ريبينسك

Coordinates: 58°03′N 38°50′E / 58.050°N 38.833°E / 58.050; 38.833
"Ribinsk" redirects here. For the steamship, see SS Ribinsk.
Rybinsk
Рыбинск
City[1]
Volga River. Rybinsk. Transfiguration Cathedral P5213078 2200.jpg
Volga River. Rybinsk, lock P5213135 2200.jpg
Хлебная биржа, вид со стороны площади.jpg
Рыбинск Привокзальная площадь.jpg
Рыбинск, Набережная - panoramio.jpg
Мост в Рыбинске.jpg
من أعلى لأسفل، من اليسار لليمين: Transfiguration Cathedral , Rybinsk Lock , Red Square , Station Square , Rybinsk Embankment , Rybinsk Bridge
علم Rybinsk
Flag
درع Rybinsk
Coat of arms
Location of Rybinsk
Rybinsk is located in روسيا
Rybinsk
Rybinsk
Location of Rybinsk
Rybinsk is located in Yaroslavl Oblast
Rybinsk
Rybinsk
Rybinsk (Yaroslavl Oblast)
الإحداثيات: 58°03′N 38°50′E / 58.050°N 38.833°E / 58.050; 38.833
البلدروسيا
الكيان الاتحاديYaroslavl Oblast[1]
First mentioned1071
City status since1777
الحكومة
 • MayorDmitry Rudakov
المنسوب
100 m (300 ft)
التعداد
 (2010 Census)[2]
 • الإجمالي200٬771
 • Estimate 
(2018)
188٬678 (−6%)
 • الترتيب93rd in 2010
 • Subordinated tocity of oblast significance of Rybinsk[1]
 • Capital ofRybinsky District[1], city of oblast significance of Rybinsk[1]
 • Urban okrugRybinsk Urban Okrug[3]
 • Capital ofRybinsk Urban Okrug[3], Rybinsky Municipal District
منطقة التوقيتUTC+ ([4])
Postal code(s)[5]
152900—152939
Dialing code(s)+7 4855
OKTMO ID78715000001
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.rybinsk.ru

Rybinsk (روسية: Рыбинск, ru) is the second-largest city of Yaroslavl Oblast in Russia. It lies at the confluence of the Volga and Sheksna rivers, 267 kilometres (166 mi) north-north-east of Moscow. Population: 200,771 (تعداد 2010);[2] 222,653 (تعداد 2002);[6] 251,442 (تعداد 1989).[7]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
189725٬000—    
192660٬000+140.0%
1939144٬000+140.0%
1959181٬685+26.2%
1970218٬282+20.1%
1979238٬579+9.3%
1989251٬442+5.4%
2002222٬653−11.4%
2010200٬771−9.8%
2021177٬295−11.7%
Source: Census data

It was previously known as Ust-Sheksna (until 1504), Rybnaya Sloboda (until 1777), Shcherbakov (1946–1957), and Andropov (1984–1989).

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التاريخ

التاريخ المبكر

City center and cathedral in the 19th century

Rybinsk is one of the oldest Slavic settlements on the Volga River. The place was first recorded by chroniclers in 1071 as Ust-Sheksna, i.e. "the mouth of the Sheksna".[بحاجة لمصدر] During this period the settlement was a regional center for craft and metal based produce and for trade. In the mid-13th century, Ust-Sheksna was laid waste by invading Mongols. For the next few centuries, the settlement was referred to alternatively as Ust-Sheksna or Rybansk. From 1504, it was identified in documents as Rybnaya Sloboda (literally: "the fishing village"). The name is explained by the fact that the settlement supplied the Muscovite court with choice sturgeons and sterlets. In the 17th century, when the sloboda was capitalizing on the trade of the Muscovy Company with Western Europe, it was rich enough to build several stone churches, of which only one survives to the present. More old architecture may be found in the neighborhood, including the last of Muscovite three-tented churches (in the Alexandrov Hermitage) and the Ushakov family shrine (on Epiphany Island).

العصر الذهبي

In the 18th century, the sloboda continued to thrive on the Volga trade. Catherine the Great granted Rybnaya Sloboda municipal rights and renamed it Rybinsk. It was a place where the cargo was reloaded from large Volga vessels to smaller boats capable of navigating in the shallow Mariinsk Canal system, which connects the Russian hinterland with the Baltic Sea. With the population of 7,000, the town daily accommodated up to 170,000 sailors and up to 2,000 river vessels. Consequently, the local river port became known as the "capital of barge-haulers".

منظر عام لريبينسك في ع1820

The town's most conspicuous landmark, the Neoclassical Savior-Transfiguration Cathedral, was constructed on the Volga riverside from 1838 until 1851. It was built to a design that the Dean of the Imperial Academy of Arts, Avraam Melnikov, had prepared for Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg. After Melnikov lost the contest for the best project of St. Isaac's Cathedral to Auguste de Montferrand, he sold his grandiose design to the municipal authorities of Rybinsk.

A 19th-century photo of a monastery near Rybinsk, now submerged under the waters of the خزان ريبينسك
بورصة الغلال في ريبينسك. للمزيد من الصور الأحدث، انظر هنا.

As a trade capital of the Upper Volga, Rybinsk formerly attracted scores of foreigners, who built a Lutheran church and an imposing Roman Catholic cathedral, said to be the tallest on the Volga. There is also the متحف عائلة نوبل، يوثّق عمليات تلك العائلة السويدية المرموقة أثناء الإمبراطورية الروسية.

20th-century American film moguls Nicholas Schenck and Joseph Schenck were born in the town, and there is a grand 18th-century mansion of the Mikhalkov family, whose living members include Sergey Mikhalkov, Nikita Mikhalkov, and Andron Konchalovsky.

القرن العشرون

In the Soviet years, Rybinsk continued its impressive renaming record, for it changed its name four times: to Shcherbakov (after Aleksandr Shcherbakov) in 1946, back to Rybinsk in 1957, to Andropov (after Yuri Andropov) in 1984, and back to Rybinsk in 1989.

الوضع الإداري والبلدي

ضمن إطار التقسيمات الإدارية، Rybinsk serves as the administrative center of Rybinsky District, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Rybinsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Rybinsk is incorporated as Rybinsk Urban Okrug.[3]

الاقتصاد

The most important industries of modern Rybinsk are NPO Saturn (two plants) AL Turborus aircraft engines, power and naval gas turbines manufacturing, RGT small plant 30 - 100 MW range gas turbines, electronics radiotronics (NPO Luch), Kalashnikov Pella Rybinsk shipyard Euroyachting, Vympel Shipyard, and a hydroelectric power station. As the experts warn,[من؟] the giant Rybinsk dam which holds the Rybinsk Reservoir (formerly touted as the largest man-made body of water on Earth) places the town in the imminent danger of the dam breaking and the reservoir flooding the city.[بحاجة لمصدر] The city is served by the Staroselye Airport.

الجغرافيا

المناخ

Rybinsk has a four-season humid continental climate[8] with significant differences between winters and summers, although the cold winters are still significantly less severe than those found on similar parallels further east in Russia. Spring comes in the second half of March and lasts about 2 months. The weather in spring is usually dry and partly cloudy and the temperature rises quickly. Summer begins in the second half of May, but short-term returns of cold weather are possible. Summer is moderately warm and humid, lasting about three and a half months. The warmest month is July, when the weather is often hot with daytime temperatures up to +30 degrees. Autumn begins in early September, but the temperature decreases slowly, so the weather is relatively warm and sunny until the middle of the month. Later the weather becomes cloudy and it rains often. November can be either the last month of autumn, with cloudy weather and frequent rains, or the first month of winter, with frosts and stable snow cover. The yearly mean is around 5 °C (41 °F).[9]

بيانات مناخ ريبينسك (1991-2020, extremes 1922–الحاضر)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 7.0
(44.6) 		6.2
(43.2) 		17.3
(63.1) 		28.0
(82.4) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.3
(95.5) 		37.2
(99) 		36.0
(96.8) 		29.4
(84.9) 		24.8
(76.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		8.9
(48) 		37٫2
(99)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) −5.4
(22.3) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		1.4
(34.5) 		9.9
(49.8) 		17.7
(63.9) 		21.6
(70.9) 		23.9
(75) 		21.4
(70.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		7.8
(46) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		8٫87
(47٫96)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) −8.2
(17.2) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−2.8
(27) 		4.7
(40.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.9
(66) 		16.6
(61.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		4٫87
(40٫76)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) −11.1
(12) 		-11.2
(11.8) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		0.4
(32.7) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.8
(53.2) 		14.4
(57.9) 		12.3
(54.1) 		7.8
(46) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		1٫29
(34٫33)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) −40.1
(-40.2) 		−38.9
(-38) 		−34.6
(-30.3) 		−21.9
(-7.4) 		−3.9
(25) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.2
(41.4) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		−17.8
(-0) 		−26.3
(-15.3) 		−42.6
(-44.7) 		−42٫6
(−44٫7)
هطول mm (inches) 48
(1.89) 		39
(1.54) 		35
(1.38) 		33
(1.3) 		53
(2.09) 		74
(2.91) 		80
(3.15) 		80
(3.15) 		63
(2.48) 		64
(2.52) 		53
(2.09) 		51
(2.01) 		673
(26٫5)
% Humidity 84 81 77 70 68 72 74 78 82 83 86 85 78
Avg. rainy days 6 5 7 13 16 17 16 16 18 18 12 6 150
Avg. snowy days 27 23 16 7 1 0.2 0 0 1 7 19 24 125
Source: Pogoda.ru.net[10]


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المستحاثات

Near Rybinsk, fossils of Early Triassic temnospondyls were discovered. Remains of Thoosuchus and Benthosuchus have been found in the Lower Olenekian deposits.[11]

العلاقات الدولية

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Rybinsk is twinned with:

أشخاص بارزون

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Law #12-z
  2. ^ أ ب Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ أ ب ت Law #65-z
  4. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in روسية)
  6. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-07-25. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  7. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров.[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ^ "Rybinsk, Russia Climate Summary". Weatherbase. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  9. ^ "Rybinsk Temperature Averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  10. ^ "Weather and Climate - Climate of Rybinsk" (in الروسية). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  11. ^ Novikov A.V. (2018). Early Triassic amphibians of Eastern Europe: evolution of dominant groups and peculiarities of changing communities (PDF) (in الروسية). Moscow: RAS. pp. 10, 316. ISBN 978-5-906906-71-7. "Archive copy" (PDF). 2023-08-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Yaroslavl Oblast

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