ريوس

Coordinates: 41°09′22″N 1°06′29″E / 41.156°N 1.108°E / 41.156; 1.108
For other uses, see ريوس (توضيح).
Reus
Municipality
Monument to Joan Prim
Monument to Joan Prim
علم Reus
Flag
درع Reus
Coat of arms
Location of Reus in Catalonia
Location of Reus in Catalonia
Reus is located in قطلونيا
Reus
Reus
Location in Catalonia
الإحداثيات: 41°09′22″N 1°06′29″E / 41.156°N 1.108°E / 41.156; 1.108
Country إسپانيا
Community كتالونيا
ProvinceTarragona
ComarcaBaix Camp
الحكومة
 • MayorCarles Pellicer Punyed (2015)[1] (Junts)
المساحة
[2]
 • الإجمالي52٫8 كم² (20٫4 ميل²)
المنسوب
134 m (440 ft)
التعداد
 ()[3]
صفة المواطنReusenc
ClimateCsa
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.reus.cat
Click on the map for a fullscreen view

Reus (النطق القطلاني: [ˈrɛws]) is the capital of Baix Camp, in the province of Tarragona, in Catalonia, Spain. The area has always been an important producer of wines and spirits, and gained continental importance at the time of the Phylloxera plague. Nowadays it is known for its commercial activity, for being a centre for rock-climbing and as the birthplace of architect Antoni Gaudí.

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الاسم

The origin of the name is a source of discussion. One of the theories is that Reus comes from the Latin word used to describe convict prisoners (reus), and as such, it would be a Roman penitentiary. Currently, the most accepted theory is that the name has Celtic roots, from the root red that originated the name redis (or reddis), that would approximately mean place in the way / place in the roads, or said alternatively, an inhabited place in a cross-road.


التاريخ

التأسيس والتاريخ المبكر

Around 1150 Robert d'Aguiló repopulated the region of Reus, after receiving it on 3 June 1154. On 5 June 1154 the archbishop of Tarragona gave two-thirds of Reus to Bertran de Castellet, as a castellan, with the order to build a church. On 29 June 1159, the distribution of income from ecclesiastical goods, the third of its Reus parish of Santa Maria was awarded to the camerlengo, starting the duplicity of governing the town. The camerlengo has the third of Reus parish. At this time the city was known as Redis or Reddis. The castellan Bernat de Bell-lloc gave the title of town to Reus on 3 August 1183, giving the ownership of houses and gardens, establishing a census to pay for farmland and reserving justice, but recognizing its vassalage towards the archbishopric of Tarragona. On 2 June 1186 the camerlengo Joan de Santboi confirmed the rights given by the castellan Bernard de Bell-lloc.

Camerlengo, Popes and Archbishops of Tarragona

In 1305 Reus revolted against the Archbishop Rodrigo Tello, who wanted that the citizens of Reus pay for rebuilding the walls of Tarragona. In 1309 the king of Aragon gave to Reus the right to do market on Mondays. The dynasty of Bell-lloc castellans became extinct in 1327 and then Bernard de Cabrera became the new castellan, but in 1335 the castellan was sold to Pere Mulet, who lost it on 1345. Pere Mulet heirs sold their rights to Bernat d'Olzinelles in 1349. The camerlengo Pere Roger de Belfort disputed domain to the Archbishop López de Ayerbe, which sent an army that decimated the town. A second attack was repulsed. A third attack led military occupation of the town and Reus was sacked. The camerlengo Pere Roger de Belfort, nephew of Pope Clement VI, who was living in Avignon with his uncle, he persuaded the Pope to call the archbishop of Tarragona and the Pope received a commitment for peace. Pere Roger de Belfort gave the roses of his coat to coat of arms of the town and later he became Pope Gregory XI, keeping it as a camerlengo of Reus, so the coat of arms was crowned with adorned with papal tiara and keys of St. Peter.

Coat of arms, 1567

حرب الثورة القطلانية والأرشدوق كارلوس

At the beginning of the Catalan Revolt war the town had 1200 houses, but reduced to 800 by the end of the war. On 16 December 1640 was declared an enemy of the fatherland by the Parliament and confiscated the goods of the inhabitants, as a response to the inactive participation in the war. In 1641 it was occupied by the French general La Mothe.

Reus was loyal to Philip V until 1705, but this year, under the direction of Joan Nebot, revolted in favor of the Archduke Charles. On 3 July 1706 the Archduke Charles came to the town. In 1707 fell shortly to the Bourbons, but in 1709 Reus surrendered to the Spanish and French Bourbons. In 1710 Reus returned again to the field of Archduke Charles. On 5 June 1712 the wife of the Archduke, Elisabeth Christine, gave the title of imperial city to Reus. In 1713 Reus was occupied finally by the Bourbon.

النمو في القرن الثامن عشر

In the eighteenth century Reus had phenomenal growth and became the second city of the principality of Catalonia. The walls were completely demolished in 1766. The town developed the textile trade and the liquor trade. In this last contribution was the first center, the others were London and Paris. From this time it's the popular sentence "Reus, Paris and London”, because Reus was one of the centers of the liquor marquet. The construction of a canal between Reus and Salou, proposed by Pere Sunyer was granted in 1805, but it was stopped because of the French War. At this time Reus had consulates in the United States, Liguria, England, Holland, Sweden, Ragusa, Denmark, Sicily, the Papal States, France, Portugal, Naples and Prussia.

القرنان 19 و 20

Francisco Franco in Reus, 1940

In 1854 the Reus Gas Company was founded. In 1856 the railway between Reus and Tarragona was built. In 1884 the Catalan Association of Reus was founded and in 1893 was celebrated the Assembly of the Unió Catalana. In 1886 Pau Font de Rubinat founded the Catalan newspaper Lo Somatent. In 1895 the phylloxera killed big areas of vineyards in the region of Reus and many of this areas were changed to hazelnuts.

In 1931 Reus voted for the republic. In 1936 Francisco Franco bombed the city until his rebel army occupied the city on 15 January 1939, starting with the dictatorship of Franco until his death in 1975.

The first democratic mayor after Franco was Carles Martí Massagué, lawyer of Reus. In 1983 Anton Borrell Marcó was the new mayor of the city, but he died in a car accident on the road from Reus to Cambrils, then his successor was Juan Maria Roig. After him, Josep Abelló Padró was the mayor until 1999, replaced by Lluís Miquel Pérez Segura, who occupied the position until 2011, when the current mayor, Carles Pellicer i Punyed, started.

السكان

Reus was for long the second city of Catalonia with a population of 14,440 in 1787 and 27,257 in 1860. It was overtaken by Tarragona and Lleida between 1900 and 1930. The population barely grew between 1920 and 1930, with 30,266 and 35,950 inhabitants, respectively. From then, the population growth has been substantial, from 41,014 inhabitants in 1960 to 108,100 inhabitants that the city has as of the end of 2008. Immigration, mostly from Marrakesh,[4][5] has been a portion of that increase. About 6% are Muslim and 8% from other religions.

According to the 2006 official Spanish census (source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística), Reus is the 9th most populous city in Catalonia and the 59th in Spain.

1900 1930 1950 1970 1986 2006 2011
26,681 31,299 35,950 59,904 81,145 101,767 106,709

المناخ

Reus has a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate, the Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Csa.[6]

Climate data for مطار ريوس (REU) weather station (1981-2010) (between Reus - 3 km (1.86 mi) and Tarragona - 7 km (4.35 mi))
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.7
(76.5) 		25.0
(77.0) 		27.7
(81.9) 		30.2
(86.4) 		32.8
(91.0) 		36.8
(98.2) 		37.4
(99.3) 		39.8
(103.6) 		33.8
(92.8) 		32.5
(90.5) 		28.8
(83.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		39.8
(103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.1
(57.4) 		14.9
(58.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.3
(79.3) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		26.3
(79.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		17.5
(63.5) 		14.6
(58.3) 		21.1
(70.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.0
(48.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.2
(63.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.6
(76.3) 		21.5
(70.7) 		17.5
(63.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		9.7
(49.5) 		16.1
(61.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		6.6
(43.9) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.1
(61.0) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.7
(67.5) 		16.6
(61.9) 		12.7
(54.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		4.7
(40.5) 		11.1
(52.0)
Record low °C (°F) −7.6
(18.3) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		1.0
(33.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		7.4
(45.3) 		10.5
(50.9) 		10.8
(51.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−8.0
(17.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 29
(1.1) 		28
(1.1) 		28
(1.1) 		37
(1.5) 		54
(2.1) 		25
(1.0) 		15
(0.6) 		42
(1.7) 		77
(3.0) 		75
(3.0) 		53
(2.1) 		36
(1.4) 		500
(19.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 4 4 4 5 5 3 2 4 5 6 4 4 50
Average relative humidity (%) 70 68 67 66 66 63 63 66 70 73 72 72 68
Mean monthly sunshine hours 157 162 197 222 251 274 306 265 209 182 157 145 2٬527
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[7]


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الاقتصاد

Fot-Li Vermouth is made and bottled in Reus[8]

During the 19th and 20th centuries Reus became known as one of the world's major centers of liquor production, and was home to over 30 producers of vermouth.[9] Today Reus is home to major exporters of vermouth including Yzaguirre, Iris (Muller), Miró, and Fot-Li.[9][8]

الأعياد

The "Nanos" of Reus.

The principal Reus festivity is Sant Pere on June 29, declared of National Touristic Interest. One of the most characteristic and popular acts of these festivities is the so-called tronada, which is a series of 29 little mortars masclets with bangers interleaved, arranged linearly around the Mercadal square (where the city hall is located), united by a hand craft gunpowder line. This line ends in a square shape in front of the city hall, with more bangers and 9 more masclets. Also, on September 25, the Mare de Déu de la Misericòrdia is held.

Other noteworthy festivities are the Carnival and the Anada a l'Antiga towards Salou. Most of the neighborhoods have their own festivities.

Besides the major festivities, Reus holds many festivals, for example Cos, a festival dedicated to mime, or El Trapezi, a festival with circus spectacles. In every odd numbered year the Reus Institut Municipal d’Accio Cultural presents the Biennals Internacionals de Fotografia Medalla Gaudi. This bi-annual exhibition features fine art photographers from around the world working in Alternative Photographic Processes (such as Platinum Printing, Gum Dichromate, Etc.). At each Biennal they award the Medalla Gaudi award to a select few artists and purchase their work for the Institut Municipal d’Accio Cultural's permanent collection.

المعالم

Casa Navàs.
Casa Rull.
Escoles Prat de la Riba, designed by Pere Caselles i Tarrats (1911).

الصروح الحديثة القطلانية

The city of Reus has many Catalan modernist buildings. Although Antoni Gaudí was born in Reus, there are no buildings designed by him; there are, however, numerous modernist buildings from his colleagues as Lluís Domènech i Montaner, Pere Caselles i Tarrats and Pere Domènech Roura.

مناظر أخرى

  • Castell del Cambrer
  • Campanar de Reus
  • Town Hall
  • Palau Bofarull
  • Centre de Lectura
  • Museu Salvador Vila-seca
  • Teatre Fortuny
  • مركز گاودي

الرياضة

The city has a roller hockey team Reus Deportiu, one of the most important in Spain, and dispute the main league OK Liga.

The association football team was CF Reus Deportiu.[10]

The Barcelona Dragons of the European League of Football plan to play their home games at the local Estadi Municipal.

السياحة

The market square.

In recent years, tourism in Reus has expanded as more and more people come to the Costa Daurada region for their summer holidays or some winter sun. Nowadays, the largest group of tourists comes from Russia, followed by France and Holland.[11]

Reus is close to the resort town of Salou and one of Europe's biggest theme resort at PortAventura World. Tour companies and buses operate services to Reus from tourist destinations in the region such as Salou, La Pineda and Cambrils.

The accommodation in Reus consists of small hotels, hostels, and major chained hotels owned by NH Hoteles and Hotusa Group.

Recently Reus Airport has started to receive low cost flights from Ryanair that fly to Reus from many different European locations and North Africa. The airport also receives major charter flights from the United Kingdom. Barcelona Airport is another airport which serves the area for those destinations not served by Reus Airport.

النقل

The city is served by مطار ريوس.

علم ريوس

The first flag of Reus was in use from 1774 to 1943. The flag was dark red with the city arms in the centre.

In 1943 the flag was changed because the color red seemed to be associated with the left, defeated in the civil war (1936–39). As the historic city arms were argent with a heraldic rose the new flag was white with a heraldic rose in the center. Minor changes to the rose in the flag were made after 1943.

Currently the rose has a new version, taken from the city emblem. The emblem itself has official status. This presumably also applies to the flag, but this has not been confirmed by the local government.


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أشخاص بارزون

المدن التوأم

Reus is twinned with:[12]

المراجع

  • This article incorporates information from the revision as of 19 August 2010 of the equivalent article on the Catalan Wikipedia.
  • Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). Guia de Catalunya, Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan).
  1. ^ "Ajuntament de Reus". Generalitat of Catalonia. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  2. ^ "El municipi en xifres: Reus". Statistical Institute of Catalonia. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  3. ^ {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help)
  4. ^ Benzawi, Nouari. "Spain's Muslim Business Owners Feel Squeezed By New Zoning Proposals". NPR.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-01-18.
  5. ^ "Catalonia Deportation Case Brings 'Identity Politics' in Spain to New Low - Our World". ourworld.unu.edu. Retrieved 2019-01-18.
  6. ^ Climate Summary for Reus, Spain
  7. ^ "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Tarragona - Reús / Aeropuerto".
  8. ^ أ ب "Vermouth Fot-li". Alegre Wines & Spirits. Alegre Wines & Spirits. Retrieved 23 April 2020. Vermouth made and bottled in Reus, the cradle of fine vermouth.
  9. ^ أ ب "The Spirited History Of The Vermouth De Reus". CultureTrip. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  10. ^ tarragonadigital.com. "CF Reus Deportiu". tarragonadigital.com (in الكتالانية). Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  11. ^ Tourism in Reus|http://www.reusdigital.cat/index.php?command=show_news&news_id=14564
  12. ^ [1], sister cities in website of City Council of Reus

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