دير المسيح (تومار)

Convent of Christ (Convento de Cristo)
Monastery (Mosteiro)
A view of the Convent and Castle complex of Tomar
Official name: Convento de Cristo/Mosteiro de Cristo
Named for: Jesus Christ
البلد	الپرتغال
Region	Centro
Sub-region	Médio Tejo
District	Santarém
البلدية	Tomar
الموقع	Tomar (São João Baptista) e Santa Maria dos Olivais
- elevation	11 m (36 ft)
- الاحداثيات	39°36′14″N 8°25′9″W
الطرازات	Manueline, Plateresque, Renaissance
Origin	1160
- Initiated	12th century
- Completion	16th century
Owner	Portuguese Republic
For public	Public
Easiest access	Terreiro de Gualdim Pais
موقع تراث عالمي حسب اليونسكو
الاسم	Convent of Christ in Tomar
السنة	1983 (#7)
الرقم	265
المنطقة	Europe and North America
Criteria	i, vi
Management	Instituto Gestão do Patrimonio Arquitectónico e Arqueológico
Status	National Monument
Listing	Decree 10 January 1907, DG, Série I, 14 (17 January 1907); Decree 16 June 1910, DG, Série, 136 (23 June 1910); ZEP/Zona "non aedificandi", Dispatch Série II, 265 (14 November 1946); UNESCO World Heritage Site (1983)
Wikimedia Commons: Convent of Christ (Tomar)

دير المسيح (برتغالية: Convento de Cristo/Mosteiro de Cristo) هو دير كاثوليكي سابق في الأسقفية المدنية تومار (ساو جواو باتيستا) و سانتا ماريا دوس أوليڤايس، في بلدية المنطقة الوسطى تومار. Originally a 12th-century Templar stronghold, when the order was dissolved in the 14th century the Portuguese branch was turned into the Knights of the Order of Christ, that later supported Portugal's maritime discoveries of the 15th century. مجمع الدير والقلعة هو أثر تاريخي وثقافي مدرج في قائمة التراث العالمي لليونسكو في 1983.

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 التاريخ

 فرسان الهيكل

The main church of the Convent of Tomar constructed by فرسان الهيكل

The Manueline nave, as seen from the Renaissance era cloisters

The elaborate pinnacles over the western facade of the church

Renaissance Cloister of John III

The convent was founded by the Order of Poor Knights of the Temple (أو فرسان الهيكل) in 1118. Its construction continued until the final part of the 12th century with the construction of the oratory, in one of the angles of the castle, completed by the Grand Master D. Gualdim Pais (sometime around 1160). Around 1190 it was encircled and resisted the armies of caliph Abu Yusuf al-Mansur who was successful in taking strongholds in the south. (A plaque was erected near the entrance to the castle to commemorate this event).

During the second quarter of the 13th century, Tomar was transferred into the control of the Templars, becoming its seat. The castle became an integral part of the defence system created by the Templars to secure the border of the young Christian Kingdom against the Moors, which at the time occupied the area to approximately the Tagus River. But, following the dissolution of the Templar Order, on 14 March 1319, and following the request of King Denis of Portugal, Pope John XXII instituted the Order of Christ. The seat of the former Knights Templar was converted in 1357 into the seat of this new order.

The famous round church (rotunda) of the castle of Tomar was also built in the second half of the 12th century. The church, like some other templar churches throughout Europe, was modelled after the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, which was believed by the crusaders to be a remnant of the Temple of Solomon. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem may also have served as model.

 انظر أيضاً

• History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes

 الهامش

ملاحظات

المصادر

• Graf, Gerhard N (1987), Portugal/1 - Europa Romanica, Madrid, Portugal: Ediciones Encuentro 

 وصلات خارجية

• Official webpage
• Virtual tour