شيفا أيادوراي

Shiva Ayyadurai
V.A.Shiva.2012.jpg
Ayyadurai in 2012
وُلِدَ
Vellayappa Ayyadurai Shiva

2 ديسمبر 1963 (العمر 60 سنة)
Bombay, India
التعليمMassachusetts Institute of Technology (BS, MS, MEng, PhD)
الحزبIndependent (before 2020)
Republican (2020–2023)
Independent (2023–present)
الشريكFran Drescher (2014–2016)
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتSystems biology
Computer science
Scientific visualization
المشرف على الدكتوراهForbes Dewey
مشرفون أكاديميون آخرونRobert S. Langer
الموقع الإلكترونيvashiva.com

شيفا أيادوراي {اللفظ الصحيح: شيڤا أيادوراي} V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai أو Vellayappa Ayyadurai Shiva (و. [1] 2 ديسمبر 1963) مهندس وسياسي، ورجل أعمال أمريكي - هندي، وهو ناشط مناهض للقاحات. يُتهم بأنه من أنصار نظرية المؤامرة والعلم الزائف.[2][3][4][5][6]يحمل أيادوراي أربع درجات علمية من معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا (MIT)، منها دكتوراه في الهندسة البيولوجية، كما أنه حاصل على منحة فولبرايت.[7]

وفي مقال نشرته عام 2011 مجلة تيام، ادعى أيادوراي أنه اخترع البريد الإلكتروني عندما كان مراهقاً؛ وفي أغسطس 1982، سجل حقوق الطبع والنشر على تطبيق البريد الإلكتروني الذي كتبه. فيما يُعارض المؤرخون بشدة هذا الحساب لأن البريد الإلكتروني كان قيد الاستخدام بالفعل في أوائل السبعينيات. لكن أيادوراي رفع دعوى قضائية ضد شركتي "گاوكر ميديا" وتيكديرت بتهمة التشهير، لمعارضة روايته عن اختراع البريد الإلكتروني؛ لكن جرت تسوية كلتا الدعويين خارج المحكمة، ووافق أيادوراي وتيكديرت على بقاء مقالات تكديرت على الإنترنت مع رابط لدحض أيادوراي على موقعه على الإنترنت.[8]كما جذب أيادوراي الانتباه أيضاً بسبب تقريرين: الأول يشكك في ظروف العمل في أكبر وكالة علمية في الهند؛ والثاني يتساءل عن سلامة الأغذية المعدلة وراثيا، مثل فول الصويا. وأثناء جائحة كوفيد-19، أصبح أيادوراي معروفاً بحملة مضللة حول كوفيد-19، على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، ونشر نظريات المؤامرة حول سبب كوفيد-19، والترويج لعلاجات مزيفة لكوفيد-19، كذلك قاد حملة لإقالة أنتوني فوسي بزعم كونه ممثلاً لـ الدولة العميقة.

في 2018 حصل أيادوراي على 3.39% من الأصوات بصفته مرشحاً مستقلاً في انتخابات مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي 2018 في ماساتشوستس، وترشح في 2020 عن الحزب الجمهوري في انتخابات مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي 2020 في ماساتشوستس لكنه خسر أمام كيفن أوكونور في الانتخابات التمهيدية.[9]بعد الانتخابات، روج لمزاعم حول تزوير الانتخابات، لكن نفتها التحقيقات.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Early life and education

Shiva Ayyadurai was born Vellayappa Ayyadurai Shiva in 1963, in Bombay (now Mumbai), India.[1][10][11] He grew up in the Muhavur village in Rajapalayam, Tamil Nadu.[12][13] At the age of seven, he left with his family to live in the United States.[14]

In 1978, as a 14-year-old high school student, Ayyadurai attended a summer program at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University (NYU) to study computer programming. While a student at Livingston High School in New Jersey, Ayyadurai volunteered at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) where his mother worked.[15] While there, he set up an electronic messaging system for 100 users at the medical school.[16][17] In 1982, he registered the copyright for the source code of the FORTRAN program he called EMAIL, making it illegal to copy the code without permission,[15][18] and for the program's user documentation.[18]

Ayyadurai's undergraduate degree from MIT was in electrical engineering and computer science; he took a master's degree in visual studies from the MIT Media Laboratory on scientific visualization; concurrently, he completed another master's degree in mechanical engineering, also from MIT; and in 2007, he obtained a PhD in biological engineering from MIT in systems biology, with his thesis focusing on modeling the whole cell by integrating molecular pathway models.[19][20][21] In 2007, he was awarded a Fulbright U.S. Student Program grant to study the integration of Siddha, a system of traditional medicine developed in South India, with modern systems biology.[22][19]


Career

Millennium Cybernetics

In 1994, Ayyadurai founded a company called Millennium Cybernetics, which produces email management software originally called Xiva and now called EchoMail.[1] The software analyzes incoming email messages to organizations before either replying automatically or forwarding it to the most relevant department. By 2001, customers included Kmart, American Express, and Calvin Klein, as well as more than thirty U.S. senators to help handle constituent email. EchoMail competed with more established customer relationship management software that had an email component.[1][23]

CSIR India

In 2009, Ayyadurai was hired by India's Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India's largest science agency, by its director general, Samir K. Brahmachari. CSIR was mandated to create a new company, CSIR Tech, that would establish businesses using the research conducted by the country's many publicly owned laboratories. Ayyadurai reported that he had spent months trying to create a business plan for CSIR Tech, but received no response from Brahmachari. Ayyadurai then distributed a draft plan, which was not authorized by CSIR, to the agency's scientists that requested feedback and criticized management. His job offer was subsequently withdrawn five months after the position was offered.[14][24]

Brahmachari said that "the offer was withdrawn as [Ayyadurai] did not accept the terms and conditions and demanded unreasonable compensation." In its report, The New York Times said that "going public with such accusations is highly unusual. Mr. Ayyadurai circulated his paper not just to the agency's scientists but to journalists, and wrote about his situation to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh." In that letter, Ayyadurai said his report was intended to explore institutional barriers to CSIR's entrepreneurial mandate. He said that CSIR scientists reported that "they work in a medieval, feudal environment" that required a "major overhaul". The letter was co-authored by a colleague, Deepak Sardana. Pushpa Bhargava, founding director of the CSIR's Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in Hyderabad, endorsed the letter, calling Ayyadurai's sacking the worst of many cases he had seen of "vindictiveness in the CSIR" and accused CSIR administration of being "impervious to healthy and fair criticism". The incident was seen as an example of the difficulty some Indian expatriate professionals may encounter returning home after growing accustomed to the more direct management style of the U.S.[14][24]

Genetically modified food

In 2015, Ayyadurai published a paper that applied systems biology, which uses mathematical modeling, to predict the chemical composition of genetically modified (GM) soybeans, and whether or not they were substantially equivalent to unmodified soybeans.[25] The paper claimed that GM soybeans have lower levels of the antioxidant glutathione and higher levels of carcinogenic formaldehyde, making the modified soybean substantially different, contrary to previous safety assessments.[26] Shortly after publication, Ayyadurai embarked on a speaking tour of the U.S. At the National Press Club, he said that genetic modification had "fundamentally modified the metabolic system of the soy", disrupting the "beautiful way of detoxifying [formaldehyde]" present in non-GM soy.[27]

The European Food Safety Agency evaluated the paper and determined that "the author's conclusions are not supported" due to the lack of information on the input into the model, the fact that the model was not validated and because no measurements of soybeans were made to establish whether GM soy actually contained elevated levels of formaldehyde.[28] Plant scientist Kevin Folta noted that there was "no evidence ever published ... that shows a difference in formaldehyde between GM and non-GM varieties".[29] Ayyadurai later cited the study as evidence of a lack of safety standards for GM foods and bet Monsanto a $10 million building if they could prove that they were safe. Monsanto did not take up the challenge but stated that GM food did indeed undergo safety assessments that "are more rigorous and thorough than assessments of any other food crop in history".[30] In 2016, Ayyadurai promised to donate $10 million to Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign if she could disprove his research.[31]

Politics and election misinformation

On March 17, 2017, Ayyadurai filed as a Republican candidate in the 2018 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, running against incumbent Elizabeth Warren.[32][33] He ran as an independent and placed third with 3.4% of the votes.[34][35]

Ayyadurai said that Senator Warren was at the top of a U.S. "neo–caste system" composed of "academics, career politicians and lawyer/lobbyists", a "spineless clan" who never expect to be challenged. He said he would take a science and engineering perspective on problem solving, focusing on immigration, education and innovation. He called for secure borders and an end to sanctuary cities, support for more choices in public education, and for more scrutiny of "pay-to-play" science research.[36] Ayyadurai has accused Warren of voting in favor of the Farmer Assurance Provision and against a GM labeling bill sponsored by Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont.[37] However, the Act was reportedly passed to avoid a government shutdown,[38] and Warren petitioned the Food and Drug Administration for "regulations to ensure that the labeling of GMO products is fair, standardized and transparent."[39]

In August 2017, Ayyadurai spoke at the Boston Free Speech rally, a gathering which drew large counter-protests and whose speaker line-up included right-wing extremists.[40][41] Ayyadurai later disputed how the event was characterized, tweeting that the "establishment" wanted to block attendance and media coverage and sought a "Race War to divide us".[42][43] In April 2018, the city of Cambridge threatened Ayyadurai with daily fines for an alleged zoning code violation if he did not remove a banner on his campaign bus. The banner featured his campaign slogan, "Only a real Indian can defeat a fake Indian", together with a digitally altered image depicting Warren in a Native American headdress, a reference to her claim to be of part Cherokee descent.[44] The city reversed its position the following month and Ayyadurai, in turn, dropped a lawsuit alleging that his free speech rights had been violated.[45] During the campaign, Ayyadurai appeared on a livestream with Matthew Colligan, a white supremacist known for his participation in the 2017 Unite the Right rally. Colligan requested that Ayyadurai bless a small statue of Kek, the green frog that came to prominence as a symbol of the alt-right during the 2016 United States presidential election. Ayyadurai obliged and described Colligan as "one of our greatest supporters".[46][47][48] Ayyadurai also sold pins promoting his campaign that featured a brown-skinned variant of the "Groyper", the namesake and mascot for white nationalist group Groypers which Colligan is affiliated with.[49] Ayyadurai also tweeted on one occasion (and separately retweeted another tweet including) the hashtag "#WWG1WGA", a slogan associated with the QAnon conspiracy theory.[50][51]

Ayyadurai ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination in the 2020 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts.[52][53] By August 2020, Ayyadurai's campaign had spent $1.4 million, including $1.05 million of Ayyadurai's own funds.[54] After Kevin J. O'Conner won 158,590 votes to Ayyadurai's 104,782, Ayyadurai alleged that over one million ballots had been destroyed and that the state had committed election fraud. He alleged that ballot images had to be preserved for 22 months and were now missing. However, MIT political science professor Charles Stewart stated that federal law only requires that physical ballots be stored. Harvard law professor Nicholas Stephanopoulos disputed Ayyadurai's allegation of fraud and a spokesperson for the state accused him of spreading misinformation. Fact checkers at Reuters and the Associated Press labelled the allegations as false.[55][56] On February 1, 2021, Ayyadurai was suspended from Twitter.[57] On February 3, he filed a lawsuit against Massachusetts politician William Galvin and other Massachusetts election officials, alleging that they were responsible for Twitter's suspending him. On August 10, Ayyadurai dropped the lawsuit[58][59][60] along with an October 2020 suit against Galvin.[61][62]

Mike Lindell introduces Ayyadurai at Lindell's "Cyber Symposium"

Ayyadurai has continued to spread misinformation since about the 2020 presidential election. At Mike Lindell's Cyber Symposium in August 2021, he claimed there were "serious issues" in the election process involving voting machines able to "multiply a vote by a factor" and that states were illegally not "saving ballot images."[63] In fact, not all states are legally required to store ballot images.[64] In August 2021, he was hired by the Arizona Senate—as part of the controversial 2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit—to "review signatures on the envelopes of 1.9 million early ballots sent to [Maricopa] county" .[65] In late September, he remotely attended the Arizona state senate presentation of the review's findings where he questioned the validity of some signatures on mail ballot envelopes, and criticized and gave a presentation filled with misrepresentations about the county's signature verification process.[66][67]

He announced a run for the 2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election in December 2021, but never filed for the primary.[68]

He is running in the 2024 United States presidential election as an independent.[69]

COVID-19 misinformation

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Ayyadurai used social media to spread various conspiracy theories and misinformation about the pandemic. In January 2020, he claimed that COVID-19 was patented by the Pirbright Institute, but the patent he referenced relates to avian coronavirus, which infects birds, not SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the pandemic.[70] Ayyadurai defined COVID-19 as "an overactive dysfunctional immune system that overreacts and that's what causes damage to the body", and claimed that vitamin C could be used to treat it.[71]

He alleged that COVID-19 was spread by the "deep state" and accused Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, of being a "Deep State Plant". Ayyadurai called for Fauci to be fired[72] and his supporters lobbied for Fauci to be replaced by Ayyadurai.[73]

In March 2020, Ayyadurai published an open letter to then-U.S. President Donald Trump, writing that a national lockdown was unnecessary and advocated that large doses of vitamins could prevent and cure COVID-19.[74] In April 2020, Politico and Vanity Fair reported that QAnon supporter DeAnna Lorraine recommended that Ayyadurai be included in COVID-19 discussions at Donald Trump's White House.[75][76]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EMAIL invention controversy

Ayyadurai is notable for his widely disputed claim of being the "inventor of email".[77] His claim is based on an electronic mail software called EMAIL, an implementation of interoffice email system, which he wrote as a 14-year-old student at Livingston High School, New Jersey in 1979.[18][78][note 1] Initial reports that repeated Ayyadurai's assertion—from organizations such as The Washington Post and the Smithsonian Institution—were followed by public retractions.[18][79] These corrections were triggered by objections from historians and ARPANET pioneers who cited the fact the history of email dated back to the early 1970s.[15] Ayyadurai started a campaign in 2011 in which he rebranded himself as the "Inventor of Email"; according to a paper published in Information & Culture, he "provoked a dramatic succession of exaggerated claims, credulous reporters, retractions, and accusations that a cabal of industry insiders and corrupt Wikipedia editors are colluding to hide the truth."[80]:151

A November 2011 Time Techland interview by Doug Aamoth, entitled "The Man Who Invented Email", argued that EMAIL represented the birth of email "as we currently know it". In that interview, Ayyadurai recalled that Les Michelson, the former particle scientist at Brookhaven National Labs who assigned Ayyadurai the project, had the idea of creating an electronic mail system that uses the header conventions of a hardcopy memorandum. Ayyadurai recalled Michelson as saying: "Your job is to convert that into an electronic format. Nobody's done that before."[81]

In February 2012, the Smithsonian National Museum of American History announced that Ayyadurai had donated "a trove of documents and code" related to EMAIL. Initially, the museum—inaccurately—cited the program as one of the first to include the now common "subject and body fields, inboxes, outboxes, cc, bcc, attachments, and others. He based these elements directly off of the interoffice mail memos the doctors had been using for years, in hopes of convincing people to actually use the newfangled technology."[82]

Ayyadurai's claims drew editorial clarifications and corrections, as well as criticism from industry observers. In a followup to its acquisition announcement, the Smithsonian stated that it was not claiming that Ayyadurai had invented email, but rather that the materials were historically notable for other reasons related to trends in computer education and the role of computers in medicine.[18] The Smithsonian statement distinguished Ayyadurai's achievement by noting that historians in the field, "have largely focused on the use of large networked computers, especially those linked to the ARPANET in the early 1970s". The statement observed that Ayyadurai's approach instead "focused on communications between linked computer terminals in an ordinary office situation".[18] The Washington Post also followed up with a correction of errors in its earlier report on the Smithsonian acquisition, stating that it incorrectly referred to Ayyadurai as the inventor of electronic messaging; the 'bcc', 'cc', 'to' and 'from' fields existed previously; Ayyadurai had not been honored as the "inventor of email".[79]

Writing for Gizmodo, Sam Biddle argued that email was developed a decade before EMAIL, beginning with Ray Tomlinson's sending the first text letter between two ARPANET-connected computers in 1971.[83] Biddle quoted Tomlinson: "[We] had most of the headers needed to deliver the message (to:, cc:, etc.) as well as identifying the sender (from:) and when the message was sent (date:) and what the message was about." Biddle allowed for the possibility that Ayyadurai may have coined the term "EMAIL" and used the header terms without being aware of earlier work, but maintained that the historical record isn't definitive on either point. Biddle wrote that "laying claim to the name of a product that's the generic term for a universal technology gives you acres of weasel room. But creating a type of airplane named AIRPLANE doesn't make you Wilbur Wright."[84]

Thomas Haigh, a historian of information technology at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, wrote that "Ayyadurai is, to the best of my knowledge, the only person to have claimed for him or herself the title 'inventor of email'." Haigh argued that while EMAIL was impressive for a teenager's work, it contained no features that were not present on previous electronic mail systems and had no obvious influence on later systems. "The most striking thing about Ayyadurai's claim to have invented electronic mail is how late it comes. Somehow it took him thirty years to alert the world to [his] greatest achievement".[85] Haigh wrote that by 1980, "electronic mail had been in use at MIT for 15 years, Xerox had built a modern, mouse-driven graphical email system for office communication, Compuserve was selling email access to the public, and email had for many years been the most popular application on what was soon to become the Internet."[86]:27 Haigh wrote that Ayyadurai had created "infographic" outlines for his view of history and published the assembled documents under various domain names that he had registered to support his claim.[86]:26–27 Through his infographics, wrote Haigh, Ayyadurai presented his claims that he "designed and deployed the first version of electronic [mail] system" in 1980, although electronic mail as an executable program was used under the name "Electronic Mail System" before.[86]:27

David Crocker, a member of the ARPANET research community, writing in the Post, said, "The reports incorrectly credited [EMAIL's] author, a 14-year-old in the late 1970s, as the 'inventor' of email, long after it had become an established service on the ARPANET."[87] Another computer historian, Marc Weber, a curator at the Computer History Museum, said that by 1978, "nearly all the features we're familiar with today had appeared on one system or another over the previous dozen years", including emoticons, mailing lists, flame wars, and spam mail.[88]

After the controversy unfolded, MIT disassociated itself from Ayyadurai's EMAIL Lab and funding was dropped. MIT also revoked Ayyadurai's contract to lecture at the bioengineering department.[88]

Ayyadurai characterized the earlier work of Tomlinson, Tom Van Vleck and others as text messaging, rather than an electronic version of an interoffice mail system.[81][88] Responding to his critics on his personal website,[84][88] Ayyadurai described EMAIL as "the first of its kind—a fully integrated, database-driven, electronic translation of the interoffice paper mail system derived from the ordinary office situation." He maintained that EMAIL was the first electronic mail system to integrate an easy-to-use user interface, a word processor, a relational database, and a modular inter-communications protocol "integrated together in one single and holistic platform to ensure high-reliability and user-friendliness network-wide."[89] Ayyadurai presented a press release on his webpage asserting that his undergraduate professor Noam Chomsky, of MIT's Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, also supported his claims.[78][17]

According to various historians, Ayyadurai honed his claims appeal to those with particular political leanings by arguing that his achievements are overlooked due to "racism, anti-immigrant prejudice, historians in the pay of big business, and a belief that only elite and well-funded institutions can create innovations."[80]:152 In March 2016, Ayyadurai complained about Raytheon, where Tomlinson worked on ARPANET. After Tomlinson's death, Ayyadurai told The Hindu that he believed that news outlets retracted their stories about him because, "Raytheon advertises in publications like the Huffington Post and CNN" and that if he were "a white guy and had a copyright for email, I would have my photo on every stamp in the world."[90] The day after Tomlinson's death, Ayyadurai tweeted: "I'm the low-caste, dark-skinned, Indian, who DID invent #email. Not Raytheon, who profits for war & death. Their mascot Tomlinson dies a liar".[91]

Gawker

In May 2016, Ayyadurai filed suit against Gawker Media for $35 million, alleging that their website Gawker published "false and defamatory statements", causing "substantial damage to Dr. Ayyadurai's personal and professional reputation and career." The filing also named writer Sam Biddle, executive editor John Cook, and Gawker founder and CEO Nick Denton. Gawker Media responded that, "These claims to have invented email have been repeatedly debunked by the Smithsonian Institute [ك‍], Gizmodo, the Washington Post and others."[92][93]

In November 2016, the by-then-bankrupt Gawker Media settled the lawsuit with Ayyadurai for $750,000 as part of a broader settlement with wrestler Hulk Hogan and journalist Ashley Terrill, all of whom were represented by attorney Charles Harder.[94] In a statement, Ayyadurai said that "history will reflect that this settlement is a victory for truth".[95] Biddle denounced the settlement and said he fully stood by his reporting.[96][97] Denton wrote that "we expected to prevail" in the Ayyadurai and Terrill lawsuits, "but all-out legal war with" billionaire Peter Thiel, who financially backed Harder, was untenable in terms of cost, time and human toll.[98]

Katie Hafner, the author of several books on Internet history—including one on the development of ARPANET email—said, "This situation is both bizarre and appalling in that here we are simply trying to get the record straight, and [Ayyadurai has] managed to make money off claims that appear to be misleading."[99]

Techdirt

In January 2017, Ayyadurai, again represented by Harder, filed a $15 million libel lawsuit on similar grounds against Techdirt founder Mike Masnick and two other parties for a series of articles published beginning in September 2014.[100][101][102][103] In February, Masnick, represented by the firm Prince Lobel, filed two motions to dismiss. One motion argued that the articles were constitutionally protected opinion and written about a public figure without actual malice. The second motion asked for dismissal under California's anti-SLAPP law that compensates defendants for some legal expenses.[104][105][106][107]

In September 2017, United States District Judge F. Dennis Saylor dismissed the defamation claims against Techdirt, but declined to strike the complaint under the anti-SLAPP law. In his ruling, Saylor wrote that definitions of "email" vary widely. Therefore, "whether plaintiff's claim to have invented e-mail is 'fake' depends upon the operative definition of 'e-mail.' Because the definition does not have a single, objectively correct answer, the claim is incapable of being proved true or false."[108][109]

The two parties filed cross-appeals with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit but settled out of court in May 2019, with each side agreeing to pay their own legal costs and Techdirt's articles to remain online with an added link to a rebuttal on Ayyadurai's website.[110][111]

Other actions

In January 2017, Harder threatened the Diaspora Foundation with legal action unless it removed three posts by Roy Schestowitz that Harder alleged were "defamatory" towards Ayyadurai.[112] (The Diaspora Foundation is part of the Free Software Support Network, which is in turn run by Eben Moglen and the Software Freedom Law Center.)[112]

Personal life

Beginning in 2014, Ayyadurai was romantically connected with actor Fran Drescher. On September 7, 2014, Ayyadurai and Drescher participated in a ceremony at Drescher's beach house. Both tweeted that they had gotten married,[113][114] and the event was widely reported as such.[115][116][117] Ayyadurai later said it was not "a formal wedding or marriage", but a celebration of their "friendship in a spiritual ceremony with close friends and her family".[118][119] The couple split up in September 2016.[120]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Books

  • V. A. Shiva (1997). The Internet Publicity Guide: How to Maximize Your Marketing and Promotion in Cyberspace. New York: Allworth Press. ISBN 978-1880559604.
  • V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai (2017). All-American Indian: This Fight Is Your Fight—The Battle to Save America from the Elites Who Think They Know Better. General Interactive, LLC. ISBN 978-0998504926.

References

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث Shapley, Deborah (January 1, 2000). "Dr. Email Will See You Now". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on May 11, 2000. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
  2. ^ Levinovitz, Alan (August 4, 2021). "People want control over their health care. Vaccine mandates disempower them". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  3. ^ Lee, Bruce Y. "Coronavirus: Here Are 10 Misconceptions Being Spread". Forbes (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  4. ^ Breland, Ali. "Wellness influencers are spreading QAnon conspiracies about the coronavirus". Mother Jones (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  5. ^ "These Are The Fake Experts Pushing Pseudoscience And Conspiracy Theories About The Coronavirus Pandemic". BuzzFeed News (in الإنجليزية). May 21, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  6. ^ Weill, Kelly (September 8, 2021). "GOP Election Truthers Tap a Failed Politician and Conspiracy Theorist for Sham Audit". The Daily Beast – via www.thedailybeast.com.
  7. ^ Trafton, Anne (September 17, 2007). "East Meets West: Armed with 4 MIT Degrees, Shiva Ayyadurai Embarks on New Adventure". MIT Tech Talk. MIT. Retrieved November 10, 2016. In the 26 years since he first arrived at MIT as a freshman, V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai has earned four MIT degrees and started two multimillion dollar companies. This fall, he will use his most recent degree, a Ph.D. in computational systems biology, and a Fulbright Scholarship to explore one of his lifelong interests: the intersection of Eastern and Western medicine.
  8. ^ Wed, May 22, 2019, 10:35am-Mike Masnick (May 22, 2019). "Laying Out All The Evidence: Shiva Ayyadurai Did Not Invent Email". Techdirt. Retrieved December 15, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "O'Connor Projected To Win GOP Senate Primary Over Ayyadurai". WBUR. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  10. ^ "Yes, A "Darkie" Invented Email. Get Over It. - V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, Inventor of Email" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). June 30, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  11. ^ Saigal, Ranjani (November 3, 2007). "Lokvani Talks to Dr. Shiva Ayyadurai". lokvani.com. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  12. ^ "It's very difficult to compare an employer with an inventor: Shiva Ayyadurai". The Times of India. August 30, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  13. ^ "Be job providers and not job seekers". The Hindu. July 27, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  14. ^ أ ب ت Timmons, Heather (November 27, 2009). "Some Indians Find It Tough to Go Home Again". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  15. ^ أ ب ت Mullin, Joe; Farivar, Cyrus (June 13, 2017). "History by lawsuit: After Gawker's demise, the "inventor of e-mail" targets Techdirt". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  16. ^ Paxton, Patrick B. (March 1, 2012). "Origins of e-mail: My mea culpa". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  17. ^ أ ب Garlin, Caleb (June 16, 2012). "Who Invented Email? Just Ask ... Noam Chomsky". Wired. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  18. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ "Statement from the National Museum of American History: Collection of Materials from V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai" (Press release). National Museum of American History. February 23, 2012. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2013. Exchanging messages through computer systems, what most people call 'email', predates the work of Ayyadurai.
  19. ^ أ ب Trafton, Anne (September 17, 2007). "East meets West". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  20. ^ Ayyadurai, Shiva (2007). DSpace@MIT: Scalable computational architecture for integrating biological pathway models (Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/42384.
  21. ^ Ayyadurai, VA Shiva; Dewey, C. Forbes Jr. (March 2011). "CytoSolve: A Scalable Computational Method for Dynamic Integration of Multiple Molecular Pathway Models". Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering. 4 (1): 28–45. doi:10.1007/s12195-010-0143-x. PMC 3032229. PMID 21423324.
  22. ^ "V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, MIT, Biology, India, 2007, "Pathways to Siddha and Systems Biology"". Fulbright U.S. Student Program. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  23. ^ William Bulkeley (November 15, 2011). "Echomail provides an answer for the avalanche of e-mail". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  24. ^ أ ب Jayaraman, K. S. (November 9, 2009). "Report row ousts top Indian scientist". Nature. 462 (7270): 152. doi:10.1038/462152a. PMID 19907467. S2CID 205050749.
  25. ^ Oliver Tickell (July 16, 2015). "GMO and glyphosate wars rage". The Ecologist. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  26. ^ Vishwanath Kulkarni (September 21, 2015). "Safety assessments of GMOs are non-existent". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  27. ^ Ayyadurai, V.A. Shiva. (2015) "Systems Biology reveals GMO testing is flawed", Facebook. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  28. ^ European Food Safety Authority (November 3, 2015). "EFSA scientific advice to EC on new scientific information in relation to the risk assessment of genetically modified organisms". EFSA Supporting Publications. 12 (11). doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.EN-885.
  29. ^ Folta, Kevin (July 21, 2015). "Kevin Folta debunks pay for play paper finding formaldehyde in GMOs". Genetic Literacy Project. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  30. ^ Tanya Lewis (November 12, 2015). "Scientist bets millions that GMOs unsafe". Business Insider. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  31. ^ "NJ Scientist Gives Hillary Clinton a $10 Million GMO Challenge". Patch. February 1, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  32. ^ Farivar, Cyrus (March 29, 2017). "Man who claims he invented e-mail is now running for US Senate". Ars Technica (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  33. ^ DeCosta-Klip, Nik (February 28, 2017). "Cambridge man who says he invented email says he will challenge Elizabeth Warren in 2018". The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  34. ^ Young, Shannon (January 29, 2019). "2018 Massachusetts election: Elizabeth Warren defeats US Senate challengers Geoff Diehl, Shiva Ayyadurai in re-election fight, shifts focus to possible 2020 bid". Masslive. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  35. ^ "Massachusetts Election Results". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية). November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  36. ^ Young, Shannon (May 8, 2017). "Republican entrepreneur waging 2018 bid against Elizabeth Warren". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
  37. ^ "Press Conference: Elizabeth Warren + Marty Walsh Collusion - Shiva For Senate in Massachusetts". October 25, 2017.
  38. ^ "Monsanto Protection Act". Snopes.com. September 13, 2013.
  39. ^ Hopkinson, Jenny (September 17, 2013). "Warren joins GMO labeling fray". POLITICO.
  40. ^ "US Senate candidate plans to address 'free speech' rally on Common". The Boston Globe. August 14, 2017.
  41. ^ "Speakers list for 'free speech' rally includes right-wing extremists". The Boston Globe. August 17, 2017.
  42. ^ Harris, Tim (August 19, 2017). "GOP Senate Candidate Shiva Ayyadurai Called For Peace And Love At Boston 'Free Speech Rally'". www.realclearpolitics.com. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  43. ^ Seelye, Katharine Q.; Blinder, Alan; Bidgood, Jess (August 18, 2017). "Protesters Flood Streets, and Trump Offers a Measure of Praise". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  44. ^ Capatides, Christina (April 24, 2018). ""Real Indian" running against Sen. Elizabeth Warren defends sign calling her "Fake Indian"". CBS News. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  45. ^ Richardson, Valerie (May 17, 2018). "Cambridge rescinds order to remove anti-Warren 'fake Indian' campaign signs". The Washington Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  46. ^ Kaplan, Juliana; Fisher, Alyssa (July 11, 2018). "These 9 Candidates Have Ties To White Nationalists Or Nazis — And They're All Republicans". The Forward.
  47. ^ Minkowitz, Donna (April 18, 2018). "Election 2018 Is Off to the Racists". The Nation.
  48. ^ Holt, Jared (February 5, 2018). "Massachusetts Senate Candidate Meets Alt-Right Troll And Blesses 'Kek'". Right Wing Watch.
  49. ^ Holt, Jared (May 24, 2018). "In Latest Nod To The Fringe, Shiva Ayyadurai Is Hawking 'Groyper' Campaign Pins". Right Wing Watch (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  50. ^ Kaplan, Alex (January 7, 2020). "Here are the QAnon supporters running for Congress in 2020". Media Matters for America (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  51. ^ Holt, Jared (July 23, 2018). "Massachusetts Senate Candidate Shiva Ayyadurai Spreads 'QAnon' Conspiracy Theory". Right Wing Watch (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  52. ^ "Meet the 17-year-old who is asking the Legislature to let her vote in this year's presidential primary - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  53. ^ "Shiva Ayyadurai: the candidate who represents our bizarre political climate - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  54. ^ Staff, Brian MacQuarrie Globe; August 25, Updated (August 25, 2020). "In the bluest of states, a pair of Republican candidates face off in Senate primary - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved February 1, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ Joffe-Block, Jude (September 28, 2020). "Massachusetts primary ballots were not destroyed". AP NEWS. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  56. ^ "Fact check: Massachusetts election officials have not destroyed ballots or committed election fraud". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). October 2, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  57. ^ "Twitter account of failed U.S. Senate candidate is suspended". AP NEWS (in الإنجليزية). February 5, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  58. ^ "Twitter Account of Failed U.S. Senate Candidate Is Suspended". US News. February 5, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  59. ^ Volokh, Eugene (August 11, 2021). "Shiva Ayyadurai Lawsuit Against Massachusetts Officials Dropped". Reason.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  60. ^ Masnick, Mike (August 12, 2021). "Shiva Ayyadurai Drops His Potentially Interesting Lawsuit About Massachusetts Officials Complaining To Twitter About Tweets". Techdirt. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  61. ^ "Ayyadurai v. Galvin (1:20-cv-11889)". Court Listener. October 20, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  62. ^ Masnick, Mike (November 2, 2020). "Shiva Ayyadurai's Lawsuit Against A Massachusetts Official Actually Raises An Interesting 1st Amendment Question About Election Disinformation". Techdirt. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  63. ^ Ayyadurai, Dr Shiva (August 18, 2021). "Steve Bannon Interviews Dr.SHIVA at Mike Lindell's Cyber Symposium". VASHIVA (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  64. ^ "Fact check: Massachusetts election officials have not destroyed ballots or committed election fraud". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  65. ^ Anglen, Robert; Fifield, Jen (September 3, 2021). "Senate hires conspiracy theorist and anti-vaccine activist for further review of ballots". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  66. ^ Beckett, Lois; Greve, Joan E (October 25, 2021). "Biden will make 'case-by-case' decision on executive privilege over Capitol riot records – as it happened". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  67. ^ Healy, Jack; Wines, Michael; Corasaniti, Nick (September 24, 2021). "Republican Review of Arizona Vote Fails to Show Stolen Election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  68. ^ Kuznitz, Alison (December 3, 2021). "Shiva Ayyadurai, an MIT lecturer who's spoken out against COVID vaccines, is running for governor". Masslive. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  69. ^ "Nikki Haley To Shiva Ayyadurai: The 4 Indian-Americans To Enter 2024 US Presidential Election Race". India.com. August 3, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  70. ^ Funke, Daniel; Kertscher, Tom (January 24, 2020). "Fact-checking hoaxes and conspiracies about the coronavirus". PolitiFact. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  71. ^ Broderick, Ryan (April 15, 2020). "A YouTube Video Accusing Dr. Anthony Fauci Of Being Part Of The Deep State Has Been Viewed Over 6 Million Times In A Week". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  72. ^ Goforth, Claire (April 6, 2020). "Why Dr. Fauci has become conspiracy theorists' coronavirus scapegoat". The Daily Dot. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  73. ^ Merlan, Anna (April 22, 2020). "The Coronavirus Truthers Don't Believe in Public Health". Vice (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  74. ^ Smith, Charlie (April 5, 2020). "Republican Senate hopeful Shiva Ayyadurai calls for firing of U.S. pandemic-control czar Dr. Anthony Fauci". The Georgia Straight (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  75. ^ Nguyen, Tina (April 13, 2020). "How a pair of anti-vaccine activists sparked a #FireFauci furor". POLITICO (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  76. ^ Levin, Bess (April 14, 2020). "Of Course the Anthony Fauci Attackers Are Anti-Vaxxer Conspiracy Theorists". vanityfair.com. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  77. ^ Rajan, Nadangopal. "The inventor of email is still alive, insists India-born scientist". The Indian Express. Retrieved July 5, 2018. 'CORRECTION: THE INVENTOR OF EMAIL IS STILL ALIVE,' screams an e-mail not from the deceased Ray Tomlinson, but Dr VA Shiva Ayyadurai.
  78. ^ أ ب Jackson, Joab (June 12, 2012). "Noam Chomsky disputes email history". Computerworld/IDGNS.
  79. ^ أ ب Kolawole, Emi (February 17, 2012). "Smithsonian acquires documents from inventor of 'EMAIL' program". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 11, 2012. incorrectly referred to V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai as the inventor of electronic messaging
  80. ^ أ ب Haigh, Thomas; Russell, Andrew L.; Dutton, William H. (2015). "Histories of the Internet: Introducing a Special Issue of Information & Culture" (PDF). Information & Culture: A Journal of History. University of Texas Press. 50 (2): 143–159. doi:10.7560/IC50201. S2CID 143477277.
  81. ^ أ ب Aamoth, Doug (November 15, 2011). "The Man Who Invented Email". Time Magazine: Techland. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  82. ^ Stromberg, Joseph (February 22, 2012). "A Piece of Email History Comes to the American History Museum". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  83. ^ i.e. the first network email using the "@" syntax; email between users on the same mainframe was already common.
  84. ^ أ ب Biddle, Sam (March 5, 2012). "Corruption, Lies, and Death Threats: The Crazy Story of the Man Who Pretended to Invent Email". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
  85. ^ Haigh, Thomas (April 17, 2012). "Did V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email?". SIGCIS: Special Interest Group Computers, Information and Society. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  86. ^ أ ب ت Haigh, Thomas (1 September 2012a). "Seven Lessons from Bad History". Communications of the ACM. Association for Computing Machinery. 55 (9): 26. doi:10.1145/2330667.2330676. S2CID 26634393. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  87. ^ Crocker, David (March 20, 2012). "A history of e-mail: Collaboration, innovation and the birth of a system". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
  88. ^ أ ب ت ث Nanos, Janelle (June 2012). "Return to Sender". Boston Magazine. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  89. ^ Ayyadurai, VA Shiva. "EMAIL (UMDNJ, 1978)". The Inventor of Email: innovation any time, any place, by anybody. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  90. ^ "Not everybody loves Raymond". The Hindu. March 7, 2016.
  91. ^ Ayyadurai, VA Shiva. "Tweet from @va_shiva, March 6, 2016".
  92. ^ Harris, David L. (May 10, 2016). "Cambridge man who claims he invented email sues Gawker for $35M - Boston Business Journal". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  93. ^ Shiva Ayyadurai v. Gawker Media, et al.., Complaint (D. Mass, filed May 10, 2016)
  94. ^ Mario Aguilar. "Internet Pioneers Slam $750,000 Settlement for the 'Man Who Invented Email'".
  95. ^ Ember, Sydney (November 2, 2016). "Gawker and Hulk Hogan Reach $31 Million Settlement". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  96. ^ J.K. Trotter (November 2, 2016). "Gawker Media Will Settle With Hulk Hogan and Other Litigants for $32 Million". Gizmodo. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
  97. ^ Mac, Ryan (November 2, 2016). "Gawker Reaches Settlement With Hulk Hogan For $31 Million". Forbes. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
  98. ^ Denton, Nick (November 2, 2016). "A hard peace". nickdenton.com: Being myself. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  99. ^ Aguilar, Mario. "Internet Pioneers Slam $750,000 Settlement for the 'Man Who Invented Email'". Gizmodo (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  100. ^ Gardner, Eriq (January 5, 2017). "Self-Proclaimed Inventor of Email Files Defamation Lawsuit Against Techdirt's Mike Masnick". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  101. ^ Roberts, Jeff John (January 5, 2017). "'Inventor of Email' Slaps Tech Site With $15M Libel Suit for Mocking His Claim". Fortune. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  102. ^ Shiva Ayyadurai v. Floor64 Inc et al.., Complaint (D. Mass, filed January 4, 2017)
  103. ^ Masnick, Mike (January 11, 2017). "Techdirt's First Amendment Fight For Its Life". Techdirt. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
  104. ^ Mullin, Joe (February 18, 2017). "Techdirt lawyers ask judge to throw out suit over 'Inventor of E-mail'". Ars Technica UK (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  105. ^ Memorandum of Floor64, Inc. and Michael Masnick in support of motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(B)(5) and 12(B)(6) (D. Mass, filed February 17, 2017)
  106. ^ Memorandum of defendants Floor64, Inc. and Michael Masnick in support of their special motion to strike plaintiff's complaint pursuant to the California Anti-SLAPP law (D. Mass, filed February 17, 2017)
  107. ^ Kashmir Hill (July 29, 2023). "An Internet Veteran's Guide to Not Being Scared of Technology". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2023. A man who claimed to have "invented email" had sued Techdirt for $15 million over its blog posts questioning those claims. The suit garnered significant media attention; it's not among the examples in the Wikipedia article on the Streisand effect, but it really should be.
  108. ^ Saylor IV, F. Dennis (August 6, 2017). "Memorandum and Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and to Strike" (PDF). United States District Court, District of Massachusetts.
  109. ^ Kravets, David (September 7, 2017). "1st Amendment wins in self-proclaimed e-mail inventor's Techdirt libel suit". Ars Technica (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  110. ^ Farivar, Cyrus (May 17, 2019). "Defamation lawsuit brought by self-proclaimed email 'inventor' settles". NBC News. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  111. ^ Harder LLP (May 14, 2019). "Joint Press Statement On Behalf Of Dr. Shiva Ayyadurai And Techdirt, Michael Masnick, And Leigh Beadon". PR Newswire (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  112. ^ أ ب Mullin, Joe; Farivar, Cyrus (January 16, 2017). "Lawyer for 'inventor of e-mail' sends threat letter over social media posts". Ars Technica (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  113. ^ Drescher, Fran [@frandrescher] (September 7, 2014). "Surprise!!!!! We got married!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  114. ^ VA Shiva Ayyadurai [@va_shiva] (September 7, 2014). "I married my warrior princess @frandrescher who my mom in Gods great Heaven sent. Be The Light - Know the Truth - Find Your Way" (Tweet). Archived from the original on September 9, 2014 – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  115. ^ Saad, Nardine (September 8, 2014). "Fran Drescher of 'The Nanny' marries Shiva Ayyadurai". Los Angeles Times.
  116. ^ Gabrielle, Olya (September 9, 2014). "Fran Drescher Marries Shiva Ayyadurai". People.
  117. ^ Vulpo, Mike (September 7, 2014). "Fran Drescher Marries Boyfriend Shiva Ayyadurai, aka the Inventor of Email?!". E!. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  118. ^ Kumar, Vipin (November 25, 2014). "Interview with Dr. V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, The Inventor of Email and Systems Scientist". Tamil Nadu.[dead link]
  119. ^ "About Dr. V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai - V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, Inventor of Email". VA Shiva. V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  120. ^ "Actress Fran Drescher splits from husband". Komonews.com. World Entertainment News Network. September 4, 2016.
  1. ^ Some sources claim 1978, the year Ayyadurai was introduced to computing and programming through New York University's Courant Institute summer program.[18]

وصلات خارجية

Wikiquote-logo.svg اقرأ اقتباسات ذات علاقة بشيفا أيادوراي، في معرفة الاقتباس.
Scholia has a profile for شيفا أيادوراي (Q3183480).
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=شيفا_أيادوراي&oldid=3992782"