منطقة تانينثاري

Coordinates: 13°0′N 98°45′E / 13.000°N 98.750°E / 13.000; 98.750
Tanintharyi Region
တနင်္သာရီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး
Region
الترجمة اللفظية بالـ Other
 • MLC Transcription Systemta.nangsari tuing: desa. kri:
 • Central Thaiตะนาวศรี
Flag of Tanintharyi Region
Flag
الكنية: 
TNI
Location of Tanintharyi Region in Myanmar
Location of Tanintharyi Region in Myanmar
الإحداثيات: 13°0′N 98°45′E / 13.000°N 98.750°E / 13.000; 98.750
Country ميانمار
RegionSouth Myanmar
CapitalDawei (Tavoy)
الحكومة
 • Chief MinisterMyat Ko
 • CabinetTanintharyi Region Government
 • LegislatureTanintharyi Region Hluttaw
 • JudiciaryTanintharyi Region High Court
المساحة
 • الإجمالي43٬344٫9 كم² (16٬735٫6 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة5th
أعلى منسوب
(Myinmoletkat Taung)
2٬072 m (6٬798 ft)
التعداد
 (2014)[1]
 • الإجمالي1٬408٬401
 • الترتيب12th
 • الكثافة32/km2 (84/sq mi)
صفة المواطنTanintharian
Demographics
 • EthnicitiesBamar, Dawei, Myeik, Rakhine, Kayin, Salone, Malay, Mon, Thai
 • ReligionsBuddhism 87.5%
Christianity 7.2%
Islam 5.1%
Hinduism 0.1%
منطقة التوقيتUTC+06:30 (MMT)
ISO 3166 codeMM-05
HDI (2017)0.552[2]
medium · 8th
Flag of the Tanintharyi Region from 2010 to 2021

منطقة تانينثاري (بالإنجليزية: Tanintharyi Region ؛ بالبورمية: တနင်္သာရီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, تـُنطق [tənɪ́ɰ̃θàjì táɪɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí]; Mon: ဏၚ်ကသဳ or ရးတၞင်သြဳ; formerly Tenasserim Division and Tanintharyi Division)‏ هي منطقة في ميانمار، تغطي الجزء الجنوبي الضيق من البلد في شمال شبه جزيرة الملايو، reaching to the Kra Isthmus. It borders the Andaman Sea to the west and the Tenasserim Hills, beyond which lie Thailand, to the east. To the north is the Mon State. There are many islands off the coast, the large Mergui Archipelago in the southern and central coastal areas and the smaller Moscos Islands off the northern shores. The capital of the division is Dawei (Tavoy). Other important cities include Myeik (Mergui) and Kawthaung. The division covers an area of 43,344.9 square kilometres (16,735.6 sq mi)، وبلغ عدد سكانها 1,406,434 نسمة في تعداد 2014. عاصمتها داوي (تايوي)، ميانمار، تبلغ مساحتها 43٬344٫91 كيلومتر مربع.

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Names

Tanintharyi has historically been known by a number of names, reflecting changes in administrative control throughout history, as the region changed hands from the Kedah Sultanate, to the Hanthawaddy, Ayutthaya and Konbaung kingdoms, and British Burma.[3] The region is called Tanah Sari in Malay, Tanao Si (بالتايلندية: ตะนาวศรี, RTGS: Tanao Si, تُنطق [tā.nāːw sǐː]) in Thai, ဏၚ်ကသဳ and တနၚ်သြဳ in Mon. In 1989 the division's English name was officially changed from Tenassarim to Tanintharyi.


التاريخ

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1973 719٬441—    
1983 917٬247+27.5%
2014 1٬408٬401+53.5%
Source: 2014 Myanmar Census[1]

Tanintharyi Region historically included the entire Tanintharyi salient—today's Tanintharyi Region, Mon State and southern Kayin State. The northernmost region was part of the Thaton Kingdom before 1057, and the entire coastline became part of King Anawrahta's Pagan Empire after 1057. After the fall of Bagan in 1287, the area fell to the Siamese kingdom of Sukhothai, and later its successor Ayutthaya Kingdom. The region's northernmost border was around the Thanlwin (Salween) river near today's Moulmein.

The region reverted to Burmese rule in 1564 when King Bayinnaung of Toungoo Dynasty conquered all of Siam. Ayutthaya had regained independence by 1587, and reclaimed the southern half of Tanintharyi in 1593 and the entire peninsula in 1599.[4] In 1614, King Anaukpetlun recovered the northern half of the coast to Dawei but failed to capture the rest.[5] Tenasserim south of Dawei (Tavoy) remained under Siamese control. Myeik (Mergui) port was a principal centre of trade between the Siamese and Europeans.[6]

For nearly seven decades, from the middle of the 18th century to the early 19th century, Burma and Siam were involved in multiple wars for control of the coastline. Taking advantage of the Burmese civil war of 1740–1757, the Siamese cautiously moved along the coast to the south of Mottama in 1751. The winner of the civil war, King Alaungpaya of Konbaung Dynasty recovered the coastline to Dawei from the Siamese in 1760. His son King Hsinbyushin conquered the entire coastline in 1765.[6] In the following decades, both sides tried to extend the line of control to their advantage but they both failed. The Burmese used Tanintharyi as a forward base to launch several unsuccessful invasions of Siam (1775–1776; 1785–1786; 1809–1812); the Siamese too were unsuccessful in their attempts to retake Tanintharyi (1787 and 1792).[7] (On the northern front, Burma and Siam were also locked in a struggle for the control of Kengtung and Lan Na.)

Burma ceded the region south of Salween river to the British after the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) under the Treaty of Yandabo. The British and the Siamese signed a boundary demarcation treaty on 20 June 1826, and another one in 1868.[4] Mawlamyine (Moulmein) became the first capital of British Burma. The British seized all of Lower Burma after the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and moved the capital to Rangoon. After 1852, the Tanintharyi Region consisted the entire southeastern part of Myanmar, including today's Mon State, Kayin State, and Taungoo District, in Bago Region. Mawlamyine was the capital of Tanintharyi.[8]

Upon independence from Britain in 1948, the northeastern districts of Tanintharyi were placed into the newly created Karen State. In 1974, the northern part of remaining Tanintharyi was carved out to create Mon State.[8] With Mawlamyine now inside Mon State, the capital of Tanintharyi Region was moved to Dawei.

Administrative divisions

Districts of Tanintharyi Region
  Dawei District
  Myeik District
  Bokpyin District
  Kawthoung District

Tanintharyi Region comprises ten townships and six subtownships, spreading over four districts:

Name List
Dawei District
Myeik District
Bokpyin District[9]
Kawthoung District

الحكومة

المقالة الرئيسية: Tanintharyi Region Government

التنفيذية

التشريعية

المقالة الرئيسية: Tanintharyi Region Hluttaw

القضائية

Taninthayi Region High Court.

النقل

للمزيد من المعلومات: Phu Nam Ron

A rail service runs from Rangoon twice every week. A deepwater port is planned in Dawei, a project that includes a highway[10] and a railway line between Bangkok and that harbour.[11]

The Maw Daung pass international cross-border checkpoint into Thailand has been developed since 2014.[12][13]


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السكان

الدين

Religion in Tanintharyi (2014)[14]

  البوذية (87.5%)
  المسيحية (7.2%)
  الإسلام (5.1%)
  Hindu (0.2%)

According to the 2014 Myanmar Census, Buddhists make up 87.5% of Tanintharyi Region's population, forming the largest religious community there.[15] Minority religious communities include Christians (7.2%), Muslims (5.1%), and Hindus (0.2%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Tanintharyi Region's population.[15] 0.1% of the population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated.[15]

According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee’s 2016 statistics, 9095 Buddhist monks were registered in Tanintharyi Region, comprising 1.7% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu.[16] The majority of monks belong to the Thudhamma Nikaya (83.8%), followed by Shwegyin Nikaya (1.1%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders.[16] 978 thilashin were registered in Tanintharyi Region, comprising 1.6% of Myanmar's total thilashin community.[16]

الجماعات العرقية

The region is home to ethnic Dawei, Karens, Mons, Burmese Thai, Myeik, Burmese Malays, Bamar migrants and Mokens. The Dawei speak the Tavoyan dialect, a variety of Burmese with profound pronunciation and vocabulary differences from standard Burmese.

الاقتصاد

A fishing boat in the Mergui Archipelago

Due to its proximity to the Indian Ocean, seafood products, including dried fish, dried prawn, dried shrimp and ngapi (shrimp paste), are a major part of its economy, for both domestic consumption and export to Thailand. Bird's nests are also gathered from offshore islands.

Children play on an island in the Mergui Archipelago

The region is also home to several metal mines, including Heinda, Hamyingyi, Kanbauk, Yawa, Kyaukmetaung, Nanthida and Yadanabon. Pearls are also cultured at the Pearl Island.

In recent years, large-scale palm oil and rubber tree plantations have been established in region.

زيت النخيل

Beginning in the 1970s, smaller-scale palm oil plantations were developed in the region.[17] In 1999, the ruling military junta, the State Peace and Development Council, initiated the large-scale development of such plantations in the region.[17] As of 2019, the government has awarded over 401,814 ha of palm oil concessions in Tanintharyi have been awarded to 44 companies.[17] 60% of the awarded concessions consist of forests and native vegetation, and some concessions overlap with national parks, including Tanintharyi and Lenya National Parks, which have seen deforestation and threaten conservation efforts for endemic species like the Indochinese tiger.[17][18]

One major concession in the region, the Myanmar Stark Prestige Plantation, became the subject of an ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights investigation, after local NGOs published a report that documented labour and land rights violations that affected 19 Karen villages.[19][20][21] The controversial plantation is jointly owned by Malaysia-based Prestige Platform and Stark Industries, owned by Mya Thidar Sway Tin, a Burmese businesswoman.[21][19]

التعليم

انظر أيضاً: List of universities in Tanintharyi Division

Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay. According to official statistics, less than 10% of primary school students in the division move onto high school.[22]

AY 2002-2003 Primary Middle High
Schools 1011 59 30
Teachers 3000 1300 400
Students 170,000 54,000 14,000

All of Tanintharyi's 7 universities and colleges are located in Dawei and Myeik. Until recently, Dawei University was the only four-year university in the Region.

الرعاية الصحية

The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world.[23][24] Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. Moreover, the health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor. In 2003, the entire Tanintharyi Region had fewer hospital beds than the Yangon General Hospital. The following is a summary of the public health care system.[25]

2002–2003 # Hospitals # Beds
Specialist hospitals 0 0
General hospitals with specialist services 2 400
General hospitals 10 346
Health clinics 14 224
Total 26 970

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Census Report. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. Vol. 2. Naypyitaw: Ministry of Immigration and Population. May 2015. p. 17.
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  3. ^ University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Cho Mar, Ma Tin; Trang, Pham Huong; Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics & Management International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam (2020-07-31). "Malay minorities in The Tenasserim coast". ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement. 4 (1). doi:10.7454/ajce.v4i1.1069. S2CID 225075113.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ أ ب "International Boundary Study: Burma-Thailand Boundary" (PDF). Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State. 1966-02-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Helen James (2004). Keat Gin Ooi (ed.). Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. p. 302. ISBN 9781576077702.
  6. ^ أ ب GE Harvey (1925). History of Burma. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. p. 202.
  7. ^ Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1967). History of Burma (2 ed.). London: Susil Gupta. pp. 219–220.
  8. ^ أ ب "Myanmar Divisions". Statoids. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  9. ^ "နေပြည်တော်၊ တိုင်းဒေသကြီးနှင့် ပြည်နယ်များတွင် ခရိုင် ၄၆ ခရိုင် အသစ်တိုးချဲ့ဖွဲ့စည်းသည့်အတွက် စုစုပေါင်းခရိုင် ၁၂၁ ခရိုင်ရှိလာ" (in البورمية).
  10. ^ "Dawei Road could endanger forests and wildlife - Report". Burma News International. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  11. ^ "Table A1-1-1a. Prospective projects in Mekong sub-region" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  12. ^ Maw-daung Pass Mapcarta
  13. ^ "NNT - Prachuap Khiri Khan to upgrade Singkhon border crossing". Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  14. ^ Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR (July 2016). The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C. Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR. pp. 12–15.
  15. ^ أ ب ت The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C (PDF). Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population. July 2016. pp. 12–15.
  16. ^ أ ب ت "The Account of Wazo Monks and Nuns in 1377 (2016 year)". State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2016. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
  17. ^ أ ب ت ث Nomura, Keiko; Mitchard, Edward T. A.; Patenaude, Genevieve; Bastide, Joan; Oswald, Patrick; Nwe, Thazin (2019-08-15). "Oil palm concessions in southern Myanmar consist mostly of unconverted forest". Scientific Reports (in الإنجليزية). 9 (1): 11931. Bibcode:2019NatSR...911931N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48443-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6695397. PMID 31417153.
  18. ^ "Myanmar risks losing forests to oil palm, but there's time to pivot". Mongabay Environmental News (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2019-11-13. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  19. ^ أ ب "Green Desert: Communities in Tanintharyi renounce the MSPP Oil Palm Concession" (PDF). Progressive Myanmar. December 2016.
  20. ^ "HUMAN RIGHTS AND CROSS-BORDER INVESTMENTS IN ASEAN: The case of the Myanmar Stark Prestige Plantation" (PDF). ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights. February 2020.
  21. ^ أ ب "Oil palm plantation in South Myanmar conflict zone wreaks havoc on local communities and forests". Earth Sight (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  22. ^ "Education statistics by level and by State and Division". Myanmar Central Statistical Organization. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
  23. ^ "PPI: Almost Half of All World Health Spending is in the United States". 2007-01-17. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008.
  24. ^ Yasmin Anwar (2007-06-28). "Burma junta faulted for rampant diseases". UC Berkeley News.
  25. ^ "Hospitals and Dispensaries by State and Division". Myanmar Central Statistical Organization. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 2009-04-11.

قالب:Taninthayi Division

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