سلطان

Sultan Bayezid: Ottoman Empire - Oil on Canvas by Haydar Hatemi-1999

سلطان بالإنجليزية Sultan ، هو لفظ يطلق على الحاكم في العهود الإسلامية وإبان الخلافة.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الحكم الإسلامي في إطار الشريعة

حسين كامل، سلطان مصر، 1914-1917.

ألقاب الحكم المركبة

السلاطين والسلطنات السابقة

Artistic representation of Saladin, the first Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria.

الأناضول وآسيا الوسطى

Ghaznavid Sultanate
Sultans of Great Seljuk
Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Sultans (becoming padishahs) of the Ottoman Empire, the Osmanli

Caucasus

Elisu Sultanate and a few others. A Sultan ranked below a Khan.

Levant and Arabian peninsula

H.M. Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, the current Sultan of Oman from the Al Said dynasty.

in Syria:
- Ayyubid Sultans
- Mamluk Sultans
in present-day Yemen, various small sultanates of the former British Aden Protectorate and South Arabia:

Audhali, Fadhli, Haushabi, Kathiri, Lahej, Lower Aulaqi, Lower Yafa, Mahra, Qu'aiti, Subeihi, Upper Aulaqi, Upper Yafa and the Wahidi sultanates

in present-day Saudi Arabia :
- Sultans of Nejd
- Sultans of the Hejaz
Oman – Sultan of Oman (authentically referred to as Hami), on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula, still an independent sultanate, since 1744 (assumed the formal title of Sultan in 1861)

North Africa

Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco.

in Algeria: sultanate of Tuggurt
in Egypt:
- Ayyubid Sultans
- Mamluk Sultans
in Morocco, until Mohammed V changed the style to Malik (king) on 14 August 1957, maintaining the subsidiary style Amir al-Mu´minin (Commander of the Faithful)
in Sudan:
- Darfur
- Dar al-Masalit
- Dar Qimr
- Funj Sultanate of Sinnar (Sennar)
- Kordofan
in Chad:
- Bag(u)irmi (main native title: Mbang)
- Wada'i (main native title: Kolak), successor state to Birgu
- Dar Sila (actually a wandering group of tribes)

Horn of Africa

Mohamoud Ali Shire, the 26th Sultan of the Somali Warsangali Sultanate

Adal Sultanate, in northwestern Somalia, southern Djibouti, and the Somali, Oromia, Harari, and Afar regions of Ethiopia
Ajuran Sultanate, in southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia
Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia), in northern Somalia
Marehan Sultanate, in northern Somalia
Sultanate of the Geledi, in southern Somalia
Sultanate of Aussa, in northeastern Ethiopia
Sultanate of Harar, in eastern Ethiopia
Sultanate of Hobyo, in Somalia
Sultanate of Ifat, in eastern Ethiopia
Sultanate of Mogadishu, in south-central Somalia
Sultanate of Showa, in central Ethiopia
Warsangali Sultanate, in northern Somalia

Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean

Angoche Sultanate, on the Mozambiquan coast (also several neighbouring sheikdoms)
various sultans on the Comoros; however on the Comoros, the normally used styles were alternative native titles, including Mfalme, Phany or Jambé and the 'hegemonic' title Sultani tibe
the Maore (or Mawuti) sultanate on Mayotte (separated from the Comoros)

Maliki

This was the alternative native style (apparently derived from malik, the Arabic word for "king") of the sultans of the Kilwa Sultanate, in Tanganyika (presently the continental part of Tanzania).

Swahili Coast

Sultanate of Zanzibar: two incumbents (from the Omani dynasty) since the de facto separation from Oman in 1806, the last assumed the title Sultan in 1861 at the formal separation under British auspices; since 1964 union with Tanganyika (part of Tanzania)

Mfalume is the (Ki)Swahili title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan:

in Kenya:
- Pate on part of Pate island (capital also named Pate), in the Lamu Archipelago
- Wituland, came under German, then British protectorate
in Tanganyika (presently part of Tanzania): of Hadimu, on the island of that name; also styled Jembe

Sultani

This was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe a female sultan

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West and Central Africa

In Cameroon:
- Bamoun (Bamun, 17th century, founded uniting 17 chieftaincies) 1918 becomes a sultanate, but in 1923 re-divided into the 17 original chieftaincies.
- Bibemi, founded in 1770 - initially styled lamido
- Mandara Sultanate, since 1715 (replacing Wandala kingdom); 1902 Part of Cameroon
- Rey Bouba Sultanate founded 1804
in the Central African Republic:
- Bangassou created c.1878; 14 June 1890 under Congo Free State protectorate, 1894 under French protectorate; 1917 Sultanate suppressed by the French.
- Dar al-Kuti - French protectorate since December 12, 1897
- Rafai c.1875 Sultanate, 8 April 1892 under Congo Free State protectorate, March 31, 1909 under French protectorate; 1939 Sultanate suppressed
- Zemio c.1872 established; December 11, 1894 under Congo Free State protectorate, April 12, 1909 under French protectorate; 1923 Sultanate suppressed
in Niger: Arabic alternative title of the following autochthonous rulers:
- the Amenokal of the Aïr confederation of Tuareg
- the Sarkin Damagaram since the 1731 founding of the Sultanate of Damagaram (Zinder)
in Nigeria most monarchies previously had native titles, but when most in the north converted to Islam, Muslim titles were adopted, such as emir and sometimes sultan.
- in Borno (alongside the native title Mai)
- since 1817 in Sokoto, the suzerain (also styled Amir al-Mu´minin and Sarkin Musulmi) of all Fulbe jihad states and premier traditional Muslim leader in the Sahel (according to some once a caliph)

Southern Asia

Sultan Ali Khan Bahadur, grandson of Nawab H.H Noor ul Umrah and son of Nawab Shujaath Ali Khan

In India:

Bahmani Sultanate
Sultanate of Bengal
the Deccan sultanates: Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda and Ahmednagar
Delhi Sultanate: several dynasties, the last (Mughal) became imperial Padshah-i Hind
Sultanate of Gujarat
Sultanate of Jaunpur
Sultanate of Kandesh
Sultanate of Malwa
Sultanate of Mysore, Tipu Sultan

In the Maldives:

Maldives Sultanate

Southeast and East Asia

Hamengkubuwono X, the incumbent Sultan of Yogyakarta

Pakubuwono XII, last undisputed Susuhunan of Surakarta

Sultan Saifuddin of Tidore

In Indonesia (formerly in the Dutch East Indies):

On Kalimantan
- Sultanate of Banjar
- Sultanate of Berau
- Sultanate of Bulungan
- Sultanate of Gunung Tabur
- Sultanate of Kubu
- Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara
- Sultanate of Mempawah
- Sultanate of Paser
- Sultanate of Pontianak
- Sultanate of Sambaliung
- Sultanate of Sambas
On Sulawesi
- Sultanate of Buton
- Sultanate of Bone
- Sultanate of Gowa
- Sultanate of Luwu
- Sultanate of Soppeng
- Sultanate of Wajo
On Java
- Sultanate of Banten
- Sultanate of Cirebon - the rulers in three of the four palaces (kraton), from which divided Cirebon was ruled: Kraton Kasepuhan, Kraton Kanoman and Kraton Kacirebonan (only in Kraton Kaprabonan was the ruler's title Panembahan)
- Sultanate of Demak
- Sultanate of Pajang
- Sumedang Larang Kingdom
- Sultanate of Mataram (was divided into two kingdoms: the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Sunanan Surakarta)
  - Sultanate of Yogyakarta (The Divine Sultanate of which its ruler Sri Sultan Hamengkubowono is considered a divine being, a half God)^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}
  - Sunanate of Surakarta (susuhunan, a high-ranked monarch, equivalent to emperor)
- Sultanate of Jayakarta (also known as Sunda Kelapa; modern-day Jakarta)
On Madura island: Pamekasan
In the Maluku Islands
- Sultanate of Iha (Saparua)
- Sultanate of Honimoa/ Siri Sori (Saparua)
- Sultanate of Huamual (West Seram)
- Sultanate of Tanah Hitu (Ambon)
- Sultanate of Ternate
- Sultanate of Tidore
- Sultanate of Bacan
- Sultanate of Jilolo
- Sultanate of Loloda, later occupied by Ternate
In the Nusa Tenggara
- Sultanate of Bima on Sumbawa island
In the Riau archipelago: sultanate of Lingga-Riau by secession in 1818 under the expelled sultan of Johore (on Malaya) Sultan Abdul Rahman Muadzam Syah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud
In Sumatra
- Sultanate of Aceh (full style Sultan Berdaulat Zillullah fil-Alam), which had many vassal states
- Sultanate of Asahan
- Awak Sungai, established 17th century at the split in four of Minangkabau, in 1816 extinguished by Netherlands East Indies colonial government
- Sultanate of Deli since 1814, earlier Aceh's vassal as Aru
- Sultanate of Indragiri
- Sultanate of Langkat since 1817 (previous style Raja)
- Sultanate of Palembang (Darussalam), also holding the higher title of Susuhunan
- Sultanate of Pagaruyung
- Sultanate of Pelalawan
- Sultanate of Perlak
- Sultanate of Riau-Lingga
- Sultanate of Samudera Pasai
- Sultanate of Serdang
- Sultanate of Siak Sri Inderapura

In Malaysia:

In Peninsular Malaysia, where all nine of the country's present sultanates are located:
Furthermore, the ruler of Luak Jelebu, one of the constitutive states of the Negeri Sembilan confederation, had the style Sultan in addition to his principal title Undang Luak Jelebu.

In Brunei:

Sultan of Brunei, Brunei (on Borneo island)

In China:

Dali, Yunnan, capital of the short-lived Panthay Rebellion
- Furthermore, the Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin (Leader of the Community of Muslims) of Pingnan Guo ("Pacified South State", a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province) is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan.

In the Philippines:

Sultanate of Buayan
Sultanate of Maguindanao
Sultanate of Sulu (Sulu, Basilan, Palawan and Tawi-Tawi islands and part of eastern Sabah on North Borneo)
Sultanate of Ranaw (Sultan ko Pat a Pangampong a Ranao)

في تايلند:

السلطنات ذات السيادة الحالية

بروناي
Indonesia – Sultan of Yogyakarta Special Region is governor of that province
ماليزيا
- Sultan is the title of seven (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu) of the nine rulers of the Malay states. The federal head of state the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, is elected (de facto rotated) for five years by and among the hereditary state rulers, but is usually styled "king" in foreign countries; political power, however, lies with the prime minister. See also: Malay titles
Oman, an Arabian nation, formerly sultanate of Muscat and Oman

In some parts of the Middle East and North Africa, there still exist regional sultans or people who are descendants of sultans and who are styled as such.

الإمارة والألقاب الأرستقراطية

The Sultan Valide.

رتبة عسكرية

الإستعمال في الثقافة الغربية الشائعة

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

انظر أيضا

ألقاب إسلامية أخرى

أخرى

HMS Sultan (بحرية ملكية)
Sultan, a GWR Iron Duke Class steam locomotive
سلطنة
Sultans of Swing

المصادر والمراجع

قالب:List of titles and honours of the Countries Crown

الكلمات الدالة:

تايلند