سلطنة بهمن

"Bahmani" redirects here. For places in Iran, see بهمني، إيران.
سلطنة بهمني

1347–1527
{{{coat_alt}}}
Coinage of Bahmani ruler Ala al-Din Ahmad Shah II (1435-1457)
سلطنة بهمني، 1470 CE.[1]
سلطنة بهمني، 1470 CE.[1]
المكانةسلطنة
العاصمة
اللغات الشائعةPersian (official) [2]
Marathi
Deccani Urdu
Telugu
Kannada
الدين Sunni Islam[3][4]
الحكومةملكية
سلطان 
• 1347–1358
علاء الدين بهمن شاه
• 1525–1527
كليم الله شاه
الحقبة التاريخيةLate Medieval
• تأسست
3 أغسطس 1347
• انحلت
1527
CurrencyTaka
سبقها		 تلاها
سلطنة دلهي
Musunuri Nayaks
امبراطورية ڤيجايانگرا
سلطنات الدكن
الهند البرتغالية
Today part ofالهند

سلطنة بهمني كانت Sunni Deccani Muslim empire that ruled the Deccan Plateau in South India.[5][6][7][8][9][2] With its origins in North Indian immigrants identified as the Deccanis,[10][11][12] and its patronization of an Indo-Persian culture,[13][14] it was the first independent Muslim kingdom of the Deccan,[15] and was known for its perpetual wars with its rival Vijayanagara, which would outlast the Sultanate.[16]

The Sultanate was founded in 1347 by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah. It later split into five successor states that were collectively known as the Deccan sultanates.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الأصل

Nothing is definitely known about the origin of Hasan Gangu, the founder of the dynasty, but he was probably of humble origin.[17] According to the historian Ferishta, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named Gangu (hence the name Hasan Gangu),[18][19][20] and says that he from North India.[21][22] Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend,[23][24] but Barani, who was the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah, as well as some other scholars have also called him as Hasan Gangu.[25][26] Another legend traces the ancestry of Bahmanids to the mythological Persian hero Bahman Shah, which seems implausible. The claim of his descent from this half-mythical hero was an attempt to mark him out for the honour of royalty by later poets and historians, but it was not Hasan Gangu himself who claimed this.[27] According to a third version, Bahman is a corrupted persianized form of Brahman,[28] and Hasan Gangu was a Brahman who became Muslim.[29][30][31]


التاريخ

للمزيد من المعلومات: History of the Bahmani Sultanate

Barani states that Hasan Gangu was "born in very humble circumstances. For the first thirty years of his life he was nothing more than a field laborer."[32] He was made a commander of a hundred horsemen by the Sultan who was pleased with his honesty. This sudden rise in the military and socio-economic ladder was common in this era of Muslim India.[33]

Zafar Khan was one of the native inhabitants of Dehli who were forced to migrate to the Deccan, with the purpose of building a large Muslim urban centre in Daulatabad.[34] Although the transfer was successful in spreading northern culture to the south, the Muslim nobles had long resented the Sultan for his cruelty in forcing the Muslim population to migrate to his new city of Daulatabad.[35] Zafar Khan was a man of ambition and looked forward to adventure. He had long hoped to employ his body of horsemen in the Deccan region for slaying and plundering Hindus, as the Deccan was seen as the place of bounty in Muslim imagination at the time.[36] He was rewarded with an Iqta for taking part in the conquest of Kampili.[37] He made various raids against neighboring Hindus until he could gain influence and wealth and became a powerful military chief.[38]

البزوغ

قالب:South Asia in 1400 Before the establishment of his kingdom, he was Governor of Deccan and a commander on behalf of Tughlaq's. On 3 August 1347, the elderly Nazir Uddin Ismail Shah (Ismail Mukh) who had revolted against the Delhi Sultanate, voluntarily stepped down in favour of Bahman Shah, a native of Delhi.[39] His revolt was successful, and he established an independent state on the Deccan within the Delhi Sultanate's southern provinces with its headquarters at Hasanabad (Gulbarga) and all his coins were minted at Hasanabad.[40][41] The majority of the Bahmanid army that conquered the Deccan consisted of Urdu-speaking Indian Muslims indigenous to North India.[42][43] In the 14th century, these North Indian immigrants opposed to Tughlaq rule were referred to as Deccanis.[44] With the support of the influential Indian Chishti Sufi Shaikhs, he was crowned "Alauddin Bahman Shah Sultan – Founder of the Bahmani Dynasty".[45] They bestowed upon him a robe allegedly worn by the Prophet. The extension of the Sufi's notion of spiritual sovereignty lent legitimacy to the planting of the Sultanate's political authority, where the land, people, and produce of the Deccan were merited state protection, no longer available for plunder with impunity. These Sufis legitimized the transplantation of Indo-Muslim rulership from one region in South Asia to another, converting the land of the Bahmanids into being recognized as Dar ul-Islam, while it was previously considered Dar ul-Harb.[46] Abdul Malik Isami, in the context of his writing, explained in his view of the rebellion as pious Deccani Muslims revolting against the northern tyrant of the Delhi Sultanate.[47]

Farman of Feroz Shah Bahmani

Alauddin was succeeded by his son Mohammed Shah I.[48] His conflicts with the Vijayangar empire were singularly savage wars, as according to the historian Ferishta, "the population of the Carnatic was so reduced that it did not recover for several ages."[49] The Bahmanids' aggressive confrontation with the two main Hindu kingdoms of the southern Deccan, Warangal and Vijayanagara, made them renowned among Muslims as warriors of the faith.[50] The Vijayanagara empire and the Bahmanids fought over the control of the Godavari-basin, Tungabadhra Doab, and the Marathwada country, although they seldom required a pretext for declaring war,[51] as military conflicts were almost a regular feature and lasted as long as these kingdoms continued.[52] Military slavery involved captured slaves from Vijayanagara and having them embrace a Deccani identity by converting them to Islam and integrating into the host society, so they could begin military careers within the Bahmanid empire.[53][54]

Ghiyasuddin succeeded his father Muhammad II at the age of seventeen, but was blinded and imprisoned by a Turkic slave called Taghalchin,[55][56] who had held a grudge on the Sultan for the latter's refusal to appoint him as a governor. He had lured the Sultan into putting himself in the former's power, using the beauty of his daughter, who was accomplished in music and arts, and had introduced her to the Sultan at a feast.[57][58] He was succeeded by Shamsuddin, who was a puppet king under Taghalchin. Firuz and Ahmed, the sons of the fourth sultan Daud, marched to Gulbarga to avenge Ghiyasuddin. Firuz declared himself the sultan, and defeated Taghalchin's forces. Taghalchin was killed and Shamsuddin was blinded.[59]

Dakhani Horseman

Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah became the sultan in 1397.[60] Firuz Shah fought against the Vijayanagara Empire on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and 1406, but a defeat in 1419. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to Deva Raya's daughter. In his reign, Sufis such as Gesudaraz, a Chishti saint who had immigrated from Dehli to Daulatabad, were prominent in court and daily life.[61] He was the first author to write in the Dakhni dialect of Urdu.[62] The Dakhni language became widespread, practised by various milieus from the court to the Sufis. It was established as a lingua franca of the Muslims of the Deccan, as not only the aspect of a dominant urban elite, but an expression of the regional religious identity.[63]

Firuz Shah was succeeded by his younger brother Ahmad Shah I Wali. Bidar was made capital of the sultanate in 1429.[64] Ahmad Shah's reign was marked with relentless military campaigns and expansionism. He imposed destruction and slaughter on Vijayanagara and finally captured the remnants of Warangal.[65]

Alauddin Ahmad II succeeded his father to the throne in 1436.[66] He ordered the construction of the Chand Minar. For the first half century after the establishment of the Bahmanids, the original North Indian colonists and their sons had administered the empire quite independent of either the non-Muslim Hindus, or the Muslim foreign immigrants. However, the later Bahmani Sultans, mainly starting from his father Ahmad Shah Wali I, began to recruit foreigners from overseas, whether because of depletion among the ranks of the original settlers, or the feelings of dependency upon the Persian courtly model, or both.[67] This resulted in factional strife that first became acute in the reign of his son Alauddin Ahmad Shah II.[68] In 1446, the powerful Dakhani nobles persuaded the Sultan that the Persians were responsible for the failure of the Konkan invasion.[69] The Sultan, drunk, condoned a terrible massacre of Persian Shi'a Sayyids by the Sunni Dakhani nobles and their Sunni Abyssinian slaves.[70] A few survivors escaped the massacre dressed in women's clothing and convinced the Sultan of their innocence.[71] Ashamed of his own folly, the Sultan punished the Dakhani leaders who were responsible for the massacre, putting them to death or throwing them in prison, and reduced their families to beggary.[72] It is noteworthy that the accounts of the violent events included exaggerations as it came from the pen of the chroniclers who were themselves mainly foreigners and products of Safavid Persia.[73]

Mahmud Gawan Madrasa was built by Mahmud Gawan, the Wazir of the Bahmani Sultanate as the centre of religious as well as secular education.[74]

The eldest sons of Humayun Shah, Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III and Muhammad Shah III Lashkari ascended the throne successively, while they were young boys. The vizier Mahmud Gawan ruled as regent during this period, until Muhammad Shah reached age. Mahmud Gawan is known for setting up the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, a center of religious as well as secular education.[74] Gawan was considered a great statesman, and a poet of repute. Mahmud Gawan was caught in a struggle between a rivalry between two groups of nobles, the Dakhanis and the Afaqis. The Dakhanis made the ruling indigenous Muslim elite of the Bahmanid dynasty, being descendants of Sunni immigrants from Northern India, while the Afaqis were foreign newcomers from the west such as Gawan, who were mostly Shi'is.[75][76] The Dakhanis believed that the privileges, patronage and positions of power in the Sultanate should have been reserved solely for them, based on their ethnic origin and their sense of pride of having launched the Bahmanid empire.[77][78] The divisions included sectarian religious divisions where the Afaqis were looked upon heretics by the Sunnis as the former were Shi'as,[79] while Eaton cites a linguistic divide where the Dakhanis spoke Dakhni while the Afaqis favored the Persian language.[80] Although Mahmud Gawan was a foreigner, he attempted to reconcile the factions and strengthen the Sultanate by allotting offices to the Dakhanis. Nonetheless, Mahmud Gawan found it difficult to win their confidence; the party strife could not be stopped and his opponents eventually managed to poison the ears of the Sultan.[81] Mahmud Gawan was executed by Muhammad Shah III, an act that the latter regretted until he died in 1482.[82] Upon his death, Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri, the father of the founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty became the regent of the king.[83] Nizam-ul-Mulk, as leader of the Dakhani party, led a cold-blooded massacre of Iranian Georgians and Turkmens in the capital of Bidar.[84][85]

الحكام اللاحقون والانحدار

Muhammad Shah II was succeeded by his son Mahmood Shah Bahmani II, the last Bahmani ruler to have real power.[86] In 1501, Mahmud Shah Bahmani united his amirs and wazirs in an agreement to wage annual Jihad against Vijayanagara. The expeditions were financially ruinous.[87]

The independent Nizam Shahi Sultanate was founded by the son of the regent of Muhammad Shah II, Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri

The last Bahmani Sultans were puppet monarchs under their Barid Shahi Prime Ministers, who were de facto rulers. After 1518 the sultanate broke up into five states: Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar, Qutb Shahi of Golconda (Hyderabad), Barid Shahi of Bidar, Imad Shahi of Berar, Adil Shahi of Bijapur. They are collectively known as the "Deccan Sultanates".[88]

The south Indian Emperor Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed.[89]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التأريخ

Modern scholars like Sherwani, Eaton have based their accounts of the Bahmani dynasty mainly upon the medieval chronicles of Firishta, and Syed Ali Tabatabai. Other contemporary works were Sivatatva Chintamani and Guru Charitra. Athanasius Nikitin traveled this kingdom. He contrasts the huge "wealth of the nobility with the wretchedness of the peasantry and the frugality of the Hindus".[90]

الثقافة

The dynasty derived its Indo-Muslim and Persianate culture from Northern India and the Middle East, and used Urdu/Dakhani and Persian literature to differentiate from its overwhelmingly non-Muslim subjects.[91] According to Khafi Khan and Ferishta, musicians flocked to the court from Lahore, Delhi, Persia and Khorasan.[92]

The Bahmani Sultans were patrons of the Persian language, culture and literature, and some members of the dynasty became well-versed in that language and composed its literature in that language.[15]

Bahmani Tombs in Bidar district

The first sultan, Alauddin Bahman Shah is noted to have captured 1,000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he battled the northern Carnatic chieftains. The later Bahmanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars; many of them were converted to Islam in captivity.[93][94] The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work on copper and silver that it came to be known as Bidri.[95] Firuz Shah, having a passion for languages, married a large number of Indians of various ethnicities, Georgians, Iranians and Arabs, in order to practise speaking their own languages with them. In addition he was known for speaking several Indian languages.[96][97]


Architecture

Haft Gumbaz, tomb of Taj-ud-Din Firuz Shah

The Persianate Indo-Islamic style of architecture developed during this period was later adopted by the Deccan Sultanates as well.

The Gulbarga Fort, Haft Gumbaz, and Jama Masjid in Gulbarga, Bidar Fort and Madrasa Mahmud Gawan[74] in Bidar, are the major architectural contributions.

The later rulers are buried in an elaborate tomb complex, known as the Bahmani Tombs.[98] The exterior of one of the tombs is decorated with coloured tiles. Arabic, Persian and Urdu inscriptions are inscribed inside the tombs.[98][99]

The Bahmani rulers made some beautiful tombs and mosques in Bidar and Gulbarga. They also built many forts at Daulatabad, Golconda and Raichur. The architecture was highly influenced by Persian architecture. They invited architects from Persia, Turkey and Arabia. Some of the magnificent structures built by the Bahmanis were the Jami Masjid at Gulbarga, Chandand Minar and the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa at Bidar.

عرش الفيروز

المقالة الرئيسية: تخت فيروز

The Turquoise Throne (Hindustani: Takht-e-firozā, Hindi: तख़्त-ए-फ़िरोज़ा) was a famous jeweled royal throne that mentioned by Firishta. It was the seat of the Sultans of the Bahmani Empire of Deccan in India since Mohammed Shah I (reigned 1358CE–1375CE). It was a gift by Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka, then Rai (i.e. king) of Telingana.[100]:77-78 It was mentioned by Firishta that on March 23rd, 1363CE,[أ] this throne replaced the earlier Throne made of silver on which Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, the first Bahmani sultan used to sit.

قائمة شاهات بهمن

Titular Name Personal Name Reign
Independence from Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Shah
شاہ
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
علاء الدین حسن بہمن شاہ 		Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah I
حسن گنگو 		3 August 1347 – 11 February 1358
Shah
شاہ
 Mohammad Shah I
محمد شاہ بہمنی 		11 February 1358 – 21 April 1375
Shah
شاہ
Ala-ud-Din Mujahid Shah
علاء الدین مجاہد شاہ 		Mujahid Shah 21 April 1375 – 16 April 1378
Shah
شاہ 		Dawood Shah
داود شاہ بہمنی 		16 April 1378 – 22 May 1378
Shah
شاہ 		Mohammad Shah II
محمود شاہ بہمنی 		21 May 1378 – 20 April 1397
Shah
شاہ 		Ghiyath-ad-din Shah
عیاث الدین شاہ بہمنی
 20 April 1397 – 14 June 1397
Shah
شاہ 		Shams-ad-din Shah
شمس الدین شاہ بہمنی
Puppet King Under Lachin Khan Turk 		14 June 1397 – 15 November 1397
Shah
شاہ
Taj-ud-Din Feroze Shah
تاج الدین فیروز شاہ 		Feroze Shah
فیروز خان 		24 November 1397 – 1 October 1422
Shah
شاہ 		Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani
احمد شاہ ولی بہمنی 		1 October 1422 – 17 April 1436
Shah
شاہ
Ala-ud-Din Ahmed Shah
علاء الدین احمد شاہ 		Ala-ud-Din Ahmed Shah Bahmani
علاء الدین احمد شاہ بہمنی 		17 April 1436 – 6 May 1458
Shah
شاہ
Ala-ud-Din Humayun Shah
علاء الدین ھمایوں شاہ 		Humayun Shah Zalim Bahmani
ھمایوں شاہ ظالم بہمنی 		7 May 1458 – 4 September 1461
Shah
شاہ 		Nizam Shah Bahmani
نظام شاہ بہمنی 		4 September 1461 – 30 July 1463
Shah
شاہ
Muhammad Shah Lashkari
محمد شاہ لشکری 		Muhammad Shah Bahmani III
محمد شاہ بہمنی دوئم 		30 July 1463 – 26 March 1482
Vira Shah
ویرا شاہ 		Mahmood Shah Bahmani II
محمود شاہ بہمنی دوئم
Puppet King Under Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri 		26 March 1482 – 27 December 1518
Shah
شاہ 		Ahmed Shah Bahmani II
احمد شاہ بہمنی دوئم
Puppet King Under Amir Barid I 		27 December 1518 – 15 December 1520
Shah
شاہ
Ala-ud-Din Shah
علاء الدین شاہ 		Ala-ud-Din Shah Bahmani II
علاء الدین شاہ بہمنی دوئم
Puppet King Under Amir Barid I 		28 December 1520 – 5 March 1523
Shah
شاہ 		Waliullah Shah Bahmani
ولی اللہ شاہ بہمنی
Puppet King Under Amir Barid I 		5 March 1522 – 1526
Shah
شاہ 		Kaleemullah Shah Bahmani
کلیم اللہ شاہ بہمنی
Puppet King Under Amir Barid I 		1525–1527
Dissolution of the Sultanate into 5 Kingdoms namely; Bidar Sultanate; Ahmednagar Sultanate; Bijapur Sultanate; Golconda Sultanate and Berar Sultanate.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

شجرة العائلة

انظر أيضاً

جزء من سلسلة عن
تاريخ كرناتكا
GBerunda.JPG
التصنيفات

المراجع

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Firishta mentioned that the Sultan Bahman Shah first sat on the new throne (i.e. takht-e-firoza) on Nowruz, the Persian new year following the autumnal solstice in 764AH.[100]:102

الهامش

  1. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (k). ISBN 0226742210.
  2. ^ أ ب Ansari 1988, pp. 494–499.
  3. ^ Farooqui Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 9788131732021.
  4. ^ Rā Kulakarṇī, A.; Nayeem, M. A.; De Souza, Teotonio R. (1996). Medieval Deccan History: Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi. p. 40. ISBN 9788171545797.
  5. ^ Richard eaton (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 Eight Indian Lives. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. "The emergence of a distinct Deccani regional identity, already visible in the mid-fourteenth century as both cause and consequence of the Bahmanis' successful revolution against North Indian Tughluq rule
  6. ^ Yaaminey Mubayi · (2022). Water and Historic Settlements The Making of a Cultural Landscape. The Deccanis were a legitimate group who had supported the rebellion against Delhi and enabled the founding of the kingdom.
  7. ^ Richard Maxwell Eaton (2015). The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India. Princeton University Press. p. 49. As the founder of a rebel kingdom in the Deccan detached from his ancestral roots in North India...
  8. ^ Roy S. Fischel (2020). Local States in an Imperial World:Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan. Edinburgh University Press. p. 94. The attitudes of the Deccan Sultanates towards their neighbours reflect some of the sensitivities of the Deccanis within the local political system. More than any other group, the Deccanis were associated with the Deccan Sultanates....This framing enables us to locate the Deccanis within their environment as the most dominant group when it comes to determining the direction of the sultanates. As dominant as they were, however, other elites continued to contribute greatly to the development of the Sultanates.
  9. ^ Navina Najat Haidar, Marika Sardar (2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700: Opulence and Fantasy. Original Muslim settlers who had migrated from Northern India in the previous century and launched the Bahmani state. These "Deccanis", people who had been born in the Deccan.
  10. ^ Jamal Malik (2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. Brill. p. 134. change of capital to Daulatabad(1337) proved to be the most important vehicle by which North Indian Muslim ideas and institutions crossed the Narmada. The status of being a tributary to the Sultanate was deeply resented by the local Muslims, culminating in the revolt by Deccani nobles led by Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah in 1347, eventually establishing an independent kingdom called the Bahmani kingdom
  11. ^ Richard Eaton (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives · Part 1, Volume 8. p. 76. On the one hand, the court was obliged to patronize the descendants of those North Indian settlers who had immigrated to the Deccan in the fourteenth century and who, rebelling against Delhi, had launched the dynasty
  12. ^ Richard Eaton. India in the Persianate Age:1000-1765. Descended from North Indian immigrants who, such as Gisudaraz's parents, had settled in the Deccan from the 1320s, when the Tughluqs established Daulatabad as their empire-to-wide capital. Born in the Deccan, this class spoke indigenous languages in an addition to an early form of Hindavi called Dakani.
  13. ^ Muzaffar Alam, Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2007). Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries, 14001800. p. 47.
  14. ^ Salma Ahmed Farooqui. Pearson India Education Services. 2011.
  15. ^ أ ب Ansari, N.H. "Bahmanid Dynasty" Archived 19 أكتوبر 2006 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopaedia Iranica
  16. ^ George C. Kohn (2006). Dictionary of Wars. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438129167.
  17. ^ Chopdar. History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate. p. 248.
  18. ^ Bhattacharya, Sachchidananada. A Dictionary of Indian History (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1972) p. 100
  19. ^ Cathal J. Nolan (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global ..., Volym 1. pp. 437.
  20. ^ The Discovery of India, J.L.Nehru
  21. ^ Chopdar (1951). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate. p. 248.
  22. ^ The Dacca University Studies: Volumes 1-2. the University of Dacca. 1935. p. 138.
  23. ^ Chandra 2004, p. 177.
  24. ^ Majumdar 1967, p. 248.
  25. ^ The Dacca University Studies: Volumes 1-2. the University of Dacca. 1935. p. 139.
  26. ^ Chopdar. History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 248.
  27. ^ Prashad, Baini (1939). The Tabaqat-i-akbari Of Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Vol.iii. Banasthali. p. 3.
  28. ^ McCann, Michael W. (1994-07-15). Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization (in الإنجليزية). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-55571-3.
  29. ^ Suvorova (2000). Masnavi. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-579148-8.
  30. ^ Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom (in الإنجليزية). Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 59–60.
  31. ^ Jayanta Gaḍakarī (2000). Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama. p. 140.
  32. ^ Gribble (1896). A History of the Deccan: Volume 1. Luzac and Company. p. 16.
  33. ^ history of the decan. Mittal Publications. 1990. p. 16.
  34. ^ A. Rā Kulakarṇī; M. A. Nayeem; Teotonio R. De Souza (1996). Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi. Popular Prakashan. p. 34. ISBN 9788171545797.
  35. ^ Aniruddha Ray (2019). The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000007299.
  36. ^ Gribble (1896). A History of the Deccan: Volume 1. Luzac and Company. p. 17.
  37. ^ Richard Eaton (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761:Eight Indian Lives · Part 1, Volume 8. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780521254847.
  38. ^ Gribble (1896). A History of the Deccan: Volume 1. Luzac and Company. p. 17.
  39. ^ Ibrahim Khan (1960). Anecdotes from Islam. M. Ashraf.
  40. ^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991). History of Medieval India, Part I, New Delhi:S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, pp.279–80
  41. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 106–108, 117. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  42. ^ M. L. Bhagi (1965). Medieval India, Culture and Thought. p. 401. The soldiers who conquered Deccan spoke Urdu
  43. ^ W.W. Hunter (2013). The Indian Empire Its People, History and Products. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136383083. Muhammadan Bahmani troops, on the other hand, were led by converted Hindus
  44. ^ Emma J. Flatt (2019). The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates: Living Well in the Persian Cosmopolis. p. 81.
  45. ^ Burjor Avari (2013). Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 9780415580618.
  46. ^ Richard M. Eaton (2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 9780141966557.
  47. ^ Audrey Truschke (2021). The Language of History Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule.
  48. ^ Prasad 1933, p. 417.
  49. ^ Abraham Elahy (2015). the Age of Wrath:A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin Books Limited.
  50. ^ Sheila Blair, Sheila S. Blair, Jonathan M. Bloom (25 September 1996). The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800. Yale University Press. p. 159. ISBN 0300064659.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ E. J. Brill (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. p. 1072. ISBN 9789004097940.
  52. ^ MEDIEVAL INDIA UPSC PREPARATION BOOKS HISTORY SERIES. Mocktime Publication. 2011.
  53. ^ Richard M. Eaton (17 November 2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Part 1, Volume 8. p. 126. ISBN 9780521254847.
  54. ^ Roy S. Fischel (2020). Local States in an Imperial World. p. 72. ISBN 9781474436090.
  55. ^ The Cambridge Shorter History of India. CUP Archive. p. 285.
  56. ^ Sherwani 1946, p. 129.
  57. ^ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1951). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
  58. ^ Haroon Khan Sherwani (1985). The Bahmanis of the Deccan. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 93.
  59. ^ Sherwani 1946, p. 132.
  60. ^ Prasad 1933, p. 423.
  61. ^ Jamal Malik (2020). Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition. Brill. p. 168. ISBN 9789004422711.
  62. ^ Annemarie Schimmel (1975). Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl. Harrassowitz. p. 132.
  63. ^ Roy S. Fischel (2020). Local States in an Imperial World:Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan. ISBN 9781474436090.
  64. ^ Yazdani, 1947, pp. 23.
  65. ^ Bowman, John; Bowman, John Stewart (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. p. 275. ISBN 9780231110044.
  66. ^ Knut A. Jacobsen; Kristina Myrvold; Mikael Aktor (2014). Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions: Forms, Practices and Meanings In 1450. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317675945.
  67. ^ Richard Maxwell Eaton (2015). The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700 : Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India. p. 42. ISBN 9781400868155.
  68. ^ Sir Wolseley Haig (1907). Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Pioneer Press. p. 4.
  69. ^ John Bowman (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231500043.
  70. ^ Annemarie Schimmel (2022). Islam in the Indian Subcontinent. Brill. ISBN 9789004492998.
  71. ^ Shanti Sadiq Ali (1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Longman. p. 46. ISBN 9788125004851.
  72. ^ Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan: Volumes 2-3, Issues 1-2. Research Society of Pakistan. 1965. p. 10.
  73. ^ Muhammad Suleman Siddiqi. SUFI-STATE RELATIONSHIP UNDER THE BAHMANIDS (A.D. 1348-1538). p. 91. Firishta and Tabatabai, presents a very grim picture of the locals and refer to them as permanent enemies of the Sadat. There is some exaggeration in their account but one must not forget that these accounts of unfortunate affairs are all from the pen of the aliens, who are the products of Safavid Persia.
  74. ^ أ ب ت Yazdani, 1947, pp. 91-98.
  75. ^ Jamal Malik (2020). Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition. Brill. p. 168. ISBN 9789004422711.
  76. ^ Burjor Avari (2013). Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 9780415580618.
  77. ^ Indian History. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. 137. ISBN 9788184245684.
  78. ^ Marika Sardar, Navina Najat Haidar (2011). Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323-1687. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588394385.
  79. ^ Wilhelm von Pochhammer (2005). India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent. Allied. p. 219. ISBN 9788177647150.
  80. ^ Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1996). Merchant Networks in the Early Modern World. Variorum. p. 75. ISBN 9780860785071.
  81. ^ Satish Chandra (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One. Har-Anand Publications. p. 187. ISBN 9788124110645.
  82. ^ Yazdani, 1947, pp. 10.
  83. ^ Radhey Shyam (1966). The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 17. ISBN 9788120826519.
  84. ^ Dr. Shivakumar V. Uppe (2022). BRIEF CULTURAL HISTORY OF BASAVAKALYANA. ISBN 9781387847860.
  85. ^ Pran Nath Chopra, T. K. Ravindran, N. Subrahmanian (1979). History of South India: Medieval period. S. Chand. p. 75.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  86. ^ Yazdani, 1947, pp. 10-11.
  87. ^ John Bowman (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 276.
  88. ^ Haig, 1925, pp. 425-426.
  89. ^ Eaton, Richard M. A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives. p. 88.
  90. ^ P. M. Kemp (1958). Bharat-Rus: An Introduction to Indo-Russian Contracts and Travels from Mediaeval Times to the October Revolution. ISCUS. p. 20.
  91. ^ Victor Lieberman (2003). Strange Parallels: Volume 2, Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands. p. 730. ISBN 9780521823524.
  92. ^ Annual Report. Archaeological Survey of India. 1916. p. 138.
  93. ^ Haig, 1925, pp. 391, 397-398.
  94. ^ Sewell, Robert. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar) pp.57-58.
  95. ^ "Proving their mettle in metal craft". The Times of India. 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  96. ^ (N. H. Ansari) (August 24, 2011). Encyclopaedia Iranica: BAHMANID DYNASTY.
  97. ^ Emma J. Flatt (2019). The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates. p. 80. ISBN 9781108481939.
  98. ^ أ ب Yazdani, 1947, pp. 114-142.
  99. ^ Sara Mondini (2016). "The Use of Quranic Inscriptions in the Bahmani Royal Mausoleums The Case of Three Tombstones from Ashtur". Eurasiatica. 4. doi:10.14277/6969-085-3/EUR-4-12.
  100. ^ أ ب Haroon Khan Sherwani (1946). "The Bahmanis Of The Deccan-An Objective Study". Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

Wikiquote-logo.svg اقرأ اقتباسات ذات علاقة بسلطنة بهمن، في معرفة الاقتباس.

قالب:Telangana

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=سلطنة_بهمن&oldid=2917357"