رومنة
الرَوْمنة Romanization أو التلتين Latinization ، في linguistics, is the conversion of writing from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into phonemic transcription, which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict phonetic transcription, which records speech sounds with precision.
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رومنة نظم كتابة معينة
- The below listing may be incomplete, see also Category:Romanization
العربية
The Arabic alphabet is used to write Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Pashto as well as numerous other languages in the Muslim world, particularly African and Asian languages without alphabets of their own. Romanization standards include the following:
- Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (1936): Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential Hans Wehr dictionary (ISBN 0-87950-003-4).[1]
- BS 4280 (1968): Developed by the British Standards Institution[2]
- SATTS (1970s): A one-for-one substitution system, a legacy from the Morse code era
- UNGEGN (1972)[3]
- DIN 31635 (1982): Developed by the Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization)
- ISO 233 (1984). Transliteration.
- Qalam (1985): A system that focuses upon preserving the spelling, rather than the pronunciation, and uses mixed case[4]
- ISO 233-2 (1993): Simplified transliteration.
- Buckwalter transliteration (1990s): Developed at Xerox by Tim Buckwalter;[5] doesn't require unusual diacritics[6]
- ALA-LC (1997)[7]
- Arabic chat alphabet
الفارسية
الصينية
Romanization of the Sinitic languages, particularly Mandarin, has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations. Because of this, many romanization tables contain Chinese characters plus one or more romanizations or Zhuyin.
استعراض وملخص
The chart below shows the most common phonemic transcription romanization used for several different alphabets. While it is sufficient for many casual users, there are multiple alternatives used for each alphabet, and many exceptions. For details, consult each of the language sections below. (Hangul characters are broken down into jamo components.)
| Romanized | Greek | Russian (Cyrillic) | Hebrew | Arabic | Persian | Katakana | Hangul |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | A | А | ַ, ֲ, ָ | َ, ا | ا, آ | ア | ㅏ |
| AE | ΑΙ | ㅐ | |||||
| AI | י ַ | ||||||
| B | ΜΠ, Β | Б | בּ | ب ب ب ب | ب ب | ㅂ | |
| C | Ξ | ||||||
| CH | TΣ̈ | Ч | צ׳ | چ | ㅊ | ||
| CHI | チ | ||||||
| D | ΝΤ, Δ | Д | ד | د — د, ض ض ض ض | د | ㄷ | |
| DH | Δ | דֿ | ذ — ذ | ||||
| DZ | ΤΖ | Ѕ | |||||
| E | Ε, ΑΙ | Э | , ֱ, י ֵֶ, ֵ, י ֶ | エ, ヱ | ㅔ | ||
| EO | ㅓ | ||||||
| EU | ㅡ | ||||||
| F | Φ | Ф | פ (or its final form ף ) | ف ف ف ف | ف | ||
| FU | フ | ||||||
| G | ΓΓ, ΓΚ, Γ | Г | ג | گ | ㄱ | ||
| GH | Γ | Ғ | גֿ, עֿ | غ غ غ غ | ق غ | ||
| H | Η | Һ | ח, ה | ه ه ه ه, ح ح ح ح | ه ح ه | ㅎ | |
| HA | ハ | ||||||
| HE | ヘ | ||||||
| HI | ヒ | ||||||
| HO | ホ | ||||||
| I | Η, Ι, Υ, ΕΙ, ΟΙ | И | ִ, י ִ | دِ | イ, ヰ | ㅣ | |
| IY | دِي | ||||||
| J | TZ̈ | ДЖ, Џ | ג׳ | ج ج ج ج | ج | ㅈ | |
| JJ | ㅉ | ||||||
| K | Κ | К | כּ (or its final form ךּ ) | ك ك ك ك | ک | ㅋ | |
| KA | カ | ||||||
| KE | ケ | ||||||
| KH | X | Х | כ, חֿ (or its final form ך ) | خ خ خ خ | خ | ||
| KI | キ | ||||||
| KK | ㄲ | ||||||
| KO | コ | ||||||
| KU | ク | ||||||
| L | Λ | Л | ל | ل ل ل ل | ل | ㄹ | |
| M | Μ | М | מ (or its final form ם ) | م م م م | م | ㅁ | |
| MA | マ | ||||||
| ME | メ | ||||||
| MI | ミ | ||||||
| MO | モ | ||||||
| MU | ム | ||||||
| N | Ν | Н | נ (or its final form ן ) | ن ن ن ن | ن | ン | ㄴ |
| NA | ナ | ||||||
| NE | ネ | ||||||
| NG | ㅇ | ||||||
| NI | ニ | ||||||
| NO | ノ | ||||||
| NU | ヌ | ||||||
| O | Ο, Ω | О | , ֳ, וֹֹ | ُا | オ | ㅗ | |
| OE | ㅚ | ||||||
| P | Π | П | פּ (or its final form ףּ ) | پ | ㅍ | ||
| PP | ㅃ | ||||||
| PS | Ψ | ||||||
| Q | Θ | ק | ق ق ق ق | غ ق | |||
| R | Ρ | Р | ר | ر — ر | ر | ㄹ | |
| RA | ラ | ||||||
| RE | レ | ||||||
| RI | リ | ||||||
| RO | ロ | ||||||
| RU | ル | ||||||
| S | Σ | С | ס, שׂ | س س س س, ص ص ص ص | س ث ص | ㅅ | |
| SA | サ | ||||||
| SE | セ | ||||||
| SH | Σ̈ | Ш | שׁ | ش ش ش ش | ش | ||
| SHCH | Щ | ||||||
| SHI | シ | ||||||
| SO | ソ | ||||||
| SS | ㅆ | ||||||
| SU | ス | ||||||
| T | Τ | Т | ט, תּ, ת | ت ت ت ت, ط ط ط ط | ت ط | ㅌ | |
| TA | タ | ||||||
| TE | テ | ||||||
| TH | Θ | תֿ | ث ث ث ث | ||||
| TO | ト | ||||||
| TS | ΤΣ | Ц | צ (or its final form ץ ) | ||||
| TSU | ツ | ||||||
| TT | ㄸ | ||||||
| U | ΟΥ, Υ | У | , וֻּ | دُ | ウ | ㅜ | |
| UI | ㅢ | ||||||
| UW | دُو | ||||||
| V | B | В | ב | و | |||
| W | Ω | ו, וו | و — و | ||||
| WA | ワ | ㅘ | |||||
| WAE | ㅙ | ||||||
| WE | ㅞ | ||||||
| WI | ㅟ | ||||||
| WO | ヲ | ㅝ | |||||
| X | Ξ, Χ | ||||||
| Y | Υ, Ι, ΓΙ | Й, Ы, Ј | י | ي ي ي ي | ی | ||
| YA | Я | ヤ | ㅑ | ||||
| YAE | ㅒ | ||||||
| YE | Е, Є | ㅖ | |||||
| YEO | ㅕ | ||||||
| YI | Ї | ||||||
| YO | Ё | ヨ | ㅛ | ||||
| YU | Ю | ユ | ㅠ | ||||
| Z | Ζ | З | ז | ز — ز, ظ ظ ظ ظ | ز ظ ذ ض | ||
| ZH | Ζ̈ | Ж | ז׳ | ژ |
انظر أيضاً
- Anglicisation
- Cyrillization, expression of a language in Cyrillic letters
- Francization
- Gairaigo
- Latinisation (literature)
الهامش
- ^ "Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft". Dmg-web.de. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
- ^ "Standards, Training, Testing, Assessment and Certification | BSI Group". Bsi-global.com. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
- ^ "Arabic" (PDF). Eki.ee. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
- ^ "Qalam: A Convention for Morphological rabic-Latin-Arabic Transliteration" (TXT). Eserver.org. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
- ^ "Buckwalter Arabic Transliteration". Qamus.org. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
- ^ "Open Xerox: arabic-morphology Service Home Page". Xrce.xerox.com. 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
- ^ "Arabic" (PDF). Loc.gov. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
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وصلات خارجية
عن الرومنة:
- IPA for Urdu and Roman Urdu for Mobile and Internet Users (Download)
- Microsoft Transliteration Utility – A tool for creating, debugging and using transliteration modules from any script to any other script.
- Randall Barry (ed.) ALA-LC Romanization Tables U.S. Library of Congress, 1997, ISBN 0-8444-0940-5. (One of the few printed books with lists of romanizations)
- U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables in PDF format
- UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems
- Unicode Transliteration Guidelines
Romanization Online:
- Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool – Converts between Pinyin and other formats
- Cyrillic Transliteration and Transcription ONLINE (Cyrillic -> Latin)
- eiktub – An Arabic Transliteration Pad
- Lingua::Translit – Perl module covering a variety of writing systems e.g. Cyrillic or Greek. Provides a lot of standards as well as common transliteration schemes.
- Arabeasy – Arabic Transliteration (free chrome extension exists, also works for Persian, Urdu)
- Russianeasy – Russian Transliteration (free chrome extension exists)