محافظة سيستان وبلوشستان

Coordinates: 29°29′33″N 60°52′01″E / 29.4924°N 60.8669°E / 29.4924; 60.8669
Sistan and Baluchestan
استان سیستان و بلوچستان
Province
Ghal'eh Sab, Saravan.
Ghal'eh Sab, Saravan.
Location of Sistan and Baluchestan within Iran
Sistan and Baluchestan Province and its counties
Map of Iran with Sistan and Baluchestan highlighted
Map of Iran with Sistan and Baluchestan highlighted
الإحداثيات: 29°29′33″N 60°52′01″E / 29.4924°N 60.8669°E / 29.4924; 60.8669
Country إيران
Capitalزاهدان
المقاطعات19
المساحة
 • الإجمالي180٬726 كم² (69٬779 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2016)[1]
 • الإجمالي2٬775٬014
 • الكثافة15/km2 (40/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+03:30 (IRST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+04:30 (IRST)
اللغات الرئيسيةبلوچي
الفارسية (سيستاني (لهجة))
HDI (2017)0.688[2]
medium · 31st

سیستان و بلوچستان (فارسية: استان سيستان و بلوچستان؛ بلوچي: سیستان ءُ بلۏچستان اۏستان؛ أو أصلي بلوچستان) هي ثاني أكبر محافظات إيران الاحدى وثلاثين، بعد محافظة كرمان، بمساحة 180,726 كم². وتقع المحافظة في جنوب شرق البلاد، يحدها پاكستان وأفغانستان وعاصمتها زاهدان.[3][4]

At the time of the National Census of 2006, the province had a population of 2,349,049 in 468,025 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 2,534,327 inhabitants living in 587,921 households.[6] At the most recent census in 2016, the population had increased to 2,775,014 in 704,888 households.[7]

The Baloch form a majority of the population and the Persian Sistani a minority. Smaller communities of Kurds (in the eastern highlands and near Iranshahr); the expatriate Brahui (along Iran's border with Pakistan); and other resident and itinerant ethnic groups, such as the Romani, are also found within the province.

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الجغرافيا والثقافة

Sistan and Baluchistan Province Historical population
YearPop.±%
19961٬722٬579—    
20062٬405٬742+39.7%
20112٬534٬327+5.3%
20162٬775٬014+9.5%
amar.org.ir

Previously whole of this state was called Baluchestan , but Iran symbolically added Sistan to the end of Baluchestan and then after the 1979's revolution in Iran , the name of province was changed to Sistan & Baluchestan without any excuse. Today, Sistan refers to the narrow strip of the northern margin of the province and Baluchestan involves whole Zahedan to Chabahar. Combined Sistan and Baluchestan province today accounts for one of the driest regions of Iran with a slight increase in rainfall from east to west, and an obvious rise in humidity in the coastal regions. The province is subject to seasonal winds from different directions, the most important of which are the 120-day wind of Sistan known as baluchi word Levar, the seventh (Gav-kosh) wind, the Nambi or south wind, the Hooshak wind, the humid and seasonal winds of the Indian Ocean, the North or (Gurich) wind and the western (Gard) wind. The province borders South Khorasan Province in the north, Kerman Province and Hormozgan Province in the west, the Gulf of Oman in the south, and Afghanistan and Pakistan in east.

Naseri Castle, Iranshahr

Almost in whole of Sistān and Balūchestān, the people are mostly Balōch and speak the Baluchi language, although there also exists among them a small community of speakers of the Indo-Aryan language Jadgali.[8]:25 The name Balūchestān means "Land of the Balōch" and is used to represent the majority Baloch peoples inhabiting the province, Sistan was added to the name to represent the minority Persian peoples who speak the Sistani dialect of Persian.

Many scholars, orators, and literary personalities have sprung up from this part of Iran, amongst which are Farrukhi Sistani, Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar and Rostam. Ayatollah Sistani is also from Sistān; though he currently resides in Najaf, Iraq .


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ بلوچستان إيران

In the epigraphs of Bistoon and Persepolis, Sistan is mentioned as one of the eastern territories of Darius the Great. The name Sistan, as mentioned above, is derived from Saka (also sometimes Saga, or Sagastan), a Central Asian tribe that had taken control over this area in the year 128 BC. During the Arsacid Dynasty (248 BC to 224 AD), the province became the seat of Suren-Pahlav Clan. From the Sassanid period till the early Islamic period, Sistan flourished considerably.

During the reign of Ardashir I of Persia, Sistan came under the jurisdiction of the Sassanids, and in 644 AD, the Arab Muslims gained control as the Persian empire was in its final moments of collapsing.

During the reign of the second Sunni caliph, Omar ibn Al-Khattab, this territory was conquered by the Arabs and an Arab commander was assigned as governor. The famous Persian ruler Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari, whose descendants dominated this area for many centuries, later became governor of this province. In 916 AD, Baluchestan was ruled by the Daylamids and thereafter the Seljuqids, when it became a part of Kerman. Dynasties such as the Saffarids, Samanids, Qaznavids, and Seljuqids, also ruled over this territory.

In 1508 AD, Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty conquered Sistan, and during the reign of Nader Shah, there was further turmoil.

هجوم 2021

في 24 يوليو 2021، قتل 4 أفراد من الحرس الثوري الإيراني باشتباكات في محافظة سيستان وبلوچستان بجنوب شرقي إيران. وأعلن الحرس الثوري الإيراني عن مقتل عناصره الأربعة، مشيراً إلى أنهم قتلوا باشتباك مع من وصفهم بـ"الأشرار" في منطقة جونيك خاش، على بعد 185 كيلومتراً إلى الجنوب من زاهدان، مركز محافظة سيستان وبلوچستان.[9]

غير أن الحرس الثوري الإيراني لم يكشف عن التفاصيل، وقال إن "تفاصيل هذا الحادث ستعلن في وقت لاحق"، بحسب ما ذكرت وكالة الأنباء الإيرانية "إرنا". وكان ضابط في قوات الأمن الإيرانية قتل في جنوب غربي إيران في وقت سابق. وأعلن المسؤول في إدارة ميناء ماهشهر، بمحافظة خوزستان، فريدون بندري عن مقتل ضابط وإصابة آخر من أفراد وحدة الإغاثة التابعة لقوى الأمن الداخلي في الميناء، مضيفاً أنه قتل "على يد مثيري الشغب". وأوضح بندري أن كوادر وحدة الإغاثة بوغتوا أثناء أداء الواجب و"تعرضوا إلى إطلاق نار من قبل مثيري الشغب من فوق سطح أحد المباني".

التقسيمات الإدارية

مقاطعات محافظة سيستان وبلوشستان
تاريخ تعداد محافظة سيستان وبلوچستان
التقسيمات الإدارية 2006[5] 2011[6] 2016[7]
مقاطعة بمپور1 — — —[10]
مقاطعة چابهار 214,017 264,051 283,204
مقاطعة دلگان1 — 62,813 67,857
مقاطعة دشتياري2 — — —[11]
مقاطعة فنوج3 — — 49,161
مقاطعة گلشن4 — — —
مقاطعة هامون5 — — 41,017
مقاطعة هيرمند5 — 65,471 63,979
مقاطعة إيرانشهر 264,226 219,796 254,314
مقاطعة خاش 161,918 155,652 173,821
مقاطعة كنارك 68,605 82,001 98,212
مقاطعة لاشار3 — — —
مقاطعة مهرستان6 — 62,756 70,579
مقاطعة ميرجاوه7 — — 45,357
مقاطعة نيك‌شهر 185,355 212,963 141,894
مقاطعة نيمروز5 — — 48,471
مقاطعة قصرقند8 — — 61,076
مقاطعة راسك9 — — —
مقاطعة سراوان 239,950 175,728 191,661
مقاطعة سرباز 162,960 164,557 186,165
مقاطعة سيب وسوران4 — 73,189 85,095
مقاطعة تفتان10 — — —
مقاطعة زابل 317,357 259,356 165,666
مقاطعة زاهدان 663,822 660,575 672,589
مقاطعة زرآباد11 — — —
مقاطعة زهك 70,839 75,419 74,896
الإجمالي 2,349,049 2,534,327 2,775,014
1Separated from Iranshahr County
2Separated from Chabahar County
3Separated from Nik Shahr County
4Separated from Saravan County
5Separated from Zabol County
6Separated from Saravan County and Sarbaz County
7Separated from Zahedan County
8Separated from Chabahar County and Nik Shahr County
9Separated from Sarbaz County
10Separated from Khash County
11Separated from Konarak County

المدن

انظر أيضاً: List of cities in Sistan and Baluchestan Province by population

The following table shows the ten largest cities of Sistan and Baluchestan Province:[12]

الترتيب الاسم التعداد (2016)
1 زاهدان 587,730
2 زابل 134,950
3 Iranshahr 113,750
4 چابهار 106,739
5 سراوان 60,014
6 خاش 56,584
7 Konarak 43,258
8 Jaleq 18,098
9 Nik Shahr 17,732
10 Pishin 16,011

السكان

Jameh Mosque of Makki

Most of the population are Balōch and speak the Baluchi language, although there also exists among them a small community of speakers of the Indo-Aryan language Jadgali.[13]:25 Baluchestan means "Land of the Balōch"; Sistani are the second largest ethnic group in this province who speak the Sistani dialect of Persian.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الدين

The minority Sistani people of Sistan and Baluchestan province are Shia Muslims, and the majority Baloch people of the Baluchestan area in the province are Sunni Muslims, specially Deobandis.[14][15][16]

سيستان وبلوشستان اليوم

السواحل الجنوبية للمحافظة على خليج عُمان

سيستان وبلوشستان هي أفقر محافظات إيران الاحدى وثلاثين، بمعدل HDI هو 0.688.[2]

The government of Iran has been implementing new plans such as creating the Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone.

جبال في مقاطعة چابهار


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الاقتصاد

Chabahar

Industry is new to the province. Efforts have been done and tax, customs and financial motivations have caused more industrial investment, new projects, new producing jobs and improvement of industry. The most important factories are the Khash cement factory with production of 2600 tons cement daily and three other cement.

مصانع قيد الإنشاء:

  • Cotton cloth and fishing net weaving factories and the brick factory can be named as well.

The province has important geological and metal mineral potentials such as chrome, copper, granite, antimony, talc, manganese, iron, lead, zinc, tin, nickel, platinum, gold and silver.

One of the main mines in this province is Chel Kooreh copper mine in 120 km north of Zahedan.

Sistan embroidery has been an ancient handicraft of the region that has been traced as far back as 5th-century BC, originating from the Scythians.[17]

النقل

النقل البري

شبكة السكك الحديدية

The city of Zahedan has been connected to Quetta in Pakistan for a century with a broad gauge railway. It has weekly trains for Kovaitah. Recently a railway from Bam, Iran to Zahedan has been inaugurated. There may be plans to build railway lines from Zahedan to Chabahar.[18]

المطارات

Aerial view of Beris on the Gulf of Oman.

Sistan and Baluchistan province has two main passenger airports:

الموانئ

The Port of Chabahar in the south of the province is the main port. It is to be connected by a new railway to Zahedan. India is investing on this port. The port stands on the Coast of Makran and is 70 km west of Gwadar, Pakistan.[19]


سيستان وبلوچستان اليوم

الشواطئ الجنوبي الشرقية للمحافظة على خليج عمان.

الكليات والجامعات

  1. جامعة سيستان وبلوچستان
  2. جامعة زابول
  3. جامعة أزاد الإسلامية في إيران شهر
  4. جامعة أزاد الإسلامية في زاهدان
  5. جامعة زاهدان للعلوم الطبية
  6. جامعة زابول للعلوم الطبية
  7. جامعة شباشهر الدولية

انظر أيضا

الهامش

  1. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 مارس 2017. Retrieved 19 مارس 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ أ ب "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  3. ^ "معرفی استان سیستان و بلوچستان". hprc.zaums.ac.ir. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  4. ^ "آشنایی با استان سیستان و بلوچستان". hamshahrionline.ir. 25 May 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  5. ^ أ ب "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in الفارسية). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  6. ^ أ ب "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)" (Excel). Iran Data Portal (in الفارسية). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  7. ^ أ ب "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in الفارسية). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  8. ^ Delforooz, Behrooz Barjasteh (2008). "A sociolinguistic survey of among the Jagdal in Iranian Balochistan". In Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes; Titus, Paul Brian (eds.). The Baloch and others: linguistic, historical and socio-political perspectives on pluralism in Balochistan. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. pp. 23–44. ISBN 978-3-89500-591-6.
  9. ^ "إيران.. مقتل 4 من الحرس الثوري في سيستان وبلوشستان". سكاي نيوز عربية. 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  10. ^ Jahangiri, Ishaq (13 August 2017). "Letter of approval regarding reforms and divisional changes in Sistan and Baluchestan province". Qavanin (in الفارسية). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  11. ^ Jahangiri, Ishaq (13 September 2018). "Letter of approval regarding the country divisions of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan province". Qavanin (in الفارسية). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  12. ^ "Sistan and Baluchestan (Iran): Counties & Cities - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  13. ^ Delforooz, Behrooz Barjasteh (2008). "A sociolinguistic survey of among the Jagdal in Iranian Balochistan". In Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes; Titus, Paul Brian (eds.). The Baloch and others: linguistic, historical and socio-political perspectives on pluralism in Balochistan. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. pp. 23–44. ISBN 978-3-89500-591-6.
  14. ^ Sistan and Baluchestan Province tabnak.ir. Retrieved 20 July 2020
  15. ^ "Ahmady, Kameel. A Peace-Oriented Investigation of the Ethnic Identity Challenge in Iran (A Study of Five Iranian Ethnic Groups with the GT Method), 2022, 13th Eurasian Conferences on Language and Social Sciences pp.591-624". 13th Eurasian Conferences on Language and Social Sciences. 2022. Pp.591-624.
  16. ^ "Baluchistan | History, People, Religion, & Map | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in الإنجليزية). 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  17. ^ "هفت‌هزار سال هنر در یک سرزمین" [Seven thousand years of art in one land]. ایسنا (in الفارسية). 2017-03-15. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  18. ^ Projects Invest Iran[dead link]
  19. ^ "From Gwadar to Chabahar, the Makran Coast Is Becoming an Arena for Rivalry Between Powers". The Wire.

وصلات خارجية

محافظة سيستان وبلوچستان

محافظة سيستان وبلوچستان

العاصمة زاهدان
المقاطعات

إیرانشهر | چابهار | خاش | دلگان | زابل | زاهدان | زهک | سراوان | سرباز | کنارک | نیک‌شهر

المدن

اسپکه | إیرانشهر | بزمان | بم‌پور | بـِنِت | بنجار | پیشین | جالق | چابهار | خاش | دوست‌محمد | راسک | زابل | زابلی | زاهدان | زهک | سراوان | سرباز | سوران | سیرکان | فنوج | قصرقند | کنارک | گلمورتی | محمد‌آباد | میرجاوه | نصرت‌آباد | نگور | نوک‌آباد | نیک‌شهر 

المعالم

ارگ کوه خواجه | بازار زاهدان | درخت مکرزن | دریاچه هامون | دهانه غلامان | زیارتگاه مرتضی‌علی | عمارت قدیمی پست چابهار | القلعة البرتغالية (چابهار) | قلعه تیس | قلعه رستم | قلعه سب | قلعه سه کوهه | قلعة ناصري | سنگ‌نگاره‌های کوه نگاران | بازار منطقه آزاد چابهار | موزه ایرانشهر | موزه چابهار | میل نادری 

القرى


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