. Princeton University Press. pp. 64–73. ISBN 978-0-691-16417-5.

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 وصلات خارجية

• "Cognition and arithmetics capability: what the Mundurucus Indians can teach us", CNRS Press release October 2004
• Amazon Children "Spontaneously" Understand Geometry National Geographic News, January 2006
• "Mastering the Geometry of the Jungle", New York Times, 24 June 2006
• "Intuitions of number-space in Amazonian Indigenous groups" CEA Press release, June 2008.
• Pica, P; Lecomte, A (2008). "Theoretical implications of the study of Numbers and Numerals in Mundurucu". Philosophical Psychology. 21 (4): 4. doi:10.1080/09515080802285461. S2CID 145361530.
• Pica, P, C Lemer, V Izard & Dehaene, S. (2004), "Exact and approximate arithmetic in an Amazonian Indigene Group" Science, 306, pp. 499–503.
• Dehaene, S., Izard, V., Spelke, E & Pica, P (2008), "Log or linear Distinct Intuitions of the number scale in Western and Amazonian Indigene Culture" Science 320, 5880, 1217–20
• Wuy Jugu artwork, National Museum of the American Indian