مدق اوريگون
The Oregon Trail | |
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![]() The route of the Oregon Trail shown on a map of the western United States from Independence, Missouri (on the eastern end) to Oregon City, Oregon (on the western end) | |
![]() Map from The Ox Team, or the Old Oregon Trail 1852–1906, by Ezra Meeker | |
الموقع | Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon |
تأسست | 1830s by mountain men of fur trade, widely publicized by 1843 |
الهيئة الحاكمة | National Park Service |
الموقع الإلكتروني | Oregon National Historic Trail |
مدق اوريگون Oregon Trail أطول ممر بين الطرق البرية الكبرى التي استُخدمت في التوسع غرب الولايات المتحدة.كان يخترق مسافة 3,200كم من النجود والصحاري، ويعبر الجبال، من إندبندانس بولاية ميسوري، إلى المحيط الهادئ باتجاه الشمال الغربي. ويستطيع المسافرون حتى اليوم أن يشاهدوا الطريق المحفور بعمق، وقد قطعته عجلات العربات على طول مقاطع الممر.
اتخذ المستوطنون هذا الممر طريقًا لهم إلى أوريجون عام 1841م. كما استخدمت الممر أول مجموعة كبيرة، وتقدر بنحو ألف شخص، في الهجرة الكبرى التي تمت عام 1843م.
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تاريخ
رحلة لويس وكلارك
الأستوريون
شركة الشمال الغربي وشركة خليج هدسون
الصحراء الأمريكية الكبرى
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تجار الفراء والفخاخون والمستكشفون
الهجرة الكبرى في 1843
هجرة المورمون
الظعن إلى ذهب كاليفورنيا
الطرق
![](/w/images/thumb/a/a0/South_pass_marker2.jpg/300px-South_pass_marker2.jpg)
الإحصائيات
المهاجرون
Year | Oregon | California | Utah | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
1834-39 | 20 | - | - | 20 |
1840 | 13 | - | - | 13 |
1841 | 24 | 34 | - | 58 |
1842 | 125 | - | - | 125 |
1843 | 875 | 38 | - | 913 |
1844 | 1,475 | 53 | - | 1,528 |
1845 | 2,500 | 260 | - | 2,760 |
1846 | 1,200 | 1,500 | - | 2,700 |
1847 | 4,000 | 450 | 2,200 | 6,650 |
1848 | 1,300 | 400 | 2,400 | 4,100 |
Tot to '49 | 11,512 | 2,735 | 4,600 | 18,847 |
1849 | 450 | 25,000 | 1,500 | 26,950 |
1850 | 6,000 | 44,000 | 2,500 | 52,500 |
1851 | 3,600 | 1,100 | 1,500 | 6,200 |
1852 | 10,000 | 50,000 | 10,000 | 70,000 |
1853 | 7,500 | 20,000 | 8,000 | 35,500 |
1854 | 6,000 | 12,000 | 3,200 | 21,200 |
1855 | 500 | 1,500 | 4,700 | 6,700 |
1856 | 1,000 | 8,000 | 2,400 | 11,400 |
1857 | 1,500 | 4,000 | 1,300 | 6,800 |
1858 | 1,500 | 6,000 | 150 | 7,650 |
1859 | 2,000 | 17,000 | 1,400 | 20,400 |
1860 | 1,500 | 9,000 | 1,600 | 12,100 |
Total | 53,000 | 200,300 | 43,000 | 296,300 |
1834-60 | Oregon | California | Utah[3] | Total[4] |
1861 | - | - | 3,148 | 5,000 |
1862 | - | - | 5,244 | 5,000 |
1863 | - | - | 4,760 | 10,000 |
1864 | - | - | 2,626 | 10,000 |
1865 | - | - | 690 | 20,000 |
1866 | - | - | 3,299 | 25,000 |
1867 | - | - | 700 | 25,000 |
1868 | - | - | 4,285 | 25,000 |
Total | 80,000 | 250,000 | 70,000 | 400,000 |
1834-67 | Oregon | California | Utah | Total |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
بيانات التعداد الغربي
الولاية | 1870 | 1860 | الفرق |
---|---|---|---|
كاليفورنيا | 560,247 | 379,994 | 180,253 |
Nevada | 42,491 | 6,857 | 35,634 |
Oregon | 90,923 | 52,465 | 38,458 |
Colorado* | 39,684 | 34,277 | 5,407 |
Idaho* | 14,990 | - | 14,990 |
Montana* | 20,595 | - | 20,595 |
Utah* | 86,789 | 40,273 | 46,516 |
Washington* | 23,955 | 11,594 | 12,361 |
Wyoming* | 9,118 | - | 9,118 |
Totals | 888,792 | 525,460 | 363,332 |
*مناطق |
الوفيات
السبب | تقدير الوفيات |
---|---|
Cholera1 | 6,000-12,500 |
Indian attacks2 | 500-1,000 |
Freezing3 | 300-500 |
Run overs4 | 200-500 |
Drownings5 | 200-500 |
Shootings6 | 200-500 |
Miscellaneous7 | 200-500 |
Scurvy8 | 300-500 |
Totals | 8,000-16,500 |
انظر الملاحظات |
انظر أيضاً
- Kansas Territory (1854-1861)
- Nebraska Territory (1854-1867)
- The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life (1847) by Francis Parkman
- Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory
للاستزادة
- Crawford, Medorem (1897). Journal of Medorem Crawford: an account of his trip across the plains with the Oregon pioneers of 1842 (DJVU). Star Job Office. OCLC 5001642.
- Hanson, T J (2001). Western Passage. Bookmasters, Inc. ISBN 0-9705847-0-9.
Well researched fiction
- Hewitt, Randall (1863). Notes by the way: memoranda of a journey across the plains, from Dundee, Ill., to Olympia, W. T. May 7, to November 3, 1862 (DJVU). Washington Standard. OCLC 51465106.
- Smedley, William (1916). Across the plains in '62 (DJVU). OCLC 4981167.
- Ward, D. B. (1911). Across the plains in 1853 (DJVU). Ward. OCLC 2931824.
- Williams, Joseph (1921). Narrative of a tour from the state of Indiana to the Oregon Territory in the years 1841-2 (DJVU). Standard. OCLC 2095243.
- Francis Parkman, The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life. University of Virginia.
- The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life, Francis Parkman (Project Gutenberg)
- Oregon Trail Diary of Amelia Stewart Knight (1853)
المصادر
- ^ "Ventures and Adventures of Ezra Meeker: Or, Sixty Years of Frontier Life," by Ezra Meeker. Rainer Printing Company 1908. ASIN: B000861WA8
- ^ Unruh: page 119-120
- ^ Mormon Pioneer Companies [1] Accessed 11 April 2009
- ^ Mattes, Merril J.; "The Great Platte River Road"; p23; Nebraska State Historical Society; 1979: ISBN 978-0686262541
- ^ U.S. Census 1790-1870 [2]
- ^ Unruh: pp 408-410, 516
ملاحظات
^1 Cholera deaths includes deaths by other 'diseases' of the day like old age, small pox, typhoid, diphtheria, pneumonia, consumption (tuberculosis), measles, yellow fever, dysentery, whooping cough, scarlet fever, malaria, mumps etc. The trail people were already exposed to these diseases before they left and would have in all likelihood have caught them anyway and are not unique hazards of the trail. There was no effective treatment for many of these diseases then (the germ theory of disease was just gaining acceptance) and little that any Doctor of this era could do for those that got them except let them recover on their own or die.
^2 Indian attacks increased significantly after 1860 when most of the army troops were withdrawn and miners and ranchers began fanning out all over the country often encroaching on Indian territory. Increased attacks along the Humboldt lead to most travelers taking the Central Nevada Route across Nevada. The Goodall cutoff was developed in Idaho (est. 1862) which kept Oregon bound travelers away from much of the Indian trouble nearer the Snake River. Other trails were developed that traveled further along the South Platte to avoid local Indian hot spots.
^3 For examples of freezing deaths see: Donner Party and Willie and Martin handcart companies for three major disasters.
^4 Run overs were a major cause of death, despite the wagons only averaging 2–3 miles per hour. The wagons couldn't easily be stopped and people, particularly children, were often trying to get on and off the wagons while they were moving—not always successfully. Another hazard was walking alongside the wagon and your dress getting caught in the wheels and pulling you under it. The iron wheels on the wagons were not very forgiving.
^5 Drownings probably peaked in 1849 and 1850 when young impatient and pushy, men (who thought they knew it all and were immortal) were the predominant population on the trail. Later more family groups started traveling as well as many more ferries and bridges being put in—fording a dangerous river became much less common and dangerous. Surprisingly few people were taught to swim in this era.
^6 Accidental shootings declined significantly after Fort Laramie as people became more familiar with their weapons and often just left them in their wagons. Carrying around a ten pound rifle all day soon became tedious and usually unnecessary as the perceived Indian threat faded and hunting opportunities receded.
^7 Miscellaneous is a large catch all for unlisted deaths on the trail and may be too small—there were a lot of ways to die back then.
^8 Scurvy, as such, was not often listed as a cause of death; but reading the reason they died leads to the conclusion that scurvy was probably the major cause of death—particularly in the last month on the trail.
وصلات خارجية
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| مدق اوريگون
]].- Oregon-California Trail Asscoiation
- National Trail Map
- Oregon or the Grave
- Historic Sites on the Oregon Trail
- Oregon Trail History Library
- Oregon Trail: The Trail West
- Oregon National Historic Trail Home Page
- Oregon Trail Map 1843
- Mitchell Map of 1846
- Music of the Oregon Trail
- Photos and History of the Oregon Trail in Central Wyoming
- Oregon Trail history from Oregon Department of Transportation (with maps)
- Oregon Overland Book
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- مدق اوريگون
- اوريگون (بلد)
- المدقات الطبيعية في الولايات المتحدة
- طريق لنكولن السريع
- Columbia River Gorge
- National Register of Historic Places in Idaho
- National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
- National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
- Interstate 84 (west)
- U.S. Route 30
- Infrastructure-related listings on the National Register of Historic Places
- Historic trails and roads in the United States
- National Park areas in Idaho
- National Park areas in Utah
- National Park areas in Wyoming
- National Park areas in Nebraska