رئاسات ومقاطعات الهند البريطانية
مقاطعات الهند، كانت سابقاً رئاسات الهند البريطانية، وقبل ذلك، البلدات الرئاسية، وجمعاً تُسمى الهند البريطانية، كانت وحدات ادارية لأراضي الهند تحت إيجار أو سيادة شركة الهند الشرقية أو التاج البريطاني بين 1612 و 1947.
انقسمت الهند البريطانية إلى ثلاث فترات. منذ أوائل القرن 17 إلى منتصف القرن 18، تاجرت شركة الهند الشرقية في البنغال على حساب معاناة القوى المحلية. وكان منافسوها هم الشركات التجارية لهولندا وفرنسا. وفي المئة عام المقبلة، التي أشير إليها بإسم حكم الشركة في الهند، استحوزت الشركة على السيادة، إلا أنها بشكل متزايد تقاسمت السيادة مع التاج، وتدريجياً فقدت مزاياها التجارية (المرخص بها). وعلى إثر تمرد 1857، انتقلت السلطات المتبقية للشركة إلى التاج ليبدأ الحكم المباشر من قِبل الامبراطورية البريطانية (1858–1947). وقد اُسُعمِل المصطلح "الهند البريطانية" ثانوياً كاختصار لـ "البريطانيون في الامبراطورية البريطانية في الهند."[1]
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الهند البريطانية
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| مستعمرة الهند | |||||
| الهند الپرتغالية | 1505–1961 | ||||
| كازا دا إنديا | 1434–1833 | ||||
| شركة الهند الشرقية البرتغالية | 1628–1633 | ||||
| الهند الهولندية | 1605–1825 | ||||
| الهند الدنماركية | 1696–1869 | ||||
| الهند الفرنسية | 1759–1954 | ||||
| الإمبراطورية البريطانية في الهند | |||||
| شركة الهند الشرقية | 1612–1757 | ||||
| حكم الشركة في الهند | 1757–1857 | ||||
| الراج البريطاني | 1858–1947 | ||||
| الحكم البريطاني في بورما | 1826–1948 | ||||
| الهند البريطانية | 1612–1947 | ||||
| الولايات الأميرية | 1765–1947 | ||||
| تقسيم الهند | 1947 | ||||
بلدات رئاسية (1600–1765)
India in 1700 showing the امبراطورية المغل ومستوطنات التجارة الاوروبية.
The presidency town of Madras in a 1908 map. Madras was established as Fort St. George in 1640.
The presidency town of Bombay (shown here in a 1908 map) was established in 1684.
The presidency town of Calcutta (shown here in a 1908 map) was established in 1690 as Fort William.
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- رئاسة مدراس: established 1640.
- رئاسة بومباي: East India Company's headquarters moved from Surat to Bombay (Mumbai) in 1687.
- Bengal Presidency: established 1690.
رئاسات الهند البريطانية (1772–1858)
خريطة الهند في 1765
خريطة الهند في 1795
خريطة الهند في 1805
خريطة الهند في 1823
خريطة الهند في 1837
خريطة الهند في 1848
خريطة الهند في 1857
توسع البنغال وبورما البريطانيتين
المقاطعات الشمالية الغربية، constituted in 1836 from erstwhile Ceded and Conquered Provinces
پنجاب annexed in 1849
Oudh ضُمـَّت في 1856
- رئاسة مدراس: Expanded in the mid-to-late 18th century Carnatic Wars وAnglo-Mysore Wars.
- رئاسة بومباي: expanded after the Anglo-Maratha Wars.
- رئاسة البنغال: Expanded after the battles of پلاسي (1757) وبوكسار (1764), and after the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha Wars.
- Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri: ceded by Sindhia of Gwalior in 1818 at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Maratha War.
- Coorg: Annexed in 1834.
- Ceded and Conquered Provinces: Established in 1802 within the رئاسة البنغال. Proposed to be renamed the رئاسة أگرا under a Governor in 1835, but proposal not implemented.
- المقاطعات الشمالية الغربية: established as a Lieutenant-Governorship in 1836 from the erstwhile Ceded and Conquered Provinces
- السند annexed to the Bombay Presidency in 1843.
- Punjab: Established in 1849 from territories captured in the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars.
- Nagpur Province: Created in 1853 from the princely state of Nagpur, seized by the doctrine of lapse. Merged into the Central Provinces in 1861.
- Oudh annexed in 1856 and governed thereafter until 1905 as a Chief Commissionership, as a part of North-Western Provinces and Oudh.
مقاطعات الهند (1858–1947)
The British Indian Empire in 1880, when, three years after the formal name-change to "Empire of India," it was still being called "British India."
The British Indian Empire in 1893, after the annexation of Upper Burma and incorporation of Baluchistan
A map of the British Indian Empire in 1907 during the partition of Bengal (1905–1912)
The Indian Empire in 1915 after the reunification of Bengal, the creation of the new province of Bihar and Orissa, and the re-establishment of Assam.
- Central Provinces: Created in 1861 from Nagpur Province and the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories. Berar administered since 1903, renamed the Central Provinces and Berar in 1936.
- Burma: Lower Burma annexed 1852, established as a province in 1862, بورما العليا incorporated in 1886. Separated from British India in 1937 to become administered independently by the newly established British Government Burma Office.
- Assam: separated from Bengal in 1874. Incorporated into new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905. Re-established as a province in 1912.
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands: established as a province in 1875.
- Baluchistan: Organized into a province in 1887.
Madras Presidency shown in an 1880 map.
Bombay Presidency in an 1880 map.
Bengal Presidency in 1880
An 1880 map of Central Provinces. The province had been constituted in 1861.
1908 map of Central Provinces and Berar. Berar was included in 1903.
Beluchistan, shown as an independent kingdom along with Afghanistan and Turkestan, in an 1880 map.
Beluchistan, shown as a part of the الامبراطورية الهندية البريطانية في خريطة من عام 1908.
- North-West Frontier Province: created in 1901 from the north-western districts of Punjab Province.
- البنغال الشرقية وأسام: created in 1905 upon partition of Bengal, together with the former province of Assam. Re-merged with Bengal in 1912, with north-eastern part re-established as the province of Assam.
- بيهار واوريسا: separated from Bengal in 1912. Renamed Bihar in 1936 when Orissa became a separate province.
- دلهي: Separated from Punjab in 1912, when it became the capital of British India.
- عدن: separated from Bombay Presidency to become province of India in 1932; separated from India and made the Crown Colony of Aden in 1937.
- اوريسا: انفصلت عن بيهار في 1936.
- السند: انفصلت عن بومباي في 1936.
- Panth-Piploda: made a province in 1942, from territories ceded by a native ruler.
المقاطعات الرئيسية
| Province of British India[2] | المساحة (in thousands of square miles) | التعداد (مليون نسمة) | Chief Administrative Officer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Burma | 170 | 9 | Lieutenant-Governor |
| Bengal | 151 | 75 | Lieutenant-Governor |
| مدراس | 142 | 38 | Governor-in-Council |
| Bombay | 123 | 19 | Governor-in-Council |
| United Provinces | 107 | 48 | Lieutenant-Governor |
| Central Provinces and Berar | 104 | 13 | Chief Commissioner |
| Punjab | 97 | 20 | Lieutenant-Governor |
| Assam | 49 | 6 | Chief Commissioner |
المقاطعات الثانوية
In addition, there were a few minor provinces that were administered by a Chief Commissioner:[3]
| Minor Province[3] | Area (in thousands of square miles) | Population (in thousands of inhabitants) | Chief Administrative Officer |
|---|---|---|---|
| North-West Frontier Province | 16 | 2,125 | Chief Commissioner |
| British Baluchistan | 46 | 308 | British Political Agent in Baluchistan served as ex-officio Chief Commissioner |
| Coorg | 1.6 | 181 | British Resident in Mysore served as ex-officio Chief Commissioner |
| Ajmer-Merwara | 2.7 | 477 | British Political Agent in Rajputana served as ex-officio Chief Commissioner |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 3 | 25 | Chief Commissioner |
المقاطعات لدى الاستقلال، 1947
At independence in 1947, British India had seventeen provinces:
- Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- أسام
- Baluchistan
- Bengal Province
- بيهار
- Bombay Province
- Central Provinces and Berar
- Coorg
- Delhi Province
- Madras Province
- North-West Frontier Province
- Panth-Piploda
- اوريسا
- Punjab
- السند
- United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
Upon the Partition of India into Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan, twelve provinces (Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Central Provinces and Berar, Coorg, Delhi, Madras, Panth-Piploda, Orissa, and the United Provinces) became provinces within India, three (Baluchistan, North-West Frontier, and Sindh) within Pakistan, and two (Bengal and Punjab) were partitioned between India and Pakistan.
In 1950, after the new Indian Constitution was adopted, the provinces in India were replaced by redrawn states and union territories. Pakistan, however, retained its five provinces, one of which, East Bengal, was renamed East Pakistan in 1956 and became the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971.
انظر أيضاً
- الامبراطورية البريطانية في الهند (for usage)
- حكم الشركة في الهند (for the period 1757–1858)
- الراج البريطاني (for the period 1858–1947)
- شركة الهند الشرقية (for the period 1612–1858)
- الحكم البريطاني في بورما
- الدويلات الأميرية
الهامش
- ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, p. 5 Quote: "The history of British India falls ... into three periods. From the beginning of the seventeenth to the middle of the eighteenth century the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers, and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the Mutiny of 1857, the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown ..." (p. 5)
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةigi-46 - ^ أ ب Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907, p. 56
المصادر
- The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908-31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition
- Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II (1908), The Indian Empire, Historical, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxv, 1 map, 573
- Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxvi, 1 map, 520
- Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV (1907), The Indian Empire, Administrative, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552
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للاستزادة
- Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004), From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, New Delhi and London: Orient Longmans. Pp. xx, 548., ISBN 8125025960
- Brown, Judith M. (1994), Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 474, ISBN 0198731132
- Copland, Ian (2001), India 1885-1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series), Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. 160, ISBN 0582381738
- Harrington, Jack (2010), Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India, New York: Palgrave Macmillan., ISBN 978-0-230-10885-1
- Judd, Dennis (2004), The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600-1947, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 280, ISBN 0192803581
- Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950), An Advanced History of India, London: Macmillan and Company Limited. 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 1122, 7 maps, 5 coloured maps.
- Markovits, Claude (ed) (2005), A History of Modern India 1480-1950 (Anthem South Asian Studies), Anthem Press. Pp. 607, ISBN 1843311526
- Metcalf, Barbara; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372, ISBN 0521682258.
- Peers, Douglas M. (2006), India under Colonial Rule 1700-1885, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. xvi, 163, ISBN 058231738
- Riddick, John F. The history of British India: a chronology (2006) excerpt and text search, covers 1599-1947
- Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998), covers 1599-1947
- Sarkar, Sumit (1983), Modern India: 1885-1947, Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd. Pp. xiv, 486, ISBN 0333904257
- Smith, Vincent A. (1921), India in the British Period: Being Part III of the Oxford History of India, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 2nd edition. Pp. xxiv, 316 (469-784)
- Spear, Percival (1990), A History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298, ISBN 0140138366
وصلات خارجية
- Mill, James (1820), The History of British India, in six volumes, London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 3rd edition, 1826, http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1867
- Meyer, Sir W. S.; Burn, Sir R.; Cotton, J. S.; Risley, Sir H. H. (1908–1931: vol. 1, 1909), The Imperial Gazetteer of India (3rd edition), Oxford: Clarendon Press, http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/.
- Statistical abstracts relating to British India, from 1840 to 1920 at uchicago.edu
- Digital Colonial Documents (India) Homepage at latrobe.edu.au
- Provinces of British India at worldstatesmen.org
- Collection of early 20th century photographs of the cities of Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras with other interesting Indian locations from the magazine, India Illustrated, at the University of Houston Digital Library
- Coins of British India
