مدق اوريگون

The Oregon Trail
The route of the Oregon Trail shown on a map of the western United States from Independence, Missouri (on the eastern end) to Oregon City, Oregon (on the western end)
Map from The Ox Team, or the Old Oregon Trail 1852–1906, by Ezra Meeker
الموقع	Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon
تأسست	1830s by mountain men of fur trade, widely publicized by 1843
الهيئة الحاكمة	National Park Service
الموقع الإلكتروني	Oregon National Historic Trail

مدق اوريگون Oregon Trail أطول ممر بين الطرق البرية الكبرى التي استُخدمت في التوسع غرب الولايات المتحدة.كان يخترق مسافة 3,200كم من النجود والصحاري، ويعبر الجبال، من إندبندانس بولاية ميسوري، إلى المحيط الهادئ باتجاه الشمال الغربي. ويستطيع المسافرون حتى اليوم أن يشاهدوا الطريق المحفور بعمق، وقد قطعته عجلات العربات على طول مقاطع الممر.

اتخذ المستوطنون هذا الممر طريقًا لهم إلى أوريجون عام 1841م. كما استخدمت الممر أول مجموعة كبيرة، وتقدر بنحو ألف شخص، في الهجرة الكبرى التي تمت عام 1843م.

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 تاريخ

Oregon Trail reenactment at Scotts Bluff

 رحلة لويس وكلارك

للمزيد من المعلومات: رحلة لويس وكلارك

 الأستوريون

للمزيد من المعلومات: Astor Expedition

 شركة الشمال الغربي وشركة خليج هدسون

انظر أيضاً: شركة الشمال الغربي and شركة خليج هدسون

 الصحراء الأمريكية الكبرى

Trail Ruts near Guernsey, Wyoming

A bison bull on a Nebraska wildlife refuge.

 تجار الفراء والفخاخون والمستكشفون

The exploration of the West by Jedediah Smith

خريطة حوض النهر الأخضر

 هجرة المورمون

للمزيد من المعلومات: مدق المورمون

 الظعن إلى ذهب كاليفورنيا

Map of the route of the York Factory Express, 1820s to 1840s. Modern political boundaries shown.

 الطرق

The 20th Century saw a host of Oregon Trail boosters celebrate the old trail as a patriotic pathway of Manifest Destiny. Oregon Trail pioneer Ezra Meeker erected this boulder near Pacific Springs on Wyoming's South Pass in 1906.

 الإحصائيات

 المهاجرون

Estimated California Oregon Mormon Trail Emigrants

Year	Oregon	California	Utah	Total
1834-39	20	-	-	20
1840	13	-	-	13
1841	24	34	-	58
1842	125	-	-	125
1843	875	38	-	913
1844	1,475	53	-	1,528
1845	2,500	260	-	2,760
1846	1,200	1,500	-	2,700
1847	4,000	450	2,200	6,650
1848	1,300	400	2,400	4,100
Tot to '49	11,512	2,735	4,600	18,847
1849	450	25,000	1,500	26,950
1850	6,000	44,000	2,500	52,500
1851	3,600	1,100	1,500	6,200
1852	10,000	50,000	10,000	70,000
1853	7,500	20,000	8,000	35,500
1854	6,000	12,000	3,200	21,200
1855	500	1,500	4,700	6,700
1856	1,000	8,000	2,400	11,400
1857	1,500	4,000	1,300	6,800
1858	1,500	6,000	150	7,650
1859	2,000	17,000	1,400	20,400
1860	1,500	9,000	1,600	12,100
Total	53,000	200,300	43,000	296,300
1834-60	Oregon	California	Utah	Total
1861	-	-	3,148	5,000
1862	-	-	5,244	5,000
1863	-	-	4,760	10,000
1864	-	-	2,626	10,000
1865	-	-	690	20,000
1866	-	-	3,299	25,000
1867	-	-	700	25,000
1868	-	-	4,285	25,000
Total	80,000	250,000	70,000	400,000
1834-67	Oregon	California	Utah	Total

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 بيانات التعداد الغربي

Census Population of western States

الولاية	1870	1860	الفرق
كاليفورنيا	560,247	379,994	180,253
Nevada	42,491	6,857	35,634
Oregon	90,923	52,465	38,458
Colorado*	39,684	34,277	5,407
Idaho*	14,990	-	14,990
Montana*	20,595	-	20,595
Utah*	86,789	40,273	46,516
Washington*	23,955	11,594	12,361
Wyoming*	9,118	-	9,118
Totals	888,792	525,460	363,332
*مناطق

 الوفيات

Oregon-California-Mormon Trail Deaths

السبب	تقدير الوفيات
Cholera1	6,000-12,500
Indian attacks2	500-1,000
Freezing3	300-500
Run overs4	200-500
Drownings5	200-500
Shootings6	200-500
Miscellaneous7	200-500
Scurvy8	300-500
Totals	8,000-16,500
انظر الملاحظات

 انظر أيضاً

• Kansas Territory (1854-1861)
• Nebraska Territory (1854-1867)
• The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life (1847) by Francis Parkman
• Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory

 للاستزادة

• Crawford, Medorem (1897). Journal of Medorem Crawford: an account of his trip across the plains with the Oregon pioneers of 1842 (DJVU). Star Job Office. OCLC 5001642.
• Hanson, T J (2001). Western Passage. Bookmasters, Inc. ISBN 0-9705847-0-9. Well researched fiction
• Hewitt, Randall (1863). Notes by the way: memoranda of a journey across the plains, from Dundee, Ill., to Olympia, W. T. May 7, to November 3, 1862 (DJVU). Washington Standard. OCLC 51465106.
• Smedley, William (1916). Across the plains in '62 (DJVU). OCLC 4981167.
• Ward, D. B. (1911). Across the plains in 1853 (DJVU). Ward. OCLC 2931824.
• Williams, Joseph (1921). Narrative of a tour from the state of Indiana to the Oregon Territory in the years 1841-2 (DJVU). Standard. OCLC 2095243.
• Francis Parkman, The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life. University of Virginia.
• The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life, Francis Parkman (Project Gutenberg)
• Oregon Trail Diary of Amelia Stewart Knight (1853)

 ملاحظات

^1 Cholera deaths includes deaths by other 'diseases' of the day like old age, small pox, typhoid, diphtheria, pneumonia, consumption (tuberculosis), measles, yellow fever, dysentery, whooping cough, scarlet fever, malaria, mumps etc. The trail people were already exposed to these diseases before they left and would have in all likelihood have caught them anyway and are not unique hazards of the trail. There was no effective treatment for many of these diseases then (the germ theory of disease was just gaining acceptance) and little that any Doctor of this era could do for those that got them except let them recover on their own or die.

^2 Indian attacks increased significantly after 1860 when most of the army troops were withdrawn and miners and ranchers began fanning out all over the country often encroaching on Indian territory. Increased attacks along the Humboldt lead to most travelers taking the Central Nevada Route across Nevada. The Goodall cutoff was developed in Idaho (est. 1862) which kept Oregon bound travelers away from much of the Indian trouble nearer the Snake River. Other trails were developed that traveled further along the South Platte to avoid local Indian hot spots.

^3 For examples of freezing deaths see: Donner Party and Willie and Martin handcart companies for three major disasters.

^4 Run overs were a major cause of death, despite the wagons only averaging 2–3 miles per hour. The wagons couldn't easily be stopped and people, particularly children, were often trying to get on and off the wagons while they were moving—not always successfully. Another hazard was walking alongside the wagon and your dress getting caught in the wheels and pulling you under it. The iron wheels on the wagons were not very forgiving.

^5 Drownings probably peaked in 1849 and 1850 when young impatient and pushy, men (who thought they knew it all and were immortal) were the predominant population on the trail. Later more family groups started traveling as well as many more ferries and bridges being put in—fording a dangerous river became much less common and dangerous. Surprisingly few people were taught to swim in this era.

^6 Accidental shootings declined significantly after Fort Laramie as people became more familiar with their weapons and often just left them in their wagons. Carrying around a ten pound rifle all day soon became tedious and usually unnecessary as the perceived Indian threat faded and hunting opportunities receded.

^7 Miscellaneous is a large catch all for unlisted deaths on the trail and may be too small—there were a lot of ways to die back then.

^8 Scurvy, as such, was not often listed as a cause of death; but reading the reason they died leads to the conclusion that scurvy was probably the major cause of death—particularly in the last month on the trail.

 وصلات خارجية

• Oregon-California Trail Asscoiation
• National Trail Map
• Oregon or the Grave
• Historic Sites on the Oregon Trail
• Oregon Trail History Library
• Oregon Trail: The Trail West
• Oregon National Historic Trail Home Page
• Oregon Trail Map 1843
• Mitchell Map of 1846
• Music of the Oregon Trail
• Photos and History of the Oregon Trail in Central Wyoming
• Oregon Trail history from Oregon Department of Transportation (with maps)
• Oregon Overland Book