پويي

(تم التحويل من شوان‌تونگ (امبراطور))
Aisin-Gioro Puyi
愛新覺羅·溥儀
شوان‌تونگ الامبراطور
امبراطور مانچوكو
Puyi-Manchukuo.jpg
پويي كإمبراطور مانچوكو.
China Qing Dynasty Flag 1889.svg امبراطور تشينگ الثاني عشر على الصين
العهد2 ديسمبر 1908 – 12 فبراير 1912
1 يوليو 1917 – 12 يوليو 1917
سبقهالامبراطور گوانگ‌شو
الوصيZaifeng, Prince Chun و الامبراطورة الأرملة لونگ‌يو
رئيس الوزراء
Flag of Manchukuo.svg امبراطور مانچوكو
العهد1 مارس 1934 – 15 اغسطس 1945
رئيس الوزراء
وُلِد(1906-02-07)7 فبراير 1906
بكين, الصين
توفي17 أكتوبر 1967(1967-10-17) (aged 61)
بكين، الصين
الدفن
باباوشان، المقبرة الثورية
(لاحقاً نـُقـِل إلى ضريح تشينگ الشرقي بالقرب من بكين في 1996)
الزوجالامبراطورة وان‌رونگ
Consort ون‌شيو
العهد والتواريخ
Xuantong (Hsuan-tung in Wade-Giles spelling; 宣統; 1909 – 1912, 1917)
Datong (Ta-tung in Wade-Giles spelling; 大同; 1 مارس 1932 – 28 فبراير 1934)
Kangde (Kang-te in Wade-Giles spelling; 康德; 1 مارس 1934 – 17 اغسطس 1945)
البيتبيت آيسين گيورو
الأبZaifeng, Prince Chun
الأمGuwalgiya Youlan
Zhongwen.svg هذه المقالة تحتوي على نصوص بالصينية.
بدون دعم الإظهار المناسب, فقد ترى علامات استفهام ومربعات أو رموز أخرى بدلاً من الحروف الصينية.
پويي
الصينية التقليدية溥儀
الصينية المبسطة溥仪

پويي Puyi (و. 7 فبراير 1906 – ت. 17 اكتوبر 1967) هو آخر إمبراطور من المانچو يحكم الصين وكان الإمبراطور الأخير من سلالة تشينگ المنشورية من آل أيسين گورو. خلعته ثورة شين‌هاي وبقي لفترة وجيزة حاكماً صورياً إلى ان طردته القوات الثورية من المدينة المحرمة هو وبلاطه عام 1912. هرب للشمال وأسس دولة منشوريا (أعيد تسميتها لاحقاً إمبراطورية منشوريا) التي هيمن عليها اليابانيون، وكان الإمبراطور هناك خلال فترة الحرب الأهلية الصينية والحرب العالمية الثانية إلى أن ألقى القبض عليه الجيش الأحمر وسلمه للصينيين. خضع لمحاكمة بتهمة العمالة لليابانيين والتعاون معهم وتأسيس دولة تابعة. سُجن عدة سنوات ثم أطلق سراحه وعاش مواطناً عادياً في الصين وعمل بستانياً حتى وفاته.

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أسماء وألقاب

النسب

من ناحية الأب

A three year old Puyi (right), standing next to his father (Zaifeng, Prince Chun) and his younger brother Pujie

من ناحية الأم

أسلاف پويي


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السيرة

إمبراطور الصين (1908–1912)

پويي في 1922

Puyi had a standard Confucian education, being taught the various Confucian classics and nothing else.[1] Puyi later wrote: "I learnt nothing of mathematics, let alone science, and for a long time I had no idea where Beijing was situated".[1] When Puyi was 13, he met his parents and siblings, all of whom had to kowtow before him as he sat upon the Dragon Throne.[2] By this time, Puyi had forgotten what his mother looked like.[2] Such was the awe that the Emperor was held that his younger brother Pujie never heard his parents refer to Puyi as "your elder brother", rather he was always just the Emperor.[2] Pujie told Behr his image of Puyi prior to meeting him was that of "...a venerable old man with a beard. I couldn't believe it when I saw this boy in yellow robes sitting solemnly on the throne".[2] It was decided that Pujie would join Puyi in the Forbidden City to provide him with a playmate, though Puyi was notably angry when he discovered his brother was wearing yellow – the color of the Qing – as he believed that only Emperors had the right to wear yellow, and it had to be explained to him that all members of the Qing family could wear yellow.[2]

الخصيان ووزارة شئون القصر

التنازل

On 10 October 1911, the army garrison in Wuhan mutinied, sparking a widespread revolt in the Yangtze river valley and beyond, demanding the overthrow of the Qing dynasty which ruled China since 1644.[3] The strongman of late imperial China, General Yuan Shikai, was dispatched by the court to crush the revolution, which he was unable to do, as by 1911 public opinion had turned decisively against the Qing, and many Chinese had no wish to fight for a dynasty which was seen as having lost the Mandate of Heaven.[3] Puyi's father, Prince Chun, served as a regent until 6 December 1911 when Empress Dowager Longyu took over following the Xinhai Revolution.[4]

Empress Dowager Longyu endorsed the "Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor" (清帝退位詔書) on 12 February 1912 under a deal brokered by Prime Minister Yuan Shikai (a general of the Beiyang Army) with the imperial court in Beijing and the Republicans in southern China.[5] At the crucial meeting in the Forbidden City, Puyi watched the meeting between Longyu and Yuan, which he remembered as:

"The Dowager Empress was sitting on a kang [platform bed] in a side room of the Mind Nature Palace, wiping her eyes with a handkerchief while a fat old man [Yuan] knelt on a red cushion before her, tears rolling down his face. I was sitting to the right of the Dowager and wondering why the two adults were crying. There was nobody in the room besides us three and it was very quiet; the fat man was sniffing while he talked and I could not understand what he was saying ... This was the occasion Yuan directly brought up the question of abdication".[6]

Under the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication" (清帝退位 優待條件), signed with the new Republic of China, Puyi was to retain his imperial title and be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. This was similar to Italy's Law of Guarantees (1870) which accorded the Pope certain honors and privileges similar to those enjoyed by the King of Italy.[7] Puyi and the imperial court were allowed to remain in the northern half of the Forbidden City (the Private Apartments) as well as in the Summer Palace. A hefty annual subsidy of four million silver taels was granted by the Republic to the imperial household, although it was never fully paid and was abolished after just a few years. Puyi himself was not informed in February 1912 that his reign had ended and China was now a republic and continued to believe that he was the still the Emperor for sometime afterwards.[8] In 1913, when the Empress Dowager Longyu died, President Yuan Shikai arrived at the Forbidden City to pay his respects, which Puyi's tutors told him meant that major changes were afloat.[9]

بنود معاملة امبراطور التشينگ بعد تنازله

استعادة وجيزة (1917)

In 1917 the warlord Zhang Xun restored Puyi to the throne from July 1 to July 12.[10] Zhang Xun ordered his army to keep their queues to display loyalty to the emperor. During that period of time, a small bomb was dropped over the Forbidden City by a Republican plane, causing minor damage.[11] This is considered the first aerial bombardment ever in East Asia. The restoration failed due to extensive opposition across China, and the decisive intervention of another warlord, Duan Qirui.[12]

الطرد من المدينة المحرمة (1924)

الإقامة في تيان‌جين (1925-1931)

محتجز في منشوريا 1931-1932

حاكم مانشوكو (1932-1945)

Styles of
Kangde Emperor
Flag of the Emperor of Manchukuo.svg
أسلوب الإشارةHis Imperial Majesty
أسلوب المخاطبةYour Imperial Majesty
أسلوب بديلSir
پويي كإمبراطور مانچوكو.
پويي (يمين) كإمبراطور مانچوكو. وإلى اليسار تشو كودو.



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السنوات الأخيرة (1945–1967)

پويي (يمين) وضابط سوڤيتي
رسائل پويي إلى يوسف ستالين


الموت والدفن


العائلة

الامبراطورة وان‌رونگ والامبراطور پويي في تيان‌جين

الأشقاء

الزوجات

وان‌رونگ

ون‌شيو

تان يولينگ

لي يوچين

لي شوشيان

قائمة المراجع

بقلم پويي

  • The autobiography of Puyi – ghost-written by Li Wenda. The title of the Chinese book is usually rendered in English as From Emperor to Citizen. The book was re-released in China in 2007 in a new corrected and revised version. Many sentences which had been deleted from the 1964 version prior to its publication were now included.
    • Aisin-Gioro, Puyi (1964, 1987, 2002). 我的前半生. Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 978-7-119-00772-4. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) (صينية) – original
    • Pu Yi, Henry (1967, 2010). The Last Manchu: The Autobiography of Henry Pu Yi, Last Emperor of China. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-732-3. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help) (إنگليزية) – translation

بقلم أخرين

Puyi's fifth wife Li Shuxian. Memories of their life together were ghost written by Wang Qingxian. An English version translated by Ni Na was published by China Travel and Tourism Press.
Companion to Bernardo Bertolucci's film of the same name.

التصوير في الإعلام

السينما

  • Aisin-Gioro Puyi (愛新覺羅·溥儀), a 2005 Chinese documentary film on the life of Puyi. Produced by CCTV, it was part of a series of ten documentary films about ten historical persons.
  • 1911, a 2011 historical film directed by Jackie Chan and Zhang Li. The film tells of the founding of the Republic of China when Sun Yat-sen led the Xinhai Revolution to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. The five year old Puyi is played by child actor Su Hanye. Although Puyi's time on screen is short, there are significant scenes showing how the emperor was treated at court before his abdication at the age of six.[13]

التلفزيون

  • Modai Huangdi (末代皇帝; literally means The Last Emperor), a 1988 Chinese television series based on Puyi's autobiography From Emperor to Citizen, with Puyi's brother Pujie as a consultant for the series. Chen Daoming starred as Puyi.
  • Feichang Gongmin (非常公民; literally means Extraordinary Citizen), a 2002 Chinese television series directed by Cheng Hao. Dayo Wong starred as Puyi.
  • Ruten no Ōhi — Saigo no Kōtei (流転の王妃·最後の皇弟; Chinese title 流轉的王妃), a 2003 Japanese television series about Pujie and Hiro Saga. Wang Bozhao played Puyi.
  • Modai Huangfei (末代皇妃; literally means The Last Imperial Consort), a 2003 Chinese television series. Li Yapeng played Puyi.

انظر أيضاً


الهوامش

¹ Aisin-Gioro is the clan's name in Manchu, pronounced Àixīn Juéluó in Mandarin; Pǔyí is the Chinese given name as pronounced in Mandarin.

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب Behr (1987), p. 78
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Behr (1987), p. 79
  3. ^ أ ب Behr 1987 p.68
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة he Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
  5. ^ Rhoads, Edward J M (2001). Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928. University of Washington Press. pp. 226, 227. ISBN 978-0-295-98040-9.
  6. ^ Behr 1987 p.69
  7. ^ Luzzatti, Luigi; Arbib-Costa, Alfonso (2010). God in Freedom: Studies in the Relations Between Church and State. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. pp. 423, 424. ISBN 978-1-161-41509-4.
  8. ^ Behr, 1987 p.81-82
  9. ^ Behr p. 84
  10. ^ Hutchings, Graham (2003). Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change. Harvard University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-674-01240-0.
  11. ^ Stone of Heaven, Levy, Scott-Clark p 184
  12. ^ Bangsbo, Jens; Reilly, Thomas; Williams, A. Mark (1996). Science and Football III. Taylor & Francis. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-419-22160-9.
  13. ^ "1911 Movie at IMDB".

وصلات خارجية

پويي
وُلِد: 7 فبراير 1906 توفي: 17 أكتوبر 1967
ألقاب ملكية
سبقه
الامبراطور گوانگ‌شو
إمبراطور الصين
2 ديسمبر 1908 – 12 فبراير 1912
تبعه
الامبراطور هونگ‌شيان
شاغر إمبراطور الصين
1 يوليو 1917 – 12 يوليو 1917
المنصب ألغي
لقب حديث
دولة مستحدثة
كبير تنفيذيي مانچوكوو
9 مارس 1932 – 28 فبراير 1934
اندمجت في الامبراطورية
لقب حديث
الامبراطورية خـُلِقت
إمبراطور مانچوكو
1 مارس 1934 – 15 أغسطس 1945
المنصب ألغي
الامبراطورية انحلت
مناصب سياسية
سبقه
الامبراطور گوانگ‌شو
بصفته إمبراطور الصين
رأس دولة الصين
كـإمبراطور الصين

2 ديسمبر 1908 – 12 فبراير 1912
تبعه
صن يات-سن
بصفته رئيس جمهورية الصين
لقب حديث
دولة مستحدثة
رأس دولة مانچوكوو
9 مارس 1932 – 15 أغسطس 1945
تبعه
تشيانگ كاي-شك
كـرئيس جمهورية الصين
مانچوكوو أعيدت إلى
جمهورية الصين بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية

قالب:Pretenders to the Chinese throne