قائمة عضيات معمرة

هذه هي قائمة أطول العضيات عمراً. وعادة ما تـُعرَّف كالتالي:

  • لديها فترة حياة أطول من باقي العضيات في الأنواع المتشابهة (مثل Methuselah tree)
  • noteworthy record-holders (such as جين كلمنت)

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المنشـَطة بعد ركود

  • Various claims have been made about reviving bacterial spores to active metabolism after millions of years. There are claims of spores from amber being revived after 40 million years, and spores from salt deposits in New Mexico being revived after 240 million years. These claims have been made by credible researchers, but are not universally accepted.[1]
  • A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was coaxed to sprout after nearly 2,000 years.[2]


المستعمرات المستنسخة

As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[3]

عينات نبات منفردة

الحيوانات

  • The Hydrozoan species Turritopsis nutricula is capable of cycling from a mature adult stage to an immature polyp stage, and back again, indefinitely. This means there is, theoretically, no limit to its life span,[21] although no single specimen has been observed for any extended period and it is impossible to estimate the age of a specimen.
  • The Antarctic sponge Cinachyra antarctica has an extremely slow growth rate in the low temperatures of the Antarctic Ocean. One specimen has been estimated to be 1,550 years old[22].
  • A specimen of the Icelandic Cyprine Arctica islandica (also known as an ocean quahog), a mollusk, was found to have lived 405 years and possibly up to 410.[23][24]. Another specimen had a recorded lifespan of 374 years.[25]
  • Some koi fish have reportedly lived more than 200 years, the oldest being Hanako, died at an age of 215 years on July 7, 1977.[26]
  • Some unconfirmed sources estimated Bowhead Whales to have lived up to 210 years of age. If proven this would make them the oldest mammals.[27]
  • Specimens of the Red Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, have been found to be over 200 years old.[28]
  • Tu'i Malila, a Radiated tortoise died at an age of 188 years in May 1965.[29]
  • Harriet, a Galápagos tortoise died at the age of 175 years in June 2006.[30]
  • Timothy, a Greek Tortoise, died at an age of 160 years in April 2004.[31]
  • Geoduck, a species of saltwater clam native to the Puget Sound, have been known to live over 160 years.[32][33]
  • Jeanne Calment was the oldest human to have verifiable birth records. She was 122 years old at time of death.
  • The tuatara can live well above 100 years. Henry, a tuatara at the Southland Museum in New Zealand, mated for the first time at the age of 110 years in 2009 with an 80-year-old female and fathered 11 baby tuataras.
  • A female Blue-and-yellow Macaw named Charlie was reportedly hatched in 1899, which would make her 110 years old, as of 2009. Her age has not been independently confirmed and the claim may not be reliable. She is claimed to have formerly belonged to Winston Churchill, but the claim is denied by Churchill's daughter.[34]
  • The deep-sea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi (Annelida, Polychaeta) lives for over 170 years.[35]
  • George the lobster was estimated to be approximately 140 years old in January 2009.[36]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ http://www.extremescience.com/OldestLivingThing.htm
  2. ^ Erlanger, Steven. "After 2,000 years, a seed from ancient Judea sprouts." The New York Times. June 12, 2005.
  3. ^ أ ب ت Gymnosperm Database (2 January 2007). "How Old Is That Tree?". Retrieved 2006-07-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Ibiza Spotlight (28 May 2006). "Ibiza's Monster Marine Plant". Retrieved 2007-05-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Quaking Aspen by the Bryce Canyon National Park Service
  6. ^ Genetic Variation and the Natural History of Quaking Aspen, Mitton, J. B. & Grant, M. C. (1996). BioScience 46 (1): 25-31.
  7. ^ Discovery Channel (21 October 1996). "Tasmanian bush could be oldest living organism". Retrieved 2006-07-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Ad Crable, Lancaster New Era, August 20 1999 Meet the World's oldest - and hardest working - plant
  9. ^ "Oldest Living Organism". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
  10. ^ "Plant Hall of Fame".
  11. ^ "Native Conifers of Tasmania". Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
  12. ^ Press release from Umeå University
  13. ^ Swedish spruce may be world's oldest living tree (Reuters, 11 April 2008)
  14. ^ Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden
  15. ^ World's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden (Swedish Research Council, 16 April 2008)
  16. ^ Humongous Fungus A New Kind Of Individual. Science Daily. March 25 2003.
  17. ^ Strange but True: The Largest Organism on Earth Is a Fungus. Scientific American. October 4, 2007.
  18. ^ Gymnosperm Database (15 March 2007). "Pinus longaeva". Retrieved 2006-07-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ Botanical Record Breakers: Amazing Trivia About Plants
  20. ^ O. Rackham, J. Moody, The Making of the Cretan Landscape, 1996, cited in F. R. Riley (2002). Olive Oil Production on Bronze Age Crete: Nutritional properties, Processing methods, and Storage life of Minoan olive oil. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 21 (1): 63–75
  21. ^ Cheating Death: The Immortal Life Cycle of Turritopsis
  22. ^ AnAge entry for Cinachyra antarctica
  23. ^ NewsDaily: Science - 405-year-old clam longest lived animal
  24. ^ Bangor University Press: 400 year old Clam Found
  25. ^ Schöne; et al. (2005). "Climate records from a bivalved Methuselah". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 228 (228): 130–148. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.049. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  26. ^ Dr. Komei Koshihara, The Story of Hanako, NHK, 1966 - about the carp that died 226-year-old, and century-old carps
  27. ^ Alaska Science Forum (15 February 2001). "Bowhead Whales May Be the World's Oldest Mammals". Retrieved 2006-07-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ Ebert, TA and JR Southon 2003. Red sea urchins can live over 100 years: confirmation with A-bomb [14.sup]carbon - Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Fishery Bulletin, 101(4): 915-922
  29. ^ Seed: Week In Science: 6/23 - 6/29
  30. ^ "Harriet the Tortoise dies at 175". BBC News. 23 June 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ "Timmy the tortoise dies aged 160" BBC News
  32. ^ BC Seafood Online, 168 year old geoduck
  33. ^ "Cashing in on geoducks", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 21, 2004, 164 year old geoduck
  34. ^ "Winston's obscene parrot lives on", BBC News, 19 January, 2004
  35. ^ Sharmishtha, D., Miles, L. L., Barnabei, M.S., Fisher, C. R. 2006. The hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi primarily eliminates sulfate and hydrogen ions across its roots to conserve energy and ensure sulfide supply. Journal of Experimental Biology 209:3795-3805 http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/209/19/3795
  36. ^ "George the giant lobster liberated from restaurant", CNN, 10 January, 2009