قصف بوخارست في الحرب العالمية الثانية

Bucharest World War II bombings
جزء من Western Allied Campaign in Romania and Strategic bombing campaign in Europe
4 April 1944 Bucharest air raid.jpg
B-24 Liberator bombers of the 455th Bombardment Group over Bucharest on 4 April 1944
التاريخApril 4 to August 26, 1944
الموقع
Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania
المتحاربون
الولايات المتحدة Fifteenth Air Force
المملكة المتحدة No. 205 Group		 رومانيا Royal Romanian Air Force
ألمانيا النازية Luftwaffe
القادة والزعماء
الولايات المتحدة Carl Spaatz
المملكة المتحدة Arthur Tedder		 رومانيا Gheorghe Jienescu
ألمانيا النازية Alfred Gerstenberg
الضحايا والخسائر
Civilians: 5,524 killed, 3,373 wounded
المقالة الرئيسية: Bombing of Romania in World War II

The Bucharest World War II bombings were primarily Allied bombings of railroad targets and those of the Oil Campaign of World War II, but included a bombing by Nazi Germany after the 1944 coup d'état. Bucharest stored and distributed much of Ploiești's refined oil products.[1][2]

The first operation was a sequence of 17 aerial bombardments, starting with the one of April 4, 1944. The bombings were carried out over a period of about 4 months by the United States Army Air Forces and the British Royal Air Force, with approximately 3,640 bombers of different types, accompanied by about 1,830 fighters. As collateral damage, 5,524 inhabitants were killed, 3,373 were injured, and 47,974 were left homeless.[3] The second operation was executed by the German Luftwaffe in retaliation for Romania having changed sides (immediately after the fall of the fascist regime headed by Ion Antonescu), and took place on August 23–26, 1944.[4]

Taking into account the large number of victims and damage caused, the aerial bombings of 1944 represent the greatest tragedy in the history of Bucharest in the twentieth century.[5]

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Raids

Chronology
Date Target/Topic
1944-04-04[6][7] Railroad targets Patch 15th USAAF.png 93 B-17s & 220 B-24s of the US 15th AF escorted by 119 P-38s, after taking the usual route past Turnu Severin, across the Southern Carpathians, and up to Târgoviște and Snagov, attacked at 1345 hrs. Fifteen minutes before the attack, the citizens of Bucharest were alerted by air-raid alarms, but the majority could not bother, expecting another practice alert. When the raid commenced, the majority of the population were exposed and numerous casualties occurred due to exposure, shock, and suffocation. The principal target was the Bucharest marshalling yard, Gara de Nord (tracks were destroyed). Warm weather and strong wind deflected bombs which landed on Calea Griviței and Giulești and western/north-western Bucharest was severely hit, destroying hundreds of buildings and killing or injuring over 5,000. Bombs fell on Calea Victoriei, on the Splendid and Athénée Palace Hotels; on the German Military Mission; near Saint Joseph Cathedral (destroying its stained-glass windows); and on Cotroceni, uprooting poplars in the Botanical Garden.[8] One bomb shelter was also destroyed.[8]

USAAF losses: ten B-24s lost from enemy aircraft (flak was slight and inaccurate over the target), and 13 B-24s were damaged and returned.[9] The 449th BG lost seven B-24s: from the 717th BS were Reluctant Liz, Miasis Dragon, and from the 719th BS, Consolidated Mess, Dixie Belle, Paper Doll #42-7691, Born to Lose, and B-24 #41-28655. The 376th, 454th, and 459th Bomb Groups each lost one B-24. Claims by the USSAF: destroyed/probable/damaged Luftwaffe aircraft were 32/6/5 Bf 109, 6/5/1 Fw 190,[أ] 1/0/0 Me 210, and 0/2/0 Ju 88. Lufwaffe and Royal Romanian Air Force (ARR) registered losses: 1 IAR 80 (ARR), 2 Bf 110 (ARR), 5 Bf 109 (Luftwaffe).[11]

1944-04-15[12][7] Railroad targets Patch 15th USAAF.png 257 B-24s escorted by 149 P-38s and 38 P-47s. First large-scale use of the PFF radar by the 15th AF. 461st Bombardment Group B-24s targeted the ro (Chitila Marshalling Yard) in Bucharest. Nine-tenths cloud coverage over the target prevented the crews from observing the effect of the bombing. Official records do not list the damage.[13] Other sources report that the University of Bucharest was damaged and the adjacent Cartea Românească building was destroyed in bombing raid.[14]:190

USAAF losses: four P-38s (from the 14th FG), four B-24s (three from the 460th BG, and one from the 451st BG which crashed in Turkey).

1944-04-21[7] Railroad targets Patch 15th USAAF.png 91 unescorted B-24s of the 15th AF bombed the marshalling yards at Bucharest. No results were observed because of the weather. Flak fire was reported intense and accurate.

USAAF losses: eight B-24s (four from the 455th BG and two each from the 454th and 456th BG).

1944-04-24[7] Railroad targets Patch 15th USAAF.png 207 B-24s of the 15th AF escorted by 48 P-38s bombed the marshalling yards at Bucharest. The bombers damaged repair buildings, a roundhouse, tracks and choke points. Some bombs also fell on the city.

USAAF losses: two B-24s (451st and 461st BG).

1944-05-07[7] Railroad targets Patch 15th USAAF.png 157 B-17s and 272 B-24s under the escort of 163 P-38s and 36 P-51s bombed bombed the Grivița and Chitila marshalling yards. The 449th and 450th, as well as most of the 459th BG returned without bombing. At Grivița, an engine depot, warehouses, workshops, and a fuel storage tank were damaged, while at Chitila freight cars were destroyed. Some bombs also landed in the city.

USAAF losses: one B-17 from 97th BG, and three B-24s (two from the 454th and one from the 98th BG).

1944-05-07/08 Industrial and railroad targets RAF roundel.svg No. 205 Group RAF conducted a night raid on industrial targets and railway yards North West of Bucharest. 76.2 tons of bombs were dropped on the main railway yards and military barracks. Four bombers were lost: two Wellingtons from No. 40 Squadron, one from No. 150 Squadron, and one from No. 70 Squadron.[15][16]
1944-06-10[1] Româno-Americană oil works, Ploiești Patch 15th USAAF.png Raid by US P-38s. P-38s were used as it was felt that a low level dive-bombing attack could be more effective than the Tidal Wave high-level bombing where the targets were obscured by defensive smoke screens. The raid took place with three squadrons of 82d Fighter Group doing the attack (95th, 96th, 97th Squadrons) with three 1st Fighter Group squadrons (also P-38s) providing escorts (27th, 71st and 94th Squadrons). Mission was flown from Foggia airfields in Italy against Româno-Americană oil works in Ploiești. Attack P-38s carried a 1,000 lb bomb under one fuselage and a long-range tank under the other. The 71st FS also attacked the Popești-Leordeni airfield south of Bucharest. The success was described as "an incremental contribution to previous bombing missions."

USAAF losses: 1st FG lost 14 P-38s and 82nd FG nine aircraft, translating to 30% losses – equivalent to those of Tidal-Wave (but fewer manpower losses due to single crew aircraft being used as opposed to heavy bombers).

1944-06-28[7] Oil refineries Patch 15th USAAF.png The 464th BG & 465th BG bombed the Prahova oil refinery (44°27'00"N / 26°08'40"E) and the 460th BG and 485th BG bombed the Titan-Malaxa oil refinery (44°26'10"N / 26°11'13"E).[17][18]

USAAF losses: three B-24s (from the 485th BG).

1944-07-02/03 Oil refineries RAF roundel.svg No. 205 Group attacked the Prahova Oil Refinery with 31 Wellingtons, 9 Liberators and 8 Halifaxes. Two Wellingtons of No. 40 Sqr and one Liberator of 31 Squadron SAAF were shot down.[19]
1944-07-03[7] Oil refineries Patch 15th USAAF.png The Mogoșoaia Oil Storage facility, the Prahova Oil Refinery, and the Titan Oil Refinery were attacked by B-24s. Bombs missed the Titan refinery and hit a nearby brick factory. Thirteen bombers of the 461st BG turned back and bombed the Iron Gate Rail Embankment at Turnu Severin instead.

USAAF losses: two B-24s (451st and 461st BG).

1944-07-27/28 Oil refineries RAF roundel.svg 90 aircraft attacked in two waves, only 50 Wellingtons hit the main target of Prahova Oil Refinery due to the weather. Damage was sustained by The National Bank building, and Băneasa airport, as well as other buildings. At least one Wellington from No. 150 Sqr was shot down.[20]
1944-07-31[7] Oil refineries Patch 15th USAAF.png Two oil refineries at Bucharest, one at Doicești, and oil storage at Târgoviște were bombed.[21] Twenty B-24s struck the Creditul Minier refinery.

USAAF losses: four P-51s (two from 52nd FG, one each from 31st and 325th FG), two B-24s (451st and 376th BG).

1944-08-06[7] Railroad targets, airfields Patch 15th USAAF.png 60 fighters from Operation Frantic bases in the Soviet Union attacked the Craiova marshalling yard and other railroad targets in the Bucharest–Ploiești area claiming an He 111 and multiple locomotives. The fighters landed at Italian bases.
1944-08-17/18 Oil refineries RAF roundel.svg No. 205 Group targeted oil refineries with 63 Wellingtons from 231, 236, and 330 Wings; 9 Liberators from 2 SAAF Wing; 6 Halifaxes from 614 Sqn. Raid was aimed at destroying remaining intact refineries. Original target for the raid was the Standard Oil Refinery, but this had been successfully attacked during the day by American Forces and at 16:00 the attack was changed to the Xenia refinery. Remaining aircraft reached the target but AA defences were very active as was the smoke screen resulting in no aircraft being able to pinpoint the target. Bombers were attacked by Ju 88 and Bf 109's. 86 tons of bombs dropped but the raid was considered as unsuccessful. Twenty-two aircraft returned to bases because of mechanical failures, 3 performed emergency landings en route and 3 were reported missing.[22]
1944-08-24 & 25 Various targets Balkenkreuz fuselage underwing.svg Luftwaffe He 111, Ju 87 and Bf 110 bombers escorted by Bf 109 fighters based at Otopeni and Băneasa attacked Bucharest between 24 and 26 August, both during the day and night. The National Theatre Bucharest and many other downtown buildings were destroyed while the Royal Palace, the Victoria Palace, and the Romanian Athenaeum were seriously damaged.[14]:212

ARR claimed 45 German aircraft shot down (22 by fighters and 23 by the anti-aircraft artillery), including three Me 323 Gigants and four Ju 52s transporting Brandenburgers special forces. Another five aircraft were destroyed on the ground. The ARR lost four aircraft in the air (including a friendly fire incident), and another 30 aircraft on the ground.[23][24]

1944-08-26[7] Otopeni, Băneasa Patch 15th USAAF.png 228 B-24s of the 15th AF escorted by 151 P-51s attacked Luftwaffe bases at the Otopeni and Băneasa airports and the German positions in the Băneasa Forest. The Germans suffered heavy casualties and Luftwaffe raids on Bucharest stopped. The Romanian 4th Paratroop Battalion also lost half of a company in the bombardment around Băneasa due to inaccuracy and poor coordination.[24]

The hangars, workshops and barracks of Băneasa were damaged and 15 aircraft were claimed destroyed on the ground. Otopeni sustained damages to both runways, administrative buildings, barracks, as well as one hangar, and 6 aircraft were claimed destroyed on the ground.[25]

USAAF losses: three B-24s (two from the 455th BG, one from the 461st BG), one P-51 from the 332nd FG.


Gallery

Bombing of Bucharest
  • Bombing of the Gara de Nord marshalling yard, April, 1944.

    Bombing of the Gara de Nord marshalling yard, April, 1944.

  • 7 May 1944 air raid on the marshalling yards of Bucharest carried out by the 98th Bombardment Group.

    7 May 1944 air raid on the marshalling yards of Bucharest carried out by the 98th Bombardment Group.

  • B-24 formation on a mission to Bucharest in 1944. Note the damaged bomber with the smoking engine.

    B-24 formation on a mission to Bucharest in 1944. Note the damaged bomber with the smoking engine.

  • Bombs dropped by the 456th Bombardment Group on marshalling yards in Bucharest, 24 April 1944.

    Bombs dropped by the 456th Bombardment Group on marshalling yards in Bucharest, 24 April 1944.

  • B-24 Liberators bombing the German-occupied Otopeni airport on 26 August 1944.

    B-24 Liberators bombing the German-occupied Otopeni airport on 26 August 1944.

  • Damaged Romanian Athenaeum in the aftermath of the German air raids of 24–26 August 1944.

    Damaged Romanian Athenaeum in the aftermath of the German air raids of 24–26 August 1944.

انظر أيضاً

Notes

  1. ^ Note: The Fw 190s in USAAF reports are likely misidentified IAR 80s.[10]

References

  1. ^ أ ب Stout 2011.
  2. ^ Dobrovicescu, Lucian. "Aprilie 1944. Moartea vine din cer: Bombardamentele aliate asupra României" [April 1944. Death comes from the sky: Allied bombing of Romania] (in الرومانية). Historia. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  3. ^ "Bombardarea Bucureștilor în '44: mii de morți și sute de clădiri făcute praf" [The bombing of Bucharest in '44: thousands killed and hundreds of buildings destroyed]. Adevărul (in الرومانية). February 22, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  4. ^ Armă, Alexandru (2019). "24 august 1944: Avioanele germane bombardează Bucureștiul" [August 24, 1944: German planes bomb Bucharest] (in الرومانية). Historia. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  5. ^ Armă, Alexandru (2016). Rănile unui oraș: București bombardat (4 aprilie–26 august 1944) [Wounds of a city: Bucharest bombed (April 4–August 26, 1944)] (in الرومانية). București: Editura Vremea. ISBN 978-9736457852. OCLC 988771379.
  6. ^ McKillop, Jack. "Combat Chronology of the USAAF". Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
    1944: January Archived 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, February Archived 2014-12-27 at the Wayback Machine, March Archived 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, April Archived 2009-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, May Archived 2012-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, June Archived 2009-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, July Archived 2013-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, August Archived 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر Mahoney 2013.
  8. ^ أ ب Pruteanu, Cătălin (August 31, 2006). "Ia-ți Bucureștii – Cotroceniul liniștit" [Keep Bucharest – Cotroceni Is Quiet]. Jurnalul Național (in الرومانية). Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  9. ^ USAF Historical Research Agency[حدد]
  10. ^ "IAR 80 contra P 38 - 10 iunie 1944 - rapoarte despre misiune - USAAF". iar80flyagain.org (in الرومانية). 2022-07-14.
  11. ^ "Pe data de 4 aprilie 1944 a avut loc primul bombardament american având ca țintă triajul de cale ferată București". Facebook (in الرومانية). IAR 80 FLY AGAIN. 3 April 2024.
  12. ^ "Campaign Diary". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
    1944: January Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, February Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive March Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, April Archived 2006-02-21 at the Wayback Machine, May Archived 2013-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, June Archived 2007-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, July Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, August Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive
  13. ^ "461st Bombardment Group". Mission Records: April 1944.
  14. ^ أ ب Giurescu, Constantin C. (1966). Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre [History of Bucharest. From the earliest times to our day] (in الرومانية). pp. 190, 212.
  15. ^ "No. 150 Squadron Wellington JA515 IN-Q W/O. Clarke". aircrewremembered.com. October 2018.
  16. ^ "70 Squadron Wellington X MF144 DU:H Fg Off. Sydney J. Hanney". aircrewremembered.com.
  17. ^ Mission histories for Bombardment Groups:
    "464 BG": "Our Missions: The 464 BG Mission List".[dead link]
    "485 BG": "tbd". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24.
  18. ^ [1]
  19. ^ "No. 40 Squadron Wellington X ME990 -R F/O. Lawrence Franklin Tichborne". aircrewremembered.com. October 2018.
  20. ^ "No 150 Squadron Wellington X LP196 JN-E Sgt. B.F.W. Wilkinson". aircrewremembered.com. December 2016.
  21. ^ "References to Ploesti, Rumania from a USAAF WWII Chronology". Archived from the original on 2009-03-13.
  22. ^ Macisaac, James, J. "The WWII History of James Macisaac and RAF 37 Squadron". Op 6 · Ploesti, Xenia Oil Refinery. Retrieved 15 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Bernád, Dénes (20 June 2003). Rumanian Aces of World War 2. Osprey Publishing. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-1-84176-535-8.
  24. ^ أ ب Axworthy, Mark (1995). Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms and Armour. pp. 187, 190.
  25. ^ Henry L. deZeng IV (December 2014). Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 | Romania (PDF). pp. 11, 14.

Bibliography

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