ستارا زاگورا

Coordinates: 42°26′N 25°39′E / 42.433°N 25.650°E / 42.433; 25.650
هذا المقال هو عن the Bulgarian city. إذا كنت تريد Bulgarian province of the same name، انظر Stara Zagora Province.
Stara Zagora
Стара Загора
City
View of the city from the monument "The Defenders of Stara Zagora"
View of the city from the monument "The Defenders of Stara Zagora"
علم Stara Zagora
Flag
درع Stara Zagora
Coat of arms
Location of Stara Zagora
Location of Stara Zagora
Stara Zagora
Location of Stara Zagora
Location of Stara Zagora
Stara Zagora
الإحداثيات: 42°26′N 25°39′E / 42.433°N 25.650°E / 42.433; 25.650
CountryBulgaria
ProvinceStara Zagora
الحكومة
 • MayorJivko Todorov (GERB)
المنسوب
196 m (643 ft)
التعداد
 (2015)[1]
 • الإجمالي158٬563
 • Urban
231٬423
 • Metro
315٬133
منطقة التوقيتUTC+2 (EET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal Code
6000
مفتاح الهاتف042
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.starazagora.bg

Stara Zagora (بالبلغارية: Стара Загора, تـُنطـَق [ˈstarɐ zɐˈɡɔrɐ]) is the fifth-largest agglomeration in Bulgaria,[2] and the administrative capital of the homonymous Stara Zagora Province located in the historical region of Thrace.

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Name

The name comes from the Slavic root star ("old") and the name of the medieval region of Zagore ("beyond the [Balkan] mountains" in Slavic)[3]

The walls of Ulpia Augusta Traiana over a modern map

The original name was Beroe, which was changed to Ulpia Augusta Traiana by the Romans. From the 6th century the city was called Vereja and, from 784, Irenopolis in honour of the Byzantine empress Irene of Athens. In the Middle Ages it was called Boruj by the Bulgarians and later, Železnik. The Turks called it Eski Hisar (old fort) and Eski Zagra, from which its current name derives, assigned in 1871.


History

Auditorium of the Antique Forum

The original Thracian settlement dates from the 5-4th century BC when it was called Beroe or Beroia.

The city was founded by Phillip II of Macedon in 342 BC.[4][5][6][7]

Under the Roman Empire, the city was renamed Ulpia Augusta Traiana in honour of emperor Trajan. The city grew to its largest extent under Marcus Aurelius (161-180) and became the capital of the Roman provinces of Thrace and Europe. Its status and importance is evidenced by the visits of several emperors including Septimius Severus (193-211), Caracalla (211-217), and Diocletian (294-305).

The Battle of Beroe was fought near the city in 250 resulting in a Gothic Victory.[8] It was probably after this event that the city walls were doubled like other cities in the region (e.g. Diocletianopolis, Serdica).

In the 2nd-3rd century the city had its own coin mint showing its importance.

In 377, in the Gothic War (376-382), the Goths marched on Beroe to attack the Roman general Frigiderus but his scouts detected the invaders and he promptly withdrew to Illyria.[9] The city was destroyed but rebuilt by Justinian.[10]

John's Byzantine army, and many of the captives, were settled as foederati within the Byzantine frontier.

In 1208 the Bulgarians defeated the Latin Empire in the battle of Boruy, also fought nearby.

The Ottomans conquered Stara Zagora in 1371. A grade school was built in 1840 and the city's name was changed to Zheleznik (Железник; a Slavic translation of Beroe) in 1854 instead of the Turkish Eskizağra (Also called Zağra-i Atik), but was renamed once again to Stara Zagora in 1870. It was an administrative centre in Edirne Vilayet before 1878 as "Zağra-i Atik".[11] After the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule in 1878, it became part of autonomous Eastern Rumelia as a department centre before the two Bulgarian states finally merged in 1886 as a result of the Unification of Bulgaria.

31 July 1877 is a tragic date in the city's history: the first major clash between the two belligerent armies of the Russo-Turkish_War took place near Stara Zagora. The 48,000 Turkish army advanced on the town, which was defended only by a small Russian detachment and a unit of Bulgarian volunteers. After a six-hour fight for Stara Zagora, the Russian soldiers and Bulgarian volunteers surrendered to the pressure of the larger enemy army. The town then experienced its greatest tragedy. The armed Turkish army carried out a massacre against the unarmed civilians. The city was burned down and razed to the ground during the three days following the battle. 14,500 Bulgarians from the town and villages south of the town were massacred. Another 10,000 young women and girls were sold in the slave markets of the Ottoman Empire. All Christian temples were attacked with artillery and burned. The only public building surviving the fire was the mosque, Eski Dzhamiya, which still stands today. This is possibly the largest and worst massacre documented in the Bulgarian history and one of the most tragic moments of the Bulgarians. While the people of Bulgaria lost this particular battle for Stara Zagora, they did ultimately win the war. Today, several monuments commemorate the forces that fought against the Ottoman Empire in this conflict.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Ancient monuments

Model of south west quarter showing double walls and Antique forum with "auditorium"
Main street of Augusta Traiana
“Dionysus’s Procession” mosaic from 4th century house

Many of the monuments from the Roman city have been excavated and are visible in situ today and include:[12]

  • City walls
  • The "Antique" Forum
  • Roman city streets and buildings
  • The Roman Baths
  • 4th-6th c. public building with mosaics
  • 4th c. private house with mosaics of Silenus with Bacchantes and of Dionysus's Procession[13]
  • South city gate
  • Thracian Tomb

Overlooking the "antique" forum is an unusual building in the form of a monumental auditorium in the shape of a theatre.

Geography and climate

Stara Zagora is the administrative centre of its municipality and the Stara Zagora Province. It is about 231 kilometres (144 mi) from Sofia, near the Bedechka river in the historic region of Thrace.

The city is in an area of a mediterranean climate that is near humid subtropical climate. The average yearly temperature is about 14 °C (57 °F).

Climate data for Stara Zagora (2002-2014)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.5
(43.7) 		8.7
(47.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		18.6
(65.5) 		24.5
(76.1) 		28.0
(82.4) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.2
(88.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		7.8
(46.0) 		19.3
(66.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6) 		3.5
(38.3) 		8.0
(46.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		13.0
(55.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		3.1
(37.6) 		8.2
(46.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.8
(65.8) 		14.5
(58.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		5.8
(42.4) 		1.0
(33.8) 		9.0
(48.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47
(1.9) 		35
(1.4) 		37
(1.5) 		51
(2.0) 		71
(2.8) 		66
(2.6) 		57
(2.2) 		48
(1.9) 		32
(1.3) 		45
(1.8) 		57
(2.2) 		52
(2.0) 		598
(23.6)
Source: [Stringmeteo.com]

Population

Stara Zagora, 1930's

Stara Zagora was possibly the biggest city in today's Bulgarian territory before liberation from Ottoman rule. But the city was burned and destroyed by Turkish army during the Liberation war in 1877–1878. During the first decade after the liberation of Bulgaria, in the 1880s the population of Stara Zagora decreased and numbered about 16,000.[14] Since then it started growing decade by decade, mostly because of the migrants from the rural areas and the surrounding smaller towns, reaching its peak in the period 1989-1991 exceeding 160,000.[15] After this time, the population has started decreasing mostly because of the migration to the capital city of Sofia or abroad.

Stara Zagora
السنة 1887 1910 1934 1946 1956 1965 1975 1985 1992 2001 2005 2009 2011
السكان 16,039 22,003 29,825 38,325 55,094 88,857 122,454 151,163 150,451 143,420 141,597 140,710 138,272
أعلى رقم 151,272 في 1985
Sources: National Statistical Institute,[15][16][17] „citypopulation.de“,[18] „pop-stat.mashke.org“,[19] Bulgarian Academy of Sciences[14]


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Ethnic linguistic and religious composition

According to the latest 2011 census data, individuals who declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows:[20][21]

  • Bulgarians: 117,963 (93.2%)
  • Romani: 5,430 (4.3%)
  • Turks: 1,965 (1.6%)
  • Others: 579 (0.5%)
  • Indefinable: 617 (0.5%)
  • Undeclared: 11,718 (8.5%)

Total: 138,272

Sports

PFC Beroe Stara Zagora is a football club in Stara Zagora. It was established in 1916 and plays at Beroe Stadium. The team is a member of the First Professional Football League. Beroe has won the Bulgarian Cup two times (2009-2010 and 2012-2013).[22][23]

Education

The foundations of higher education in Stara Zagora were laid on October 30, 1974. Today in the western part of the city is located the Thracian University. Its structure includes the Faculty of Medicine, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, the Faculty of Economics, the Faculty of Pedagogy and the Faculty of Agriculture. A Student City was built for the needs of the students.

Main sights

A Communist era statue at a park in the centre of town.

Districts

Districts of Stara Zagora
  • Bedechka - Gradinski (Бедечка - Градински, named at river Bedechka)
  • Central City Part (includes Supercentre, Chayka & Zagorka) (Централна градска част (Суперцентър, Чайка и Загорка) - Chayka - Sea-gull, Zagorka - named after Zagorka brewery)
  • Makedonski (Македонски - Macedonian) know also as Chumleka (Чумлека)
  • Dabrava (Дъбрава - former village of Dabrava)
  • Eastern Industrial Zone (Източна индустриална зона)
  • Geo Milev (Гео Милев - named after the Bulgarian poet)
  • Golesh (Голеш)
  • Industrial Zone (Индустриална Зона)
  • Kazanski (Казански)
  • Kolyo Ganchev (Кольо Ганчев - named after the famous Bulgarian revolutionary)
  • Lozenets (Лозенец - from лозе - vineyard)
  • Mitropolit Metodiy Kusev (Митрополит Методий Кусев - named after a famous Starozagorian bishop)
  • Opalchenski (Опълченски - Volunteer's district named after Bulgarian voluntary army units) also known as Chaika (Чайка - Sea-Gull)
  • Samara 1, 2 & 3 - (Самара 1, 2 и 3 - named after the sister city of Samara, Russia)
  • Slaveykov (Славейков - named after the famous Bulgarian poet Petko Slaveykov)
  • Studentski grad - (Студентски град - Student town)
  • Tri Chuchura north, centre & south - (Три чучура север, център и юг - "Three spouts")
  • Vasil Levski - (Васил Левски - named after the famous Bulgarian revolutionary)
  • Vazrazhdane - (Възраждане - Renaissance)
  • Zheleznik (small & big) (Железник - like one of the former names of the city)
  • Zora (Зора - Dawn)

Future districts :

  • Atyuren (Атюрен - future district of the city)
  • Bogomilovo (Богомилово - village of Bogomilovo)
  • Hrishteni (Хрищени - village of Hrishteni)
  • Malka Vereya (Малка Верея - Vereya - old name of the city, Malka - small, village of Malka Vereya)

Notable people

Other

Twin towns and sister cities

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria

Stara Zagora is twinned with:[26]

Stara Zagora official day

Every year October 5 is celebrated as the official day of Stara Zagora with multiple events, concerts, activities for kids and a fair.

See also


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References

  1. ^ "Population by districts, municipalities, place of residence and sex". NSI. 2015-12-31. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
  2. ^ [1] (page 39) Archived سبتمبر 30, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "Стара Загора" (in البلغارية). Верея Тур. Archived from the original on 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  4. ^ Women and slaves in Greco-Roman culture: differential equations by Sandra Rae Joshel, Sheila Murnaghan,1998,page 214,"Philip II founded cities at Beroe, Kabyle, and Philippopolis in 342/1, and Aegean-style urban life began to penetrate Thrace".
  5. ^ Late Roman villas in the Danube-Balkan region by Lynda Mulvin,2002,page 19,"Other roads went through Beroe (founded by Philip II of Macedon) "
  6. ^ Philip of Macedon by Louïza D. Loukopoulou,1980,page 98,"Upriver in the valley between the Rhodope and Haimos Philip founded Beroe (Stara Zagora) and Philippolis (Plovdiv)".
  7. ^ The cities in Thrace and Dacia in late antiquity: (studies and materials) by Velizar Iv Velkov,1977,page 128,"Founded by Philipp 11 on the site of an old Thracian settlement, it has existed without interruption from that time".
  8. ^ The History of Zonaras: From Alexander Severus to the Death of Theodosius, Thomas Banchich, Eugene Lane, ISBN 1134424736, 9781134424733 p 94
  9. ^ Coombs-Hoar, Adrian (2015). Eagles in the Dust: The Roman Defeat at Adrianopolis AD 378. Pen and Sword. p 62-3
  10. ^ "Augusta Traiana (Stara Zagora) - Livius".
  11. ^ http://acikarsiv.ankara.edu.tr/fulltext/3066.pdf[dead link][dead link]
  12. ^ Historical sites: https://web.archive.org/web/20110724082217/http://museum.starazagora.net/English/brunches/Ebrunches.html
  13. ^ http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/08/27/bulgarias-stara-zagora-unveils-restored-ancient-mosaics-from-roman-city-augusta-traiana-showing-silenus-with-bacchantes/
  14. ^ أ ب (in بلغارية) Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ أ ب (in بلغارية)[2]
  16. ^ "Таблици на населението по настоящ и по постоянен адрес". ГД ГРАО. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
  17. ^ (in إنگليزية) Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - 2014
  18. ^ (in إنگليزية) „WorldCityPopulation“
  19. ^ ""pop-stat.mashke.org"".
  20. ^ (in بلغارية) Population on 01.02.2011 by provinces, municipalities, settlements and age; National Statistical Institute
  21. ^ Population by province, municipality, settlement and ethnic identification, by 01.02.2011; Bulgarian National Statistical Institute (in بلغارية)
  22. ^ Website: /beroe.eu
  23. ^ "Loading". www.tararadam.com.[dead link]
  24. ^ "Neolithic Dwellings". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24.
  25. ^ "Vesselin Stoykov - Offiziele Webseite » Home". www.vesselin-stoykov.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
  26. ^ "Побратимени градове на община Стара Загора". starazagora.bg (in البلغارية). Stara Zagora. Retrieved 2019-10-29.

External links

قالب:Stara Zagora Province

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