معركة وارسو (1920)

لمعلومات عن the film، انظر Battle of Warsaw 1920.

معركة وارسو
جزء من الحرب الپولندية السوڤيتية
التاريخ 12–25 أغسطس 1920 الموقع بالقرب من وارسو، پولندا 52°18′N 20°49′E النتيجة نصر پولندي حاسم
المتحاربون
پولندا	Russian SFSR
القادة والزعماء
Józef Piłsudski Tadeusz Jordan-Rozwadowski Władysław Sikorski Józef Haller Edward Rydz-Śmigły Bolesław Roja Franciszek Latinik Leonard Skierski	Leon Trotsky Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Joseph Stalin Hayk Bzhishkyan Sergey Kamenev Aleksandr Yegorov
القوى
113,000–123,000	104,000–140,000
الضحايا والخسائر
4,500 dead 22,000 wounded 10,000 missing Total: 36,500	15,000–25,000 dead unknown number of wounded 65,000–66,000 captured 30,000–35,000 interned في پروسيا الشرقية Total: 110,000–126,000

قالب:Campaignbox Battle of Warsaw (1920)

معركة وارسو refers to the decisive Polish victory in 1920 at the apogee of the الحرب الپولندية السوڤيتية. پولندا، on the verge of total defeat, repulsed and defeated the invading Red Army. It was, and still is, celebrated as a great victory for the Polish people over روسيا و الشيوعية.

As Soviet forces invaded Poland in summer 1920, the Polish army retreated westward in disorder. The Polish forces seemed on the verge of disintegration and observers predicted a decisive Soviet victory.

The battle of Warsaw was fought from August 12–25, 1920 as Red Army forces commanded by Mikhail Tukhachevsky approached the Polish capital of Warsaw and the nearby Modlin Fortress. On August 16, Polish forces commanded by Józef Piłsudski counterattacked from the south, disrupting the enemy's offensive, forcing the Russian forces into a disorganized withdrawal eastward and behind the Neman River. Estimated Russian losses were 10,000 killed, 500 missing, 30,000 wounded, and 66,000 taken prisoner, compared with Polish losses of some 4,500 killed, 10,000 missing, and 22,000 wounded.

The defeat crippled the Red Army; Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik leader, called it "an enormous defeat" for his forces. In the following months, several more Polish follow-up victories saved Poland's independence and led to a peace treaty with Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine later that year, securing the Polish state's eastern frontiers until 1939.

Polish defences at Miłosna, near Warsaw

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 نسق القتال

 Polish

Graves of Polish soldiers who fell in the Battle of Warsaw, Powązki Military Cemetery, Warsaw

 Battle plans

 Polish

Polish commander Józef Piłsudski

 Russian

Soviet commander Mikhail Tukhachevsky

 المعركة

 الطور الأول

Positions prior to the battle

 انظر أيضاً

• Blue Army
• Siege of Warsaw (1939)
• Stefan Mazurkiewicz
• Battle of Warsaw 1920, a 2011 film by Jerzy Hoffman

 للاستزادة

• Biskupski M. B. "Paderewski, Polish Politics, and the Battle of Warsaw, 1920," Slavic Review (1987) 46#3 pp. 503–512 he was trying to get American support for his comeback in Polish politics in JSTOR
• Edgar Vincent D'Abernon, The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World: Warsaw, 1920, Hyperion Press, 1977, ISBN 0-88355-429-1.
• Davies, Norman. White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish–Soviet War, 1919–20, Pimlico, 2003, ISBN 0-7126-0694-7.
• Davies, Norman. "The Soviet Command and the Battle of Warsaw," Soviet Studies (1972) 23#4 pp. 573–585 says the Soviet failure of command was responsible for its defeat
• Fiddick, Thomas. "The 'Miracle of the Vistula': Soviet Policy versus Red Army Strategy," Journal of Modern History (1973) 45#4 pp. 626–643 in JSTOR
• Fuller, J.F.C.. The Decisive Battles of the Western World, Hunter Publishing, ISBN 0-586-08036-8.
• Hetherington, Peter. Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe (2012) pp 425–58 excerpt and text search
• Watt, Richard M. Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918–1939, Hippocrene Books, 1998, ISBN 0-7818-0673-9.
• Zamoyski, Adam. Warsaw 1920: Lenin's Failed Conquest of Europe (2008) excerpt and text search

 بالپولندية

• M. Tarczyński, Cud nad Wisłą, Warszawa, 1990.
• Józef Piłsudski, Pisma zbiorowe, Warszawa, 1937, reprinted by Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1991, ISBN 83-03-03059-0.
• Mikhail Tukhachevski, Lectures at Military Academy in Moscow, February 7–10, 1923, reprinted in Pochód za Wisłę (March across the Vistula), Łódź, 1989.

 وصلات خارجية

• Robert Szymczak, Polish–Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw, Historynet
• 3 scans Polish maps
• (Polish) "Bolszewik złamany Gazeta Wyborcza article about breaking of Soviet ciphers.