شعبة (تصنيف)
(تم التحويل من فوق شعبة (تصنيف))
تسلسل المراتب الثماني الرئيسية لتصنيف الأحياء. تشمل المملكة عدداً من الشعب (واحدة أو أكثر). لا تظهر في الشكل المراتب التصنيفية الفرعية.
الشعبة Phylum مرتبة تصنيفية في علم التصنيف أدنى من المملكة، وأعلى من الطائفة وتنضوي تحتها مرتبتان فرعيتان هما :
و يعتمد التصنيف داخل الشعبة على التنظيم الداخلي للكائن و ليس على الشكل الخارجي.
القوائم
شـُـعـَب الحيوان
الشعبة | المعنى | المجموعة | السمات المميزة
|
الأنواع موصوفة |
مشوكات الرأس | Thorny head | Thorny-headed worms | Reversible spiny proboscis | about 750 |
لاجوفيات الشكل | Without gut | Acoels | No mouth or alimentary canal | |
الديدان المقسمة Annelida | حلقة صغيرة | Segmented worms | Multiple circular segments | about 15,300 modern |
مفصليات الأرجل Arthropoda | قدم مفصلية | Arthropods | Chitin exoskeleton | 1,134,000+ |
ذراعيات الأرجل | ذراع قدم | Lamp shells | Lophophore and pedicle | between 300 and 500 extant |
مرجانيات | Moss animals | Moss animals, sea mats | Lophophore, no pedicle, ciliated tentacles | about 5,000 living species |
هلبيات الفك | فك طويل الشعر | ديدان سهمية | Chitinous spines either side of head, fins | about 100 modern species |
الحبليات | حبل | Chordates | Hollow dorsal nervous chord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, post-anal tail | about 100,000+ |
لاسعات | Coelenterates | Nematocysts (stinging cells) | about 11,000 | |
مشطيات | Comb bearer | Comb jellies | Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia | about 100 modern species |
Cycliophora | حامل العجلة | Symbion | Circular mouth surrounded by small cilia | at least 3 |
Echinodermata | Spiny skin | Echinoderms | Five-fold radial symmetry in living forms, mesodermal calcified spines | about 7,000 extant and 13,000 extinct species |
شوكية الذيل | عمود فقري ذيل | ديدان ملعقية | Set of hooks at posterior end | about 140 |
داخليات الشرج | Inside anus | Goblet worm | Anus inside ring of cilia | about 150 |
شعريات البطن | شعر معدة | Meiofauna | Two terminal adhesive tubes | about 690 |
ديدان فكية | Jaw orifice | Jaw worms | about 100 | |
نصف حبليات | Half cord | Acorn worms, pterobranchs | Stomochord in collar, pharyngeal slits | about 100 living species |
متحركات الخطم | Motion snout | Mud dragons | Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate | about 150 |
كوسليات | Corset bearer | Brush heads | Umbrella-like scales at each end | about 122 |
فكيات دقيقة | Tiny jaw animals | — | Accordion like extensible thorax | 1 |
رخويات | Thin shell | Mollusks / molluscs | Muscular foot and mantle round shell | 112,000[1] |
دودة أسطوانية | Thread like | Round worms | Round cross section, keratin cuticle | 80 000 – 1 million |
ديدان شعرية | خيطية الشكل | ديدان شعر الحصان | about 320 | |
خرطوميات الجوف | A sea nymph | Ribbon worms | about 1200 | |
حاملات المخالب | Claw bearer | Velvet worms | Legs tipped by chitinous claws | about 200 modern |
مستقيمات السباحة | Straight swim | Single layer of ciliated cells surrounding a mass of sex cells | about 20 | |
ديدان حدوية | عشيقة زيوس | Horseshoe worms | U-shaped gut | 20 |
صفيحيات | Plate animals | 1 | ||
ديدان مسطحة | ديدان مفلطحة | Flat worms | about 25,000[2] | |
Porifera | Pore bearer | Sponges | Perforated interior wall | over 5,000 modern |
قضيبيات | قضيب | ديدان قضيبية | Retractable proboscis surrounded by papillae | 17 |
رحويات | Lozenge animal | — | Single axial cell surrounded by ciliated cells | 75 |
الدوارات | Wheel bearer | Rotifers | Anterior crown of cilia | about 2000 |
Sipuncula | Small tube | Peanut worms | Mouth surrounded by invertible tentacles | 144–320 |
بطيئات المشية | Slow step | Water bears | Four segmented body and head | 1,000+ |
ديدان مسطحة غريبة | Strange flatworm | — | Ciliated deuterostome | 2 |
الإجمالي: 36 | 2,000,000- |
مجموعات سبق أن صنفت كشـُـعـَب
الاسم كشعبة | الاسم الشائع | الإجماع الحالي |
---|---|---|
Aschelminthes | Pseudocoelomates | Divided into several pseudocoelomate phyla. |
Craniata | — | Subgroup of phylum Chordata; perhaps synonymous with Vertebrata. |
Cephalochordata | Lancelets | Subphylum of phylum Chordata. |
Cephalorhyncha | — | Superphylum Scalidophora. |
Enterepneusta | Acorn worms | Class of phylum نصف حبليات. |
Gephyra | Peanut worms and spoon worms | Divided into phyla Sipuncula and شوكية الذيل. |
وسيطات الدهر | Mesozoans | Divided into phyla مستقيمات السباحة و رحويات. |
Myxozoa | — | Severely modified Cnidarians. |
Pentastomida | Tongue worms | Subclass of Maxillopoda of phylum Arthropoda. |
Pogonophora | Beard worms | Part of family Siboglinidae of phylum Annelida. |
Pterobranchia | — | Class of phylum نصف حبليات. |
Symplasma | Glass sponges | Class Hexactinellida of phylum Porifera. |
Urochordata | Tunicates | Subphylum of phylum Chordata. |
Vestimentifera | Vent worms | Part of family Siboglinidae of phylum Annelida. |
Plant divisions
Division | Meaning | Common name | Distinguishing characteristics |
عشبة القرن | Flower-horn plants | Hornworts | Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system |
Bryophyta | Moss plants | Mosses | Persistent unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system |
Marchantiophyta | Marchantia plants | Liverworts | Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system |
Lycopodiophyta | Wolf foot plants | Clubmosses & Spikemosses | Microphyll leaves, vascular system |
سراخس | Fern plants | Ferns & Horsetails | Prothallus gametophytes, vascular system |
Pteridospermatophyta | Fern with seeds plant | Seed ferns | Only known from fossils, mostly Devonian, ranking in dispute[3] |
مخروطيات | Sap/pitch plants | Conifers | Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids |
السيكاسية | Palm plants | Cycads | Seeds, crown of compound leaves |
جنكو | Ginkgo plants | Ginkgo, Maidenhair | Seeds not protected by fruit (single species) |
شعبة الجنتويات | Gnetophytes | Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels | |
Anthophyta (or Magnoliophyta) | Flower plant | Flowering plants | Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels |
الأقسام الفطرية
الشعبة | المعنى | الاسم الشائع | السمات المميزة |
Chytridiomycota | Little pot mushroom | Chytrids | Cellulose in cell walls, flagellated gametes |
Deuteromycota | Second mushroom | Imperfect fungi | Only reproduce asexually |
Zygomycota | Yoke mushroom | Zygomycetes | Blend gametangia to form a zygosporangium |
Glomeromycota | Ball mushroom | None | Form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants |
Ascomycota | Bag/Wineskin Mushroom | Sac fungi | Produce spores in an 'ascus' |
فطريات بازيدية | Basidium Mushroom | Club Fungi | Produce spores from a 'basidium' |
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
المصادر
- ^ Feldkamp, S. (2002) Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, USA. (pp. 725)
- ^ Species Register. "Flatworms — Phylum Platyhelminthes". Marine Discovery Centres. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
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(help) - ^ ""Kingdon Plantae Tree of Life"".
وصلات خارجية
- Are phyla "real"? Is there really a well-defined "number of animal phyla" extant and in the fossil record?
- Major Phyla Of Animals
- American Heritage Dictionary: New Latin phylum, from Greek phūlon, class.
- Online Etymological Dictionary: from Gk. phylon "race, stock," related to phyle "tribe, clan," and phylein "bring forth" of physikos "pertaining to nature," from physis "nature"
Look up Phylum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.