مشترى جاكسون

مشترى جاكسون Jackson Purchase، وتسمى أيضاً منطقة الشراء Purchase Region أو ببساطة الشراء/المشترى the Purchase، هي منطقة في ولاية كنتكي الأمريكية يحدها نهر المسيسپي إلى الغرب، و نهر أوهايو إلى الشمال، و نهر تنسي إلى الشرق.

كما ضم مشترى جاكسون كل تنسي غرب نهر تنسي. إلا أنه في الاستخدام الحديث، فإن المصطلح يشير فقط إلى الجزء من كنتكي في مشترى جاكسون. الجزء الجنوبي يُدعى ببساطة تنسي الغربية.

خريطة تبين منطقة مشترى جاكسون في ولاية كنتكي.

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 الجغرافيا

يتكون المشترى مما هو الآن ثمان مقاطعات، بمساحة أراضي إجمالية 3,394.8 ميل مربع (6,202.5 كم²), about 6.03 percent of Kentucky's land area. Its 2010 census population was 196,365 inhabitants, equal to 4.53 percent of the state's population. Paducah, the largest city and main economic center, has just over 25,000 residents. The region's other two largest cities, Murray and Mayfield, have about 18,000 and 10,000 residents respectively. The main educational institution is Murray State University.

 المقاطعات

• مقاطعة بالارد
• مقاطعة كالواي
• مقاطعة كارلايل
• مقاطعة فلتون
• مقاطعة گريڤز
• مقاطعة هيكمان
• مقاطعة مارشال
• مقاطعة مكراكن

 الاقتصاد

Though chiefly an agricultural economy, tourism is an important industry in the Purchase, focused chiefly on water-related activities at the TVA-created Kentucky Lake. Together with the portion of the Tennessee River north of Kentucky Dam, it forms the eastern border of the Purchase.

 التاريخ

استحواذات أراضي غرب تنسي في عهد الرئيس جيمس مونرو affected several Indian nations and the U.S. states of Kentucky and Tennessee, and the Alabama Territory:
*Pink – Chickasaw – Jackson Purchase (1818)
*Yellow – Creek – Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
*Gray – Cherokee – Jackson and McMinn Treaty (1817)

 الأصل

The land was ceded after prolonged negotiations with the Chickasaw Indians in which the United States was represented by Andrew Jackson and Isaac Shelby, while the Chickasaws were represented by their chiefs, head men, and warriors including: Levi Colbert, his brother George Colbert, Chinubby, and Tishomingo. On October 19, 1818, the two sides agreed to the transfer by signing the Treaty of Tuscaloosa. The United States agreed to pay the Chickasaw people $300,000, at the rate of $20,000 annually for 15 years, in return for the right to all Chickasaw land east of the Mississippi River and north of the new state of Mississippi border.

 بعد إعلان الولاية

Although claimed as part of Kentucky at its statehood in 1792, the land did not come under definitive U.S. control until 1818, when General Andrew Jackson and ex-Kentucky governor Isaac Shelby, representing the United States federal government, purchased it from the Chickasaw Indians through several treaties, including the Treaty of Tuscaloosa.

Historically, this region has been considered the most "Southern" of Kentucky; having an agricultural economy tied to cotton plantations and the use of enslaved labor before the Civil War, the Purchase in the years after the war voted as the most staunchly Democratic region in Kentucky. For well over a century, it provided such overwhelming margins for Democratic candidates that Kentucky Democrats routinely called it the "Gibraltar of Democracy". The most widely circulated newspaper and media outlet in the Purchase, The Paducah Sun, was once named the Paducah Sun-Democrat (see WPSD-TV). Due to changing demographics, most counties in the Purchase in the early 21st century have populations that are overwhelmingly white. Many African Americans left the area after the Civil War and in the Great Migration of the 20th century.

During the Civil War, the Purchase was the area of strongest support for the Confederate cause. On May 29, 1861, a group of Southern sympathizers from Kentucky and Tennessee met at the Graves County Courthouse in Mayfield to discuss the possibility of aligning the Purchase with West Tennessee. Most records of the event were lost, possibly in an 1864 fire that destroyed the courthouse. After the War the region heightened its sense of being "Southern".

In 1907, Fulton County judge Herbert Carr declared in a speech that the Mayfield Convention adopted a resolution for secession, and a historical marker in front of the courthouse also proclaims this as fact. But, the surviving records of the meeting, authored by a Union sympathizer, make no mention of this resolution. Historian Berry Craig states that the convention believed the whole of Kentucky would eventually secede and make unnecessary a separate resolution for the Purchase to break away.

Records do show that the convention adopted resolutions condemning President Abraham Lincoln for "waging a bloody and cruel war" against the South, urging Governor Beriah Magoffin to resist Union forces and praising him for refusing to answer Lincoln's call for soldiers, and condemning the provision of "Lincoln guns" to Union sympathizers in Kentucky. The convention nominated Henry Burnett to represent Kentucky's First District in Congress. The Mayfield Convention was a precursor to the later Russellville Convention, that formed the provisional Confederate government of Kentucky.

دوائر الكونگرس في كنتكي، في 2013

Since the late 20th century, the Purchase has voted for Republicans in national elections while giving higher percentages to candidates of the Democratic Party in state and local elections. This trend is similar to realignment among white conservatives in other parts of the South. اعتبارا من 2004, however, the region's delegation in the Kentucky General Assembly included both Republican Party and Democratic Party representatives. For the first time in history, that year the region elected Republicans for both of its two state senators.

The Purchase is within Kentucky's 1st congressional district. اعتبارا من 6 نوفمبر 2012 (2012-11-06), 67% of all Purchase voters are registered Democrats and 27% of Purchase voters are registered Republicans. In keeping with the South generally, Purchase Democrats are more conservative than many in the national party. (see also Blue Dog Democrats).

 أشخاص بارزون

Notable people from the region include:

• آلبن باركلي، نائب رئيس الولايات المتحدة، 1949–1953، زعيم الأغلبية في مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي، مثـَّل كنتكي في مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي، 1927–1949 و 1955–1956، ومثل الدائرة الأولى في مجلس النواب الأمريكي، 1913–1927
• Julian Carroll, Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky, 1971–1974, and 54th Governor of Kentucky, 1974–1979
• Steven Curtis Chapman, Christian music artist
• Irvin Cobb, humorist and author
• Jackie DeShannon, singer/songwriter
• Steve Finley, major league baseball player, 1989–2007
• Joe Fulks, basketball player
• Noble Jones Gregory, represented the First District in the United States House of Representatives, 1937–1958
• William Voris Gregory, represented the First District in the United States House of Representatives, 1927–1936
• Robert H. Grubbs, Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, 2005
• Carroll Hubbard, represented the First District in the United States House of Representatives, 1975–1992
• Frank Stubblefield, represented the First District in the United States House of Representatives, 1959–1974
• Lloyd Tilghman, Confederate general
• Harry Lee Waterfield, Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky, 1955–1959 and 1963–1967

 للاستزادة

• Clark, Thomas D. "The Jackson Purchase: A Dramatic Chapter in Southern Indian Policy and Relations." Filson Club Historical Quarterly 50 (1976): 302–20.
• Davis, Darrell Haug. Geography of the Jackson Purchase (Kentucky Geological Society, 1923).
• Hoskins, Patricia. "'The Old First is With the South:' The Civil War, Reconstruction, and Memory in the Jackson Purchase Region of Kentucky." (PhD Auburn University 2009) online bibliography pp 296–315.
• Kleber, John E. Ed. The Kentucky encyclopedia (1992) online
• Whitesell, Hunter B. "Military Operations in the Jackson Purchase Areas of Kentucky, 1862–1865," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 63 (April 1965): 141–167.
• WPA, Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State (1939); classic guide from the Federal Writers Project; covers main themes and describes every town and feature, with capsule histories online

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 وصلات خارجية

• Jackson Purchase Historical Society